{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,16]],"date-time":"2025-10-16T20:36:41Z","timestamp":1760647001846,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,11]],"date-time":"2019-04-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1554940800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100013434","name":"Center for Drug Use and HIV Research","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["P30DA011041"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30DA011041"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100013434","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AIDS Behav"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-019-02489-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,15]],"date-time":"2019-04-15T23:14:46Z","timestamp":1555370086000},"page":"3350-3365","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["A New Generation of Drug Users in St. Petersburg, Russia? HIV, HCV, and Overdose Risks in a Mixed-Methods Pilot Study of Young Hard Drug Users"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3029-9918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"Meylakhs","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel R.","family":"Friedman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anastasia","family":"Meylakhs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pedro","family":"Mateu-Gelabert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Danielle C.","family":"Ompad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alisa","family":"Alieva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexandra","family":"Dmitrieva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"2489_CR1","volume-title":"HIV\/AIDS surveillance in Europe 2015","author":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, WHO Regional Office for Europe","year":"2016","unstructured":"European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, WHO Regional Office for Europe. HIV\/AIDS surveillance in Europe 2015. Stockholm: ECDC; 2016."},{"issue":"9","key":"2489_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e3181728a9e","volume":"35","author":"AN Burchell","year":"2008","unstructured":"Burchell AN, Calzavara LM, Orekhovsky V, Ladnaya NN. Russian HIV response network. Characterization of an emerging heterosexual HIV epidemic in Russia. Sex Transm Dis. 2008;35(9):807\u201313.","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"44","key":"2489_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e5238","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000005238","volume":"95","author":"AP Kozlov","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kozlov AP, Skochilov RV, Toussova OV, Verevochkin SV, Krasnoselskikh TV, Malov SV, et al. HIV incidence and behavioral correlates of HIV acquisition in a cohort of injection drug users in St Petersburg, Russia. Medicine (Baltimore). 2016;95(44):e5238.","journal-title":"Medicine (Baltimore)"},{"key":"2489_CR4","unstructured":"Petrostat. Statistical bulletin \u201cWage in St. Petersburg and Leningrad oblast in January-December, 2016.\u201d Saint-Petersburg: The Federal Service for State Statistics in St. Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast; 2017."},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"2489_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2009.12.010","volume":"109","author":"R Heimer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Heimer R, White E. Estimation of the number of injection drug users in St. Petersburg Russia. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2010;109(1\u20133):79\u201383.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"2","key":"2489_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01317.x","volume":"101","author":"T Rhodes","year":"2006","unstructured":"Rhodes T, Platt L, Maximova S, Koshkina E, Latishevskaya N, Hickman M, et al. Prevalence of HIV, hepatitis C and syphilis among injecting drug users in Russia: a multi-city study. Addiction. 2006;101(2):252\u201366.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"6","key":"2489_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e002645","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2013-002645","volume":"3","author":"K Eritsyan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Eritsyan K, Heimer R, Barbour R, Odinokova V, White E, Rusakova MM, et al. Individual-level, network-level and city-level factors associated with HIV prevalence among people who inject drugs in eight Russian cities: a cross-sectional study. BMJ Open. 2013;3(6):e002645.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2489_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7517-6-22","volume":"6","author":"GR Kruse","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kruse GR, Barbour R, Heimer R, Shaboltas AV, Toussova OV, Hoffman IF, et al. Drug choice, spatial distribution, HIV risk, and HIV prevalence among injection drug users in St. Petersburg Russia. Harm Reduct J. 2009;6:22.","journal-title":"Petersburg Russia. Harm Reduct J."