{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,7]],"date-time":"2026-03-07T02:09:45Z","timestamp":1772849385930,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]],"date-time":"2021-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616025600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]],"date-time":"2021-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616025600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000056","name":"NINR","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["1R21NR016632-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R21NR016632-01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000056","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R00 AG048762"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R00 AG048762"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 AG022838"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 AG022838"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AIDS Behav"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-021-03230-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]],"date-time":"2021-03-18T04:45:52Z","timestamp":1616042752000},"page":"3898-3908","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Can Individualized-Targeted Computerized Cognitive Training Benefit Adults with HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder? The Training on Purpose Study (TOPS)"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0498-6263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David E.","family":"Vance","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pariya L.","family":"Fazeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andres","family":"Azuero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Virginia G.","family":"Wadley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"James L.","family":"Raper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karlene K.","family":"Ball","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"3230_CR1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention C. HIV Surveilance Report, 2018 (updated). 2020."},{"issue":"7","key":"3230_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1016\/S473-3099(15)00056-0","volume":"15","author":"M Smit","year":"2015","unstructured":"Smit M, Brinkman K, Geerlings S, et al. Future challenges for clinical care of an ageing population infected with HIV: a modelling study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2015;15(7):810\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S473-3099(15)00056-0.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"3230_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e411","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(17)30098-X","volume":"4","author":"K Goodkin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Goodkin K, Miller EN, Cox C, et al. Effect of ageing on neurocognitive function by stage of HIV infection: evidence from the Multicenter AIDS Cohort Study. Lancet HIV. 2017;4(9):e411\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2352-3018(17)30098-X.","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"issue":"2","key":"3230_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jana.2012.05.002","volume":"24","author":"DE Vance","year":"2013","unstructured":"Vance DE, Fazeli PL, Gakumo CA. The impact of neuropsychological performance on everyday functioning between older and younger adults with and without HIV. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care. 2013;24(2):112\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jana.2012.05.002.","journal-title":"J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care"},{"issue":"Pt B","key":"3230_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2016.01.011","volume":"92","author":"SL Cody","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cody SL, Vance DE. The neurobiology of HIV and its impact on cognitive reserve: a review of cognitive interventions for an aging population. Neurobiol Dis. 2016;92(Pt B):144\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nbd.2016.01.011.","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"3230_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1097\/JNC.0000000000000180","volume":"32","author":"Y Lee","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lee Y, Batey DS, Clay OJ, Emlet CA, Fazeli PL, Vance DE. Older caregivers with HIV: an unrecognized gap in the literature. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care. 2021;32(1):29\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JNC.0000000000000180.","journal-title":"J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care"},{"issue":"18","key":"3230_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000287431.88658.8b","volume":"69","author":"A Antinori","year":"2007","unstructured":"Antinori A, Arendt G, Becker JT, et al. Updated research nosology for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Neurology. 2007;69(18):1789\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1212\/01.WNL.0000287431.88658.8b.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"3230_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1159\/000448562","volume":"42","author":"DE Vance","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vance DE, Cody SL, Moneyham L. Remediating HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders via cognitive training: a perspective on neurocognitive aging. Interdiscip Top Gerontol Geriatr. 2017;42:173\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000448562.","journal-title":"Interdiscip Top Gerontol Geriatr"},{"issue":"6","key":"3230_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2012.694479","volume":"26","author":"K Blackstone","year":"2012","unstructured":"Blackstone K, Moore DJ, Franklin DR, et al. Defining neurocognitive impairment in HIV: deficit scores versus clinical ratings. The Clin Neuropsychol. 2012;26(6):894\u2013908. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13854046.2012.694479.","journal-title":"The Clin Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"15","key":"3230_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1594","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001625","volume":"89","author":"LH Rubin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rubin LH, Maki PM, Springer G, et al. Cognitive trajectories over 4 years among HIV-infected women with optimal viral suppression. Neurology. 2017;89(15):1594\u2013603. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001625.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"3230_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1097\/JNC.0000000000000030","volume":"30","author":"DE Vance","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vance DE, Fazeli PL, Cheatwood J, Nicholson WC, Morrison SA, Moneyham LD. Computerized cognitive training for the neurocognitive complications of HIV infection: a systematic review. