{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,14]],"date-time":"2026-02-14T01:43:02Z","timestamp":1771033382089,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]],"date-time":"2021-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616112000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]],"date-time":"2021-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005564","name":"Gilead Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["investigator-sponsored"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["investigator-sponsored"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005564","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AIDS Behav"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The southern U.S. has both high HIV and incarceration rates in comparison to its population. As in the rest of the country, HIV prevention is based on education, behavior change, and biomedical efforts, such as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). This study examined the implementation of an educational intervention and supportive services to obtain PrEP in a population of individuals (N\u2009=\u2009218) involved in an Adult Drug Court (ADC) or on probation or parole (P-P). Nearly all ADC and P-P participants self-reported risk behaviors linked to HIV acquisition. Results supported the acceptance and usefulness of the intervention as rated by participants. Participants showed increased knowledge of HIV risks and testing post-education. In multivariate analysis, predictors of interest in using PrEP included low stigma beliefs, specifically their level of prejudice views, high depressive symptoms, and white race. The intervention shows promise. Given the high risk documented for ADC and P-P individuals, HIV prevention is a critical component for increased protective behaviors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-021-03219-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]],"date-time":"2021-03-19T13:04:49Z","timestamp":1616159089000},"page":"2578-2590","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Community Legal Systems: Targeting PrEP and HIV Education to Decrease Risk of HIV Transmission"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9801-6558","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leanne","family":"Whiteside-Mansell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"LaTunja","family":"Sockwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Knight","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cynthia","family":"Crone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"3219_CR1","first-page":"2010","volume":"23","author":"L Linley","year":"2018","unstructured":"Linley L, Johnson AS, Song R, Wu B, Hu S, Singh S, et al. Estimated HIV incidence and prevalence in the United States, 2010\u20132015. HIV Surveill Suppl Rep. 2018;23:2010\u20135.","journal-title":"HIV Surveill Suppl Rep."},{"key":"3219_CR2","unstructured":"Phillips MM, Quick S, Goodell M. Healthy people 2020 Health Status Report. Little Rock, AR. http:\/\/www.uams.edu\/phacs\/reports\/Healthy (2012)"},{"key":"3219_CR3","first-page":"1","volume":"29","author":"CDC","year":"2019","unstructured":"CDC. HIV in the Southern United States. CDC Issue Br. 2019;29:1\u20134.","journal-title":"CDC Issue Br."},{"key":"3219_CR4","unstructured":"Hess K, Johnson AS, Hu X, Li J, Wu B, Yu C et al. Diagnoses of HIV Infection in the United States and Dependent Areas, 2016. HIV Surveill Rep. 2 http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hiv\/library\/reports\/hiv-surveillance.html (2016). Accessed 21 Apr 2018"},{"key":"3219_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6708a6","volume":"67","author":"ME Evans","year":"2018","unstructured":"Evans ME, Labuda SM, Hogan V, Agnew-Brune C, Armstrong J, Karuppiah ABP, et al. HIV infection investigation in a rural area\u2014West Virginia, 2017. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018;67:257\u20138.","journal-title":"Morb Mortal Wkly Rep."},{"key":"3219_CR6","unstructured":"CDC. HIV Prevention in the South. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hiv\/pdf\/policies\/cdc-hiv-prevention-south.pdf (2018). Accessed 18 Mar 2021"},{"key":"3219_CR7","unstructured":"Hedegaard H, Warner M, Mini\u00f1o A. Drug overdose deaths in the United States, 1999\u20132016. NCHS Data Brief, no 294. Hyattsville, MD (2017). wonder.cdc.gov"},{"key":"3219_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e27","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2014.302152","volume":"104","author":"K Underhill","year":"2014","unstructured":"Underhill K, Dumont D, Operario D. HIV prevention for adults with criminal justice involvement: a systematic review of HIV risk-reduction interventions in incarceration and community settings. Am J Public Health. 2014;104:e27-53.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"3219_CR9","first-page":"131","volume":"8","author":"DS Festinger","year":"2012","unstructured":"Festinger DS, Dugosh KL, Metzger DS, Marlowe DB. The prevalence of HIV risk behaviors among felony drug court participants. Drug Court Rev. 2012;8:131\u201346.","journal-title":"Drug Court Rev."