},{"issue":"5","key":"2489_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckq115","volume":"21","author":"LM Niccolai","year":"2011","unstructured":"Niccolai LM, Verevochkin SV, Toussova OV, White E, Barbour R, Kozlov AP, et al. Estimates of HIV incidence among drug users in St. Petersburg Russia: continued growth of a rapidly expanding epidemic. Eur J Public Health. 2011;21(5):613\u20139.","journal-title":"Eur J Public Health."},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"2489_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-009-9364-5","volume":"86","author":"O Toussova","year":"2009","unstructured":"Toussova O, Shcherbakova I, Volkova G, Niccolai L, Heimer R, Kozlov A. Potential bridges of heterosexual HIV transmission from drug users to the general population in St. Petersburg, Russia: is it easy to be a young female. J Urban Health Bull N Y Acad Med. 2009;86(Suppl 1):121\u201330.","journal-title":"J Urban Health Bull N Y Acad Med."},{"key":"2489_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2015.10.001","volume":"27","author":"R Heimer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Heimer R, Lyubimova A, Barbour R, Levina OS. Emergence of methadone as a street drug in St. Petersburg, Russia. Int J Drug Policy. 2016;27:97\u2013104.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy."},{"key":"2489_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1255","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-015-2604-6","volume":"15","author":"A Uusk\u00fcla","year":"2015","unstructured":"Uusk\u00fcla A, Raag M, Vorobjov S, R\u00fc\u00fctel K, Lyubimova A, Levina OS, et al. Non-fatal overdoses and related risk factors among people who inject drugs in St. Petersburg, Russia and Kohtla-J\u00e4rve Estonia. BMC Public Health. 2015;15:1255.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health."},{"key":"2489_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.11.021","volume":"147","author":"JA Cepeda","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cepeda JA, Niccolai LM, Lyubimova A, Kershaw T, Levina O, Heimer R. High-risk behaviors after release from incarceration among people who inject drugs in St. Petersburg, Russia. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015;147:196\u2013202.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"10","key":"2489_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1258\/095646203322387965","volume":"14","author":"N Abdala","year":"2003","unstructured":"Abdala N, Carney JM, Durante AJ, Klimov N, Ostrovski D, Somlai AM, et al. Estimating the prevalence of syringe-borne and sexually transmitted diseases among injection drug users in St Petersburg, Russia. Int J STD AIDS. 2003;14(10):697\u2013703.","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS."},{"issue":"5","key":"2489_CR15","first-page":"657","volume":"41","author":"AV Shaboltas","year":"2006","unstructured":"Shaboltas AV, Toussova OV, Hoffman IF, Heimer R, Verevochkin SV, Ryder RW, et al. HIV prevalence sociodemographic and behavioral correlates and recruitment methods among injection drug users in St. Petersburg Russia. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1999. 2006;41(5):657\u201363.","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1999"},{"issue":"4","key":"2489_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-008-9469-y","volume":"14","author":"LM Niccolai","year":"2010","unstructured":"Niccolai LM, Toussova OV, Verevochkin SV, Barbour R, Heimer R, Kozlov AP. High HIV prevalence suboptimal HIV testing, and low knowledge of HIV-positive serostatus among injection drug users in St. Petersburg, Russia. AIDS Behav. 2010;14(4):932\u201341.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"Suppl 6","key":"2489_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S12","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-14-S6-S12","volume":"14","author":"R Heimer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Heimer R, Eritsyan K, Barbour R, Levina OS. Hepatitis C virus seroprevalence among people who inject drugs and factors associated with infection in eight Russian cities. BMC Infect Dis. 2014;14(Suppl 6):S12.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"2489_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1080\/16066350500053497","volume":"13","author":"A Golub","year":"2005","unstructured":"Golub A, Johnson BD, Dunlap E. Subcultural evolution and illicit drug use. Addict Res Theory. 2005;13(3):217\u201329.","journal-title":"Addict Res Theory."},{"issue":"2 Suppl 1","key":"2489_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20076","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.18.2.20076","volume":"18","author":"L-G Bekker","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bekker L-G, Hosek S. HIV and adolescents focus on young key populations. J Int AIDS Soc. 2015;18(2 Suppl 1):20076.","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc."},{"issue":"11","key":"2489_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1997.tb02867.x","volume":"92","author":"JSA Fennema","year":"1997","unstructured":"Fennema JSA, Van Ameijden EJC, van Den Hoek A, Coutinho RA. Young and recent-onset injecting drug users are at higher risk for HIV. Addiction. 