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care. 2019;30(1):51\u201372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JNC.0000000000000030.","journal-title":"J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"3230_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jana.2012.01.005","volume":"23","author":"DE Vance","year":"2012","unstructured":"Vance DE, Fazeli PL, Ross LA, Wadley VG, Ball KK. Speed of processing training with middle-age and older adults with HIV: a pilot study. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care. 2012;23(6):500\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jana.2012.01.005.","journal-title":"J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care"},{"issue":"11","key":"3230_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1001756","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed","volume":"11","author":"A Lampit","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lampit A, Hallock H, Valenzuela M. Computerized cognitive training in cognitively healthy older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis of effect modifiers. PLoS Med. 2014;11(11):e1001756. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"3230_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1002\/nur.21841","volume":"41","author":"DE Vance","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vance DE, Fazeli PL, Azuero A, Wadley VG, Jensen M, Raper JL. Can computerized cognitive training reverse the diagnosis of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder? A research protocol. Res Nurs Health. 2018;41(1):11\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/nur.21841.","journal-title":"Res Nurs Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"3230_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03210753","volume":"3","author":"TA Salthouse","year":"1996","unstructured":"Salthouse TA. Constraints on theories of cognitive aging. Psychon Bull Rev. 1996;3(3):287\u201399.","journal-title":"Psychon Bull Rev"},{"key":"3230_CR16","volume-title":"A model of human information processing. Engineering Psychology and Human Performance","author":"CD Wickens","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wickens CD, Hollands JG, Bandbury S, Parasuraman R. A model of human information processing. Engineering Psychology and Human Performance. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson; 2013."},{"issue":"8","key":"3230_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2014.943696","volume":"36","author":"RP Fellows","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fellows RP, Byrd DA, Morgello S. Effects of information processing speed on learning, memory, and executive functioning in people living with HIV\/AIDS. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2014;36(8):806\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13803395.2014.943696.","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3230_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01537606","volume":"20","author":"LS Radloff","year":"1991","unstructured":"Radloff LS. The use of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale in adolescents and young adults. J Youth Adolesc. 1991;20(2):149\u201366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF01537606.","journal-title":"J Youth Adolesc"},{"issue":"1","key":"3230_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.22.1.110","volume":"22","author":"SP Woods","year":"2008","unstructured":"Woods SP, Iudicello JE, Moran LM, et al. HIV-associated prospective memory impairment increases risk of dependence in everyday functioning. Neuropsychology. 2008;22(1):110\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0894-4105.22.1.110.","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"3230_CR20","volume-title":"Neuropsychological Assessment","author":"MD Lezak","year":"1995","unstructured":"Lezak MD. Neuropsychological Assessment. 3rd ed. New York, NY: Oxford University Press; 1995.","edition":"3"},{"issue":"18","key":"3230_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.18.2271","volume":"288","author":"K Ball","year":"2002","unstructured":"Ball K, Berch DB, Helmers KF, et al. Effects of cognitive training interventions with older adults: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002;288(18):2271\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.288.18.2271.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"3230_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9781139025751","volume-title":"Causal inference for statistics, social, and biomedical sciences: an introduction","author":"G Imbens","year":"2015","unstructured":"Imbens G, Rubin D. Causal inference for statistics, social, and biomedical sciences: an introduction. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press; 2015."},{"issue":"5","key":"3230_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2010.10.008","volume":"45","author":"AC Leon","year":"2011","unstructured":"Leon AC, Davis LL, Kraemer HC. The role and interpretation of pilot studies in clinical research. J Psychiatr Res. 2011;45(5):626\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2010.10.008.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"3230_CR24","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"J Cohen","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. 2nd ed. New York, NY: New York University Press; 1988.","edition":"2"},{"key":"3230_CR25","unstructured":"Team RC. R: a language and environment for statistical computing: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. 2019. https:\/\/www.R-project.org\/."},{"issue":"4","key":"3230_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jana.2018.04.005","volume":"29","author":"DE Vance","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vance DE, Jensen M, Tende F, Raper JL, Morrison S, Fazeli PL. Individualized-targeted computerized cognitive training to treat HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder: an interim descriptive analysis. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care. 2018;29(4):604\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jana.2018.04.005.","journal-title":"J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"3230_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.3928\/00989134-20090428-02","volume":"35","author":"DE Vance","year":"2009","unstructured":"Vance DE, Wright MA. Positive and negative neuroplasticity: implications for age-related cognitive declines. J Gerontol Nurs. 2009;35(6):11\u20137; quiz 8\u20139.","journal-title":"J Gerontol Nurs"},{"issue":"4","key":"3230_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trci.2017.09.002","volume":"3","author":"JD Edwards","year":"2017","unstructured":"Edwards JD, Xu H, Clark DO, Guey LT, Ross LA, Unverzagt FW. Speed of processing training results in lower risk of dementia. Alzheimers Dement (N Y). 