},{"key":"3219_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1080\/10509674.2012.702715","volume":"51","author":"AA Robertson","year":"2012","unstructured":"Robertson AA, St. Lawrence JS, McCluskey DL. HIV\/STI risk behavior of drug court participants. J Offender Rehabil. 2012;51:453\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10509674.2012.702715.","journal-title":"J Offender Rehabil."},{"key":"3219_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1521\/aeap.16.4.367.40394","volume":"16","author":"S Belenko","year":"2004","unstructured":"Belenko S, Langley S, Crimmins S, Chaple M. HIV risk behaviors, knowledge, and prevention education among offenders under community supervision: a hidden risk group. AIDS Educ Prev. 2004;16:367\u201385.","journal-title":"AIDS Educ Prev."},{"key":"3219_CR12","first-page":"1","volume":"8","author":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration","year":"2014","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Adult drug courts and medication-assisted treatment for opioid dependence. SAMHSA Br. 2014;8:1\u20138.","journal-title":"SAMHSA Br."},{"key":"3219_CR13","unstructured":"Alexandria V. Adult drug court best practice standards volume ii national association of drug court professionals. 17. http:\/\/www.nadcp.org\/sites\/default\/files\/2014\/BestPracticeStandardsVol.II._0.pdf. (2017). Accessed 25 Oct 2017"},{"key":"3219_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-019-02654-x","volume":"23","author":"CP Rolle","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rolle CP, Onwubiko U, Jo J, Sheth AN, Kelley CF, Holland DP. PrEP implementation and persistence in a county health department setting in Atlanta, GA. AIDS Behav. 2019;23:296\u2013303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-019-02654-x.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav."},{"key":"3219_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-017-2009-x","volume":"22","author":"JC Hojilla","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hojilla JC, Vlahov D, Crouch PC, Dawson-Rose C, Freeborn K, Carrico A. HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) uptake and retention among men who have sex with men in a community-based sexual health clinic. AIDS Behav. 2018;22:1096\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-017-2009-x.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav."},{"key":"3219_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2015.4683","volume":"176","author":"AY Liu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Liu AY, Cohen SE, Vittinghoff E, Anderson PL, Doblecki-Lewis S, Bacon O, et al. Preexposure prophylaxis for HIV infection integrated with municipal-and community-based sexual health services. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176:75\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamainternmed.2015.4683.","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med."},{"key":"3219_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.02.026","volume":"162","author":"DS Festinger","year":"2016","unstructured":"Festinger DS, Dugosh KL, Kurth AE, Metzger DS. Examining the efficacy of a computer facilitated HIV prevention tool in drug court. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2016;162:44\u201350.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"3219_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2022","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-013-0456-6","volume":"17","author":"MS Gordon","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gordon MS, Kinlock TW, McKenzie M, Wilson ME, Rich JD. Rapid HIV testing for individuals on probation\/parole: outcomes of an intervention trial. AIDS Behav. 2013;17:2022\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-013-0456-6.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav."},{"key":"3219_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2761","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-019-02577-7","volume":"23","author":"RM Pinto","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pinto RM, Lacombe-Duncan A, Kay ES, Berringer KR. Expanding knowledge about implementation of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP): a methodological review. AIDS Behav. 2019;23:2761\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-019-02577-7.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav."},{"key":"3219_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-018-2305-0","volume":"23","author":"AI Sophus","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sophus AI, Mitchell JW. A review of approaches used to increase awareness of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in the United States. AIDS Behav. 2019;23:1749\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-018-2305-0.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav."},{"key":"3219_CR21","unstructured":"Prevent HIV. Ending the HIV Epidemic. CDC. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/endhiv\/prevent.html (2020). Accessed 18 Jul 2020"},{"key":"3219_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2587","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1011205","volume":"363","author":"RM Grant","year":"2010","unstructured":"Grant RM, Lama JR, Anderson PL, McMahan V, Liu AY, Vargas L, et al. Preexposure chemoprophylaxis for HIV prevention in men who have sex with men. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:2587\u201399.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"3219_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1108524","volume":"367","author":"JMM Baeten","year":"2012","unstructured":"Baeten JMM, Donnell D, Ndase P, Mugo NRR, Campbell JDD, Wangisi J, et al. Antiretroviral prophylaxis for HIV prevention in heterosexual men and women. N Engl J Med. 2012;367:399\u2013410. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/NEJMoa1108524.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med."},{"key":"3219_CR24","unstructured":"HIV. Healthy People 2020. https:\/\/www.healthypeople.gov\/2020\/topics-objectives\/topic\/hiv (2017). Accessed 25 Oct 2017"},{"key":"3219_CR25","unstructured":"High-Impact HIV Prevention. Policy and Law, HIV\/AIDS, CDC. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hiv\/policies\/hip\/hip.html (2011). Accessed 25 Oct 2017"},{"key":"3219_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2018.06.005","volume":"28","author":"AJ Siegler","year":"2018","unstructured":"Siegler AJ, Mouhanna F, Giler RM, Weiss K, Pembleton E, Guest J, et al. The prevalence of pre-exposure prophylaxis use and the pre-exposure prophylaxis\u2013to-need ratio in the fourth quarter of 2017, United States. Ann Epidemiol. 2018;28:841\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.annepidem.2018.06.005.","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol."},{"key":"3219_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-020-02820-6","author":"AJ Siegler","year":"2020","unstructured":"Siegler AJ, Wiatrek S, Mouhanna F, Amico KR, Dominguez K, Jones J, et al. Validation of the HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis stigma scale: performance of likert and semantic differential scale versions. AIDS Behav. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-020-02820-6.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav."},{"key":"3219_CR28","unstructured":"PrEP. HIV Basics, HIV\/AIDS, CDC. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hiv\/basics\/prep.html (2020). Accessed 5 May 2020"},{"key":"3219_CR29","first-page":"1","volume":"29","author":"CDC","year":"2016","unstructured":"CDC. HIV in the Southern United States. CDC Issue Br. 2016;29:1\u20134.","journal-title":"CDC Issue Br."},{"key":"3219_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003072","author":"SS Chan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chan SS, Chappel AR, Joynt Maddox KE, Hoover KW, Huang YLA, Zhu W, et al. Pre-exposure prophylaxis for preventing acquisition of HIV: a cross-sectional study of patients, prescribers, uptake, and spending in the United States, 2015\u20132016. PLoS Med. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003072.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"3219_CR31","unstructured":"Clark S. Housing instability: toward a better understanding of frequent residential mobility among America\u2019s urban poor. Center Housing Policy. Available at : https:\/\/citeseerx.ist.psu.edu\/viewdoc\/download?doi=10.1.1.365.439&rep=rep1&type=pdf (2010). Accessed 18 Mar 2021"},{"key":"3219_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6741a3","volume":"67","author":"YLA Huang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Huang YLA, Zhu W, Smith DK, Harris N, Hoover KW. Hiv pre-exposure prophylaxis, by race and ethnicity\u2014United States 2014\u20132016. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018;67:1147\u201350.","journal-title":"Morb Mortal Wkly Rep."},{"key":"3219_CR33","unstructured":"Office UCBPI. Majority of African Americans Live in 10 States; New York City and Chicago Are Cities With Largest Black Populations\u2014Census 2000\u2014Newsroom\u2014U.S. Census Bureau"},{"key":"3219_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6827a1","volume":"68","author":"T Finlayson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Finlayson T, Cha S, Xia M, Trujillo L, Denson D, Prejean J, et al. Changes in HIV preexposure prophylaxis awareness and use among men who have sex with men\u201420 urban areas, 2014 and 2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019;68:597\u2013603.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep."},{"key":"3219_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001165","volume":"74","author":"L Elopre","year":"2017","unstructured":"Elopre L, Kudroff K, Westfall AO, Overton ET, Mugavero MJ. Brief report: the right people, right places, and right practices: disparities in PrEP access among African American men, women, and MSM in the Deep South. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2017;74:56\u20139.","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr."},{"key":"3219_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2019.11.002","volume":"42","author":"Y Ransome","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ransome Y, Bogart LM, Kawachi I, Kaplan A, Mayer KH, Ojikutu B. Area-level HIV risk and socioeconomic factors associated with willingness to use PrEP among Black people in the U.S. South. Ann Epidemiol. 2020;42:33\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.annepidem.2019.11.002.","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol."},{"key":"3219_CR37","unstructured":"Black\/African American\u2014The Office of Minority Health. https:\/\/minorityhealth.hhs.gov\/omh\/browse.aspx?lvl=3&lvlid=61 (2021). Accessed 17 Jan 2021"},{"key":"3219_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3576","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-018-2067-8","volume":"22","author":"BO Ojikutu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ojikutu BO, Bogart LM, Higgins-Biddle M, Dale SK, Allen W, Dominique T, et al. Facilitators and barriers to pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) use among black individuals in the United States: results from the National Survey on HIV in the Black Community (NSHBC). AIDS Behav. 2018;22:3576\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-018-2067-8.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav."},{"key":"3219_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-019-02745-9","volume":"24","author":"P O\u2019Byrne","year":"2019","unstructured":"O\u2019Byrne P, Orser L, Haines M. Active-offer nurse-led PrEP (PrEP-RN) referrals: analysis of uptake rates and reasons for declining. AIDS Behav. 2019;24:1281\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-019-02745-9.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav."},{"key":"3219_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-018-2376-y","volume":"23","author":"SA Golub","year":"2019","unstructured":"Golub SA, Fikslin RA, Goldberg MH, Pe\u00f1a SM, Radix A. Predictors of PrEP uptake among patients with equivalent access. AIDS Behav. 2019;23:1917\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-018-2376-y.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav."},{"key":"3219_CR41","unstructured":"About Rural Health Care\u2014NRHA. https:\/\/www.ruralhealthweb.org\/about-nrha\/about-rural-health-care (2021). Accessed 19 Jan 2021"},{"key":"3219_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0146139","author":"J Whitehead","year":"2016","unstructured":"Whitehead J, Shaver J, Stephenson R. Outness, stigma, and primary health care utilization among rural LGBT populations. PLoS ONE. 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0146139.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"3219_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jana.2012.08.007","volume":"24","author":"JA Pellowski","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pellowski JA. Barriers to care for rural people living with HIV: a review of domestic research and health care models. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care. 2013;24:422\u201337.","journal-title":"J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care"},{"key":"3219_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1521\/aeap.2017.29.4.315","volume":"29","author":"RD Hubach","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hubach RD, Currin JM, Sanders CA, Kavanaugh KE, Croff JM, Durham AR, et al. Barriers to access and adoption of pre-exposure prophylaxis for the prevention of HIV among men who have sex with men (MSM) in a relatively rural state. AIDS Educ Prev. 2017;29:315.","journal-title":"AIDS Educ Prev."},{"key":"3219_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-017-1690-0","volume":"21","author":"LA Eaton","year":"2017","unstructured":"Eaton LA, Kalichman SC, Price D, Finneran S, Allen A, Maksut J. Stigma and conspiracy beliefs related to pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and interest in using PrEP among black and white men and transgender women who have sex with men. AIDS Behav. 2017;21:1236\u201346.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav."},{"key":"3219_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1080\/07399332.2017.1337774","volume":"38","author":"E Chop","year":"2017","unstructured":"Chop E, Duggaraju A, Malley A, Burke V, Caldas S, Yeh PT, et al. Food insecurity, sexual risk behavior, and adherence to antiretroviral therapy among women living with HIV: A Systematic review. Health Care Women Int. 2017;38:927\u201344.","journal-title":"Health Care Women Int."},{"key":"3219_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-011-0127-4","author":"EL Machtinger","year":"2012","unstructured":"Machtinger EL, Wilson TC, Haberer JE, Weiss DS. Psychological trauma and PTSD in HIV-positive women: a meta-analysis. AIDS Behav. 2012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-011-0127-4.