1997;92(11):1457\u201365.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"2489_CR21","first-page":"34","volume-title":"HIV and young people who inject drugs: a technical brief","author":"WHO","year":"2015","unstructured":"WHO. HIV and young people who inject drugs: a technical brief. Geneva: Inter-Agency Working Group on Key Populations; 2015. p. 34."},{"key":"2489_CR22","volume-title":"Results from the HIV\/STI integrated biolgoical and behavioral surveillance (IBBS) in Viet Nam 2005-2006","author":"Ministry of Health, Viet Nam","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ministry of Health, Viet Nam. Results from the HIV\/STI integrated biolgoical and behavioral surveillance (IBBS) in Viet Nam 2005-2006. Hanoi: Ministry of Health, Viet Nam; 2006."},{"issue":"1","key":"2489_CR23","first-page":"1","volume":"10","author":"J Atkinson","year":"2011","unstructured":"Atkinson J, McCurdy S, Williams M, Mbwambo J, Kilonzo G. HIV risk behaviors, perceived severity of drug use problems, and prior treatment experience in a sample of young heroin injectors in Dar es Salaam. Tanzania. Afr J Drug Alcohol Stud. 2011;10(1):1\u20139.","journal-title":"Tanzania. Afr J Drug Alcohol Stud."},{"issue":"17","key":"2489_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2333","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3282f125b3","volume":"21","author":"DM Kissin","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kissin DM, Zapata L, Yorick R, Vinogradova EN, Volkova GV, Cherkassova E, et al. HIV seroprevalence in street youth, St Petersburg. Russia. AIDS. 2007;21(17):2333\u201340.","journal-title":"Russia. AIDS."},{"issue":"4","key":"2489_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462416649275","volume":"28","author":"MS Kornilova","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kornilova MS, Batluk JV, Yorick RV, Baughman AL, Hillis SD, Vitek CR. Decline in HIV seroprevalence in street youth 2006\u20132012, St. Petersburg, Russia: moving toward an AIDS-free generation. Int J STD AIDS. 2017;28(4):345\u201356.","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS."},{"key":"2489_CR26","volume-title":"Young people and injecting drug use in selected countries of Central and Eastern Europe","author":"EHRN","year":"2009","unstructured":"EHRN. Young people and injecting drug use in selected countries of Central and Eastern Europe. Vilnius: Eurasian Harm Reduction Network; 2009."},{"issue":"3","key":"2489_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-013-0660-4","volume":"18","author":"D Broz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Broz D, Pham H, Spiller M, Wejnert C, Le B, Neaigus A, et al. Prevalence of HIV infection and risk behaviors among younger and older injecting drug users in the United States, 2009. AIDS Behav. 2014;18(3):284\u201396.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"158","key":"2489_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.11.011","volume":"158","author":"ER Cedarbaum","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cedarbaum ER, Banta-Green CJ. Health behaviors of young adult heroin injectors in the Seattle area. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2016;158(158):102\u20139.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"2","key":"2489_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-200006010-00011","volume":"24","author":"AH Kral","year":"2000","unstructured":"Kral AH, Lorvick J, Edlin BR. Sex- and drug-related risk among populations of younger and older injection drug users in adjacent neighborhoods in San Francisco. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1999. 2000;24(2):162\u20137.","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1999."},{"issue":"5","key":"2489_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwf222","volume":"157","author":"DC Des Jarlais","year":"2003","unstructured":"Des Jarlais DC, Diaz T, Perlis T, Vlahov D, Maslow C, Latka M, et al. Variability in the incidence of human immunodeficiency virus, Hepatitis B virus, and Hepatitis C virus infection among young injecting drug users in New York City. Am J Epidemiol. 2003;157(5):467\u201371.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"2489_CR31","volume-title":"Biological and behavioural survey among injection drug users","author":"UNICEF","year":"2007","unstructured":"UNICEF. Biological and behavioural survey among injection drug users. Bosnia and Herzegovina: UNICEF Bosnia and Herzegovina; 2007."},{"key":"2489_CR32","unstructured":"UNICEF Serbia. The estimation of the prevalence of HIV and viral hepatitis C infection, risk factors, risk behavior and the use of services among the population of young injecting drug users in Belgrade, Novi Sad and Nis; 2009."},{"issue":"1","key":"2489_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1177\/145507251002700106","volume":"27","author":"EJ Amundsen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Amundsen EJ, Bretteville-Jensen AL. Hard drug use in Norway. Nord Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2010;27(1):87\u201394.","journal-title":"Nord Stud Alcohol Drugs."