2017;3(4):603\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.trci.2017.09.002.","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement (N Y)"},{"issue":"1","key":"3230_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1093\/geronb\/gbv022","volume":"71","author":"LA Ross","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ross LA, Edwards JD, O\u2019Connor ML, Ball KK, Wadley VG, Vance DE. The transfer of cognitive speed of processing training to older adults\u2019 driving mobility across 5 years. J Gerontol B. 2016;71(1):87\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/geronb\/gbv022.","journal-title":"J Gerontol B"},{"issue":"6","key":"3230_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1097\/jnn.0b013e3181b6beda","volume":"41","author":"DE Vance","year":"2009","unstructured":"Vance DE. Speed of processing in older adults: a cognitive overview for nursing. J Neurosci Nurs. 2009;41(6):290\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/jnn.0b013e3181b6beda.","journal-title":"J Neurosci Nurs"},{"issue":"12","key":"3230_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.3928\/02793695-20190821-03","volume":"57","author":"DE Vance","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vance DE, Jensen M, Tende F, et al. Informing adults with HIV of cognitive performance deficits indicative of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder: a content analysis. J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv. 2019;57(12):48\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3928\/02793695-20190821-03.","journal-title":"J Psychosoc Nurs Ment Health Serv"},{"key":"3230_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Morgan EE, Woods SP, Grant I, Group HIVNRP. Intra-individual neurocognitive variability confers risk of dependence in activities of daily living among HIV-seropositive individuals without HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2012;27(3):293\u2013303. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/arclin\/acs003.","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acs003"},{"issue":"5","key":"3230_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000532","volume":"33","author":"KJ Bangen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bangen KJ, Weigand AJ, Thomas KR, et al. Cognitive dispersion is a sensitive marker for early neurodegenerative changes and functional decline in nondemented older adults. Neuropsychology. 2019;33(5):599\u2013608. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/neu0000532.","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"issue":"4","key":"3230_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1080\/13803390802232659","volume":"31","author":"JV Hilborn","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hilborn JV, Strauss E, Hultsch DF, Hunter MA. Intraindividual variability across cognitive domains: investigation of dispersion levels and performance profiles in older adults. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2009;31(4):412\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13803390802232659.","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol"},{"key":"3230_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Pope CN, Fazeli PL, Vance DE, Mrug S, Ball KK, Stavrinos D. Cognitive reserve attenuates the association between HIV serostatus and cognitive performance in adults living in the deep South. Appl Neuropsychol Adult 2020;1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/23279095.2020.1832095.","DOI":"10.1080\/23279095.2020.1832095"},{"issue":"4","key":"3230_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e68","DOI":"10.2196\/resprot.6625","volume":"6","author":"D Vance","year":"2017","unstructured":"Vance D, Fazeli P, Shacka J, et al. Testing a computerized cognitive training protocol in adults aging with HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder: randomized controlled trial rationale and protocol. JMIR Res Protoc. 2017;6(4):e68. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/resprot.6625.","journal-title":"JMIR Res Protoc"},{"issue":"6","key":"3230_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2006.02.027","volume":"87","author":"VG Wadley","year":"2006","unstructured":"Wadley VG, Benz RL, Ball KK, Roenker DL, Edwards JD, Vance DE. Development and evaluation of home-based speed-of-processing training for older adults. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2006;87(6):757\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apmr.2006.02.027.","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"}],"container-title":["AIDS and Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10461-021-03230-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10461-021-03230-y\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10461-021-03230-y.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,18]],"date-time":"2021-11-18T09:09:23Z","timestamp":1637226563000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10461-021-03230-y"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,12]]}},"alternative-id":["3230"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-021-03230-y","relation":{},"ISSN":["1090-7165","1573-3254"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1090-7165","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-3254","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"10 March 2021","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 March 2021","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"<i>Financial interests\u2014<\/i>Karlene Ball owns stock in the Visual Awareness Research Group (formerly Visual Awareness, Inc.), and Posit Science, Inc., the companies that market the Useful Field of View Test and speed of processing training software. Posit Science acquired Visual Awareness, and Dr. Ball continues to collaborate on the design and testing of these Assessment and training programs as a member of the Posit Science Scientific Advisory Board. <i>Non-financial interests\u2014<\/i>David E. Vance, Pariya L. Fazeli, Andres Azuero, Virginia Wadley, and James L. Raper report no real or perceived vested interest that relate to this article that could be construed as a conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"Participants consented that their data would be used in aggregate form for publication purposes.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Publish"}},{"value":"This study was approved by the ethics committee of the University of Alabama at Birmingham\u2019s Institutional Review Board (IRB) titled \u201cIndividualized-Target Cognitive Training in Older Adults with HIV (Training On Purpose Study) TOPS))\u201d, with the following Registration Number \u2013 IRB00000726. All procedures performed in this study involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and\/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Research Involving Human Participants and\/or Animals"}}]}}