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav."},{"key":"3219_CR48","unstructured":"Sockwell L, Martel I, Dusenge D, Forsman A. HIV & drug court: how do they fit? In 7th Annual Arkansas Public Heal Conference. Little Rock, AR http:\/\/www.nadcpconference.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/06\/TS-11.pdf (2017). Accessed 25Oct 2017"},{"key":"3219_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000298","volume":"28","author":"P Patel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Patel P, Borkowf CB, Brooks JT, Lasry A, Lansky A, Mermin J. Estimating per-act HIV transmission risk: a systematic review. AIDS. 2014;28:1509\u201319.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"3219_CR50","first-page":"439","volume":"91","author":"SC Kalichman","year":"1999","unstructured":"Kalichman SC, Catz S, Ramachandran B. Barriers to HIV\/AIDS treatment and treatment adherence among African-American adults with disadvantaged education. J Natl Med Assoc. 1999;91:439\u201346.","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc."},{"key":"3219_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MLR.0000093487.78664.3C","volume":"41","author":"K Kroenke","year":"2003","unstructured":"Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JBW. The Patient Health Questionnaire-2: validity of a two-item depression screener. Med Care. 2003;41:1284\u201392.","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"key":"3219_CR52","unstructured":"HIV Transmission. HIV Basics, HIV\/AIDS, CDC. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hiv\/basics\/transmission.html (2020). Accessed 18 Jul 2020"},{"key":"3219_CR53","unstructured":"HIV Risk Reduction Tool. CDC. https:\/\/www.hivrisk.cdc.gov\/ (2020). Accessed 18 Jul 2020"},{"key":"3219_CR54","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. National Minority Substance Abuse\/HIV Prevention Initiative Adult Questionnaire. Available at: https:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/adult-questionnaire.pdf (2016). Accessed 18 Mar 2021"},{"key":"3219_CR55","unstructured":"PrEP. HIV Basics, HIV\/AIDS. CDC. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hiv\/basics\/prep.html (2020). Accessed 18 Jul 2020"},{"key":"3219_CR56","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV prevention in the United States: new opportunities, new expectations (2016). Retrieved March 18, 2021 from https:\/\/stacks.cdc.gov\/view\/cdc\/39420"},{"key":"3219_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-009-9593-3","volume":"13","author":"VA Earnshaw","year":"2009","unstructured":"Earnshaw VA, Chaudoir SR. From conceptualizing to measuring HIV stigma: a review of HIV stigma mechanism measures. AIDS Behav. 2009;13:1160\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-009-9593-3.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav."},{"key":"3219_CR58","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV testing implementation guidance for correctional settings. pp. 1\u201338. Available from:\nhttp:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hiv\/topics\/testing\/resources\/guidelines\/correctional-settings\/ (2009). Accessed 18 Mar 2021"},{"key":"3219_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1665","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-016-1507-6","volume":"21","author":"BM Millar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Millar BM, Starks TJ, Grov C, Parsons JT. Sexual risk-taking in HIV-negative gay and bisexual men increases with depression: results from a U.S. National Study. AIDS Behav. 2017;21:1665\u201375.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav."},{"key":"3219_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-016-1415-9","volume":"20","author":"ML Mehrotra","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mehrotra ML, Glidden DV, McMahan V, Amico KR, Hosek S, Defechereux P, et al. The effect of depressive symptoms on adherence to daily oral PrEP in men who have sex with men and transgender women: a marginal structural model analysis of The iPrEx OLE Study. AIDS Behav. 2016;20:1527\u201334.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav."},{"key":"3219_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1080\/08964289.2019.1585324","volume":"45","author":"LM Bogart","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bogart LM, Ransome Y, Allen W, Higgins-Biddle M, Ojikutu BO. HIV-related medical mistrust, HIV testing, and HIV Risk in the National Survey on HIV in the Black Community. Behav Med. 2019;45:134\u201342.","journal-title":"Behav Med."},{"key":"3219_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"973","DOI":"10.1093\/geront\/gns192","volume":"53","author":"CL Ford","year":"2013","unstructured":"Ford CL, Wallace SP, Newman PA, Lee SJ, Cunningham WE. Belief in AIDS-related conspiracy theories and mistrust in the government: relationship with HIV testing among at-risk older adults. Gerontologist. 