},{"key":"2489_CR34","volume-title":"Designing and conducting mixed methods research","author":"JW Creswell","year":"2017","unstructured":"Creswell JW, Clark VLP. Designing and conducting mixed methods research. Cincinnati: Sage publications; 2017."},{"issue":"3","key":"2489_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.3102\/01623737011003255","volume":"11","author":"JC Greene","year":"1989","unstructured":"Greene JC, Caracelli VJ, Graham WF. Toward a conceptual framework for mixed-method evaluation designs. Educ Eval Policy Anal. 1989;11(3):255\u201374.","journal-title":"Educ Eval Policy Anal."},{"key":"2489_CR36","volume-title":"Qualitative evaluation and research methods","author":"MQ Patton","year":"2002","unstructured":"Patton MQ. Qualitative evaluation and research methods. Thousands Oaks, CA: Sage Publication; 2002."},{"issue":"1","key":"2489_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014528612685","volume":"6","author":"DD Heckathorn","year":"2002","unstructured":"Heckathorn DD, Semaan S, Broadhead RS, Hughes JJ. Extensions of respondent-driven sampling: a new approach to the study of injection drug users aged 18\u201325. AIDS Behav. 2002;6(1):55\u201367.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"3","key":"2489_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-006-9052-7","volume":"83","author":"AS Abdul-Quader","year":"2006","unstructured":"Abdul-Quader AS, Heckathorn DD, McKnight C, Bramson H, Nemeth C, Sabin K, et al. Effectiveness of respondent-driven sampling for recruiting drug users in New York City: findings from a pilot study. J Urban Health Bull N Y Acad Med. 2006;83(3):459\u201376.","journal-title":"J Urban Health Bull N Y Acad Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"2489_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1573-7861.2009.01119.x","volume":"24","author":"N Karakayali","year":"2009","unstructured":"Karakayali N. Social distance and affective orientations. Sociol Forum. 2009;24(3):538\u201362.","journal-title":"Sociol Forum"},{"key":"2489_CR40","volume-title":"Applied thematic analysis","author":"G Guest","year":"2011","unstructured":"Guest G, MacQueen KM, Namey EE. Applied thematic analysis. Thousand Oaks: Sage; 2011."},{"key":"2489_CR41","volume-title":"IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows version 22.0","author":"IBM Corp.","year":"2013","unstructured":"Corp. IBM. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows version 22.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.; 2013."},{"key":"2489_CR42","volume-title":"Essays in the sociology of knowledge (pp 276\u2013322)","author":"K Mannheim","year":"1952","unstructured":"Mannheim K. The problem of generations. In: Kecskemeti P, editor. Essays in the sociology of knowledge (pp 276\u2013322). Boston: Routledge & Kegan Paul; 1952."},{"key":"2489_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-017-0162-1","volume":"14","author":"P Meylakhs","year":"2017","unstructured":"Meylakhs P, Aasland A, Gr\u00f8nnings\u00e6ter A. \u201cUntil people start dying in droves, no actions will be taken\u201d: perception and experience of HIV-preventive measures among people who inject drugs in northwestern Russia. Harm Reduct J. 2017;14:33.","journal-title":"Harm Reduct J."},{"key":"2489_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-517","volume":"11","author":"A Uusk\u00fcla","year":"2011","unstructured":"Uusk\u00fcla A, Des Jarlais DC, Kals M, R\u00fc\u00fctel K, Abel-Ollo K, Talu A, et al. Expanded syringe exchange programs and reduced HIV infection among new injection drug users in Tallinn, Estonia. BMC Public Health. 2011;11:517.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health."},{"issue":"9","key":"2489_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e103657","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0103657","volume":"9","author":"CR Vitek","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vitek CR, \u010cakalo J-I, Kruglov YV, Dumchev KV, Salyuk TO, Bo\u017ei\u010devi\u0107 I, et al. Slowing of the HIV epidemic in Ukraine: evidence from case reporting and key population surveys, 2005-2012. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(9):e103657.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"2489_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.3109\/10826084.2011.523316","volume":"46","author":"SR Friedman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Friedman SR, Sandoval M, Mateu-Gelabert P, Meylakhs P, Des Jarlais DC. Symbiotic goals and the prevention of blood-borne viruses among injection drug users. Subst Use Misuse. 2011;46(2\u20133):307\u201315.","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"issue":"4","key":"2489_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9566.12226","volume":"37","author":"P Meylakhs","year":"2015","unstructured":"Meylakhs P, Friedman SR, Mateu-Gelabert P, Sandoval M, Meylakhs N. Taking care of themselves: how long-term injection drug users remain HIV and Hepatitis C free. Sociol Health Illn. 2015;37(4):626\u201341.","journal-title":"Sociol Health Illn"},{"issue":"4","key":"2489_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02057.x","volume":"88","author":"W Hall","year":"1993","unstructured":"Hall W, Darke S, Ross M, Wodak A. Patterns of drug use and risk-taking among injecting amphetamine and opioid drug users in Sydney, Australia. Addict Abingdon Engl. 1993;88(4):509\u201316.","journal-title":"Addict Abingdon Engl."