2013;53:973\u201384.","journal-title":"Gerontologist"},{"key":"3219_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-017-0339-2","volume":"42","author":"LB Adams","year":"2017","unstructured":"Adams LB, Richmond J, Corbie-Smith G, Powell W. Medical mistrust and colorectal cancer screening among African Americans. J Community Health. 2017;42:1044\u201361.","journal-title":"J Community Health"},{"key":"3219_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2013.0245","volume":"27","author":"SA Golub","year":"2013","unstructured":"Golub SA, Gamarel KE. The impact of anticipated HIV stigma on delays in HIV testing behaviors: Findings from a community-based sample of men who have sex with men and transgender women in New York City. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2013;27:621\u20137.","journal-title":"AIDS Patient Care STDS"},{"key":"3219_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaf5207","volume":"352","author":"EL Paluck","year":"2016","unstructured":"Paluck EL. How to overcome prejudice. Science. 2016;352:147.","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"3219_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3681","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-018-2184-4","volume":"22","author":"RM Pinto","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pinto RM, Berringer KR, Melendez R, Mmeje O. Improving PrEP implementation through multilevel interventions: a synthesis of the literature. AIDS Behav. 2018;22:3681\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-018-2184-4.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav."},{"key":"3219_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1017\/S0003055419000923","volume":"114","author":"JL Kalla","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kalla JL, Broockman DE. Reducing Exclusionary Attitudes through Interpersonal Conversation: Evidence from Three Field Experiments. Am Polit Sci Rev. 2020;114:410\u201325.","journal-title":"Am Polit Sci Rev."},{"key":"3219_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-122216","author":"D Albarracin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Albarracin D, Shavitt S. Attitudes and attitude change. Annu Rev Psychol. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-psych-122216.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol."},{"key":"3219_CR69","unstructured":"The religious states of America, in 22 maps\u2014The Washington Post. https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/blogs\/govbeat\/wp\/2015\/02\/26\/the-religious-states-of-america-in-22-maps\/ (2021). Accessed 30 Jan 2021"},{"key":"3219_CR70","unstructured":"Stances of Faiths on LGBTQ Issues: Southern Baptist Convention - HRC. https:\/\/www.hrc.org\/resources\/stances-of-faiths-on-lgbt-issues-southern-baptist-convention (2021). Accessed 30 Jan 2021"},{"key":"3219_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"784","DOI":"10.1177\/1368430216629566","volume":"19","author":"J Burch-Brown","year":"2016","unstructured":"Burch-Brown J, Baker W. Religion and reducing prejudice. Gr Process Intergr Relat. 2016;19:784\u2013807. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1368430216629566.","journal-title":"Gr Process Intergr Relat."},{"key":"3219_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1097\/YCO.0000000000000351","volume":"30","author":"LH Yang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yang LH, Wong LY, Grivel MM, Hasin DS. Stigma and substance use disorders: an international phenomenon. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2017;30:378\u201388.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Psychiatry"},{"key":"3219_CR73","unstructured":"How Christian Groups in America Have Accommodated Changing Beliefs about Homosexuality by Mark Smith\u202f: SSRN. https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1901737 (2021). Accessed 30 Jan 2021"}],"container-title":["AIDS and Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10461-021-03219-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10461-021-03219-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10461-021-03219-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]],"date-time":"2021-06-23T14:27:58Z","timestamp":1624458478000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10461-021-03219-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]}},"alternative-id":["3219"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-021-03219-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1090-7165","1573-3254"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1090-7165","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-3254","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"5 March 2021","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 March 2021","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have not conflicts of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The human subject board approved the protocol and procedures at the University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}},{"value":"Written consent was waived.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Participate"}}]}}