},{"issue":"6","key":"2489_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000218555.36661.9c","volume":"20","author":"AP Kozlov","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kozlov AP, Shaboltas AV, Toussova OV, Verevochkin SV, Masse BR, Perdue T, et al. HIV incidence and factors associated with HIV acquisition among injection drug users in St Petersburg, Russia. AIDS Lond Engl. 2006;20(6):901\u20136.","journal-title":"AIDS Lond Engl."},{"issue":"3","key":"2489_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-006-9039-4","volume":"83","author":"J Lorvick","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lorvick J, Martinez A, Gee L, Kral AH. Sexual and injection risk among women who inject methamphetamine in San Francisco. J Urban Health Bull N Y Acad Med. 2006;83(3):497\u2013505.","journal-title":"J Urban Health Bull N Y Acad Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"2489_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1521\/aeap.2005.17.6.515","volume":"17","author":"N Braine","year":"2005","unstructured":"Braine N, Des Jarlais DC, Goldblatt C, Zadoretzky C, Turner C. HIV risk behavior among amphetamine injectors at U.S. syringe exchange programs. AIDS Educ Prev Off Publ Int Soc AIDS Educ. 2005;17(6):515\u201324.","journal-title":"AIDS Educ Prev Off Publ Int Soc AIDS Educ."},{"issue":"9","key":"2489_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1454","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2007.01912.x","volume":"102","author":"C Berg Van den","year":"2007","unstructured":"Van den Berg C, Smit C, Van Brussel G, Coutinho R, Prins M. Full participation in harm reduction programmes is associated with decreased risk for human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus: evidence from the Amsterdam Cohort Studies among drug users. Addiction. 2007;102(9):1454\u201362.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"6\u20137","key":"2489_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1080\/10826080600669579","volume":"41","author":"A Wodak","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wodak A, Cooney A. Do needle syringe programs reduce HIV infection among injecting drug users: a comprehensive review of the international evidence. Subst Use Misuse. 2006;41(6\u20137):777\u2013813.","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"issue":"4","key":"2489_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2009.02536.x","volume":"104","author":"P Reuter","year":"2009","unstructured":"Reuter P. Ten YEARS after the United Nations general assembly special session (UNGASS): assessing drug problems, policies and reform proposals. Addict Abingdon Engl. 2009;104(4):510\u20137.","journal-title":"Addict Abingdon Engl."},{"issue":"2","key":"2489_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2010.191759","volume":"101","author":"SR Friedman","year":"2011","unstructured":"Friedman SR, Pouget ER, Chatterjee S, Cleland CM, Tempalski B, Brady JE, et al. Drug Arrests and Injection Drug Deterrence. Am J Public Health. 2011;101(2):344\u20139.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"2489_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2016.03.003","volume":"32","author":"SR Friedman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Friedman SR, Tempalski B, Brady JE, West BS, Pouget ER, Williams LD, et al. Income inequality, drug-related arrests, and the health of people who inject drugs: reflections on seventeen years of research. Int J Drug Policy. 2016;32:11\u20136.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy."},{"issue":"3","key":"2489_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1177\/0022042613475599","volume":"43","author":"A Golub","year":"2013","unstructured":"Golub A, Brownstein HH. Drug Generations in the 2000\u00a0s: An Analysis of Arrestee Data. J Drug Issues. 2013;43(3):335\u201356.","journal-title":"J Drug Issues."},{"issue":"88","key":"2489_CR58","first-page":"1233","volume":"1998","author":"R Curtis","year":"1997","unstructured":"Curtis R. The improbable transformation of inner-city neighborhoods: crime, violence, drugs, and youth in the 1990s. J Crim Law Criminol. 1997;1998(88):1233.","journal-title":"J Crim Law Criminol."},{"issue":"2","key":"2489_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1080\/016396299266542","volume":"20","author":"RTD Furst","year":"1999","unstructured":"Furst RTD, Johnson B, Dunlap E, Curtis R. The stigmatized image of the\u201dcrack head\u201d: a sociocultural exploration of a barrier to cocaine smoking among a cohort of youth in New York City. Deviant Behav. 1999;20(2):153\u201381.","journal-title":"Deviant Behav."},{"issue":"13","key":"2489_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.3109\/10826089909039425","volume":"34","author":"AL Golub","year":"1999","unstructured":"Golub AL, Johnson BD. Cohort changes in illegal drug use among arrestees in Manhattan: from the Heroin Injection Generation to the Blunts Generation. Subst Use Misuse. 1999;34(13):1733\u201363.","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"key":"2489_CR61","volume-title":"Purity and Danger, 1966","author":"M Douglas","year":"2002","unstructured":"Douglas M. Purity and Danger, 1966. New York: Routedge; 2002."},{"key":"2489_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315015842","volume-title":"Risk and blame","author":"M Douglas","year":"2013","unstructured":"Douglas M. Risk and blame. London: Routledge; 2013."},{"key":"2489_CR63","first-page":"137","volume-title":"HIV Epidemiology: Models and Methods","author":"SR Friedman","year":"1994","unstructured":"Friedman SR, Des Jarlais DC, Jose B, Neaigus A, Goldstein M. Seroprevalence, Seroconversion, and the History of the HIV Epidemic among Drug Injectors. In: Nicolosi A, editor. HIV Epidemiology: Models and Methods. New York: Raven Press; 1994. p. 137\u201350."},{"key":"2489_CR64","first-page":"76","volume-title":"Drug injecting and HIV infection: global dimensions and local responses","author":"SR Friedman","year":"1998","unstructured":"Friedman SR, Friedmann P, Telles P, Bastos F, Bueno R, Mesquita F, et al. New injectors and HIV-1 risk. Drug injecting and HIV infection: global dimensions and local responses. London: UCL Press; 1998. p. 76\u201390."},{"key":"2489_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2015.11.008","volume":"35","author":"A Bancroft","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bancroft A, Reid PS. Concepts of illicit drug quality among darknet market users: purity, embodied experience, craft and chemical knowledge. Int J Drug Policy. 2016;35:42\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy."},{"issue":"3","key":"2489_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1086\/221326","volume":"59","author":"HS Becker","year":"1953","unstructured":"Becker HS. Becoming a marihuana user. Am J Sociol. 1953;59(3):235\u201342.","journal-title":"Am J Sociol"},{"key":"2489_CR67","volume-title":"Drug set and setting: the basis for controlled intoxicant use","author":"NE Zinberg","year":"1986","unstructured":"Zinberg NE. Drug set and setting: the basis for controlled intoxicant use. New Haven: Yale University Press; 1986."},{"issue":"4","key":"2489_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-3959(02)00115-9","volume":"13","author":"P Bourgois","year":"2002","unstructured":"Bourgois P. Anthropology and epidemiology on drugs: the challenges of cross-methodological and theoretical dialogue. Int J Drug Policy. 2002;13(4):259\u201369.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy."},{"key":"2489_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"n\/a","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.18.2.19442","volume":"18","author":"A Krug","year":"2015","unstructured":"Krug A, Hildebrand M, Sun N. \u201cWe don\u2019t need services. We have no problems\u201d exploring the experiences of young people who inject drugs in accessing harm reduction services. J Int AIDS Soc. 2015;18:n\/a\u2013n\/a.","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc."},{"issue":"3","key":"2489_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1521\/aeap.16.3.250.35439","volume":"16","author":"SR Friedman","year":"2004","unstructured":"Friedman SR, Maslow C, Bolyard M, Sandoval M, Mateu-Gelabert P, Neaigus A. Urging others to be healthy: \u201cintravention\u201d by injection drug users as a community prevention goal. AIDS Educ Prev Off Publ Int Soc AIDS Educ. 2004;16(3):250\u201363.","journal-title":"AIDS Educ Prev Off Publ Int Soc AIDS Educ."},{"issue":"6","key":"2489_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-018-0418-8","volume":"15","author":"P Mateu-Gelabert","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mateu-Gelabert P, Guarino H, Quinn K, Meylakhs P, Campos S, Meylakhs A, et al. Young drug users: a vulnerable population and an underutilized resource in HIV\/HCV prevention. Curr HIV\/AIDS Rep. 2018;15(6):423\u201330.","journal-title":"Curr HIV\/AIDS Rep."}],"container-title":["AIDS and Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10461-019-02489-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10461-019-02489-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10461-019-02489-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,9]],"date-time":"2020-04-09T23:16:44Z","timestamp":1586474204000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10461-019-02489-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,11]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]}},"alternative-id":["2489"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-019-02489-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["1090-7165","1573-3254"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1090-7165"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1573-3254"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 April 2019","order":1,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}