{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T16:23:57Z","timestamp":1789662237379,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"S2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,27]],"date-time":"2021-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616803200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,27]],"date-time":"2021-03-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1616803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MH110158"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MH110158"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MH110192"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MH110192"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AIDS Behav"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Longitudinal qualitative research can provide rich understanding of the life circumstances of vulnerable groups who experience health inequities, of whether, how and why these circumstances change, and of how these circumstances and processes of change impact health. But, this rich understanding is not automatic and requires systematic and thoughtful approaches to data collection and analysis. The purpose of this paper is to describe two longitudinal qualitative studies embedded in mixed-methods studies of social determinants of HIV in the United States and the Dominican Republic. We compare these two studies to critically reflect on specific techniques that facilitate longitudinal and iterative data collection, management, and analysis, in particular the use of participant-specific matrices and analytic summaries across the distinct phases of the research. We conclude that combining cross-sectional and longitudinal analysis that engages with both themes and processes of change can contribute to improved contextualization and understanding of social determinants of HIV.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-021-03240-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,27]],"date-time":"2021-03-27T04:02:52Z","timestamp":1616817772000},"page":"203-213","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Probing the Processes: Longitudinal Qualitative Research on Social Determinants of HIV"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7802-4051","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clare","family":"Barrington","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alana","family":"Rosenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deanna","family":"Kerrigan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim M.","family":"Blankenship","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"3240_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"NEJM Catalyst. Social determinants of health (SDOH). 2017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1056\/CAT.17.0312. Accessed 1 June 2020.","DOI":"10.1056\/CAT.17.0312"},{"issue":"4","key":"3240_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1017\/S1474746407003909","volume":"6","author":"R Thomson","year":"2007","unstructured":"Thomson R. The qualitative longitudinal case history: practical, methodological and ethical reflections. Soc Policy Soc. 2007;6(4):571\u201382.","journal-title":"Soc Policy Soc"},{"issue":"3","key":"3240_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1080\/1364557032000091833","volume":"6","author":"R Thomson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Thomson R, Holland J. Hindsight, foresight and insight: the challenges of longitudinal qualitative research. Int J Soc Res Methodol. 2003;6(3):233\u201344.","journal-title":"Int J Soc Res Methodol"},{"key":"3240_CR4","volume-title":"Qualitative longitudinal methods: research implementation and change","author":"ML Derrington","year":"2018","unstructured":"Derrington ML. Qualitative longitudinal methods: research implementation and change. Thousand Oaks: Sage; 2018."},{"key":"3240_CR5","volume-title":"Longitudinal qualitative research: analyzing change through time","author":"J Salda\u00f1a","year":"2003","unstructured":"Salda\u00f1a J. Longitudinal qualitative research: analyzing change through time. Walnut Creek: AltaMira Press; 2003."},{"key":"3240_CR6","volume-title":"Qualitative inquiry and research design: choosing among five traditions","author":"J Creswell","year":"1998","unstructured":"Creswell J. Qualitative inquiry and research design: choosing among five traditions. Thousand Oaks: Sage; 1998."},{"issue":"3","key":"3240_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1177\/104973200129118462","volume":"10","author":"T Miller","year":"2000","unstructured":"Miller T. Losing the plot: narrative construction and longitudinal childbirth research. Qual Health Res. 2000;10(3):309\u201323.","journal-title":"Qual Health Res"},{"key":"3240_CR8","volume-title":"Narrative methods for the human sciences","author":"CK Riessman","year":"2008","unstructured":"Riessman CK. Narrative methods for the human sciences. Thousand Oaks: Sage; 2008."},{"key":"3240_CR9","first-page":"461","volume-title":"Handbook of emergent methods","author":"JA Maxwell","year":"2008","unstructured":"Maxwell JA, Miller BA. Categorizing and connecting strategies in qualitative data analysis. In: Hesse-Biber S, Leavy P, editors. Handbook of emergent methods. New York: Guilford; 2008. p. 461\u201377."},{"key":"3240_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2007.06.014","volume":"65","author":"DW Seal","year":"2007","unstructured":"Seal DW, Eldrige GD, Kacanek D, Binson D, MacGowan RJ, The Project START Study Group. A longitudinal, qualitative analysis of the context of substance use and sexual behavior among 18- to 29-year-old men after their release from prison. Soc Sci Med. 2007;65:2394\u2013406.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"3240_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-015-9941-8","volume":"92","author":"HL Cooper","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cooper HL, Caruso B, Barham T, et al. Partner incarceration and African-American women\u2019s sexual relationships and risk: a longitudinal qualitative study. J Urban Health. 2015;92(3):527\u201347.","journal-title":"J Urban Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"3240_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-010-9687-y","volume":"14","author":"A Harrison","year":"2010","unstructured":"Harrison A, O\u2019Sullivan LF. In the absence of marriage: long-term concurrent partnerships, pregnancy, and HIV risk dynamics among South African young adults. AIDS Behav. 2010;14(5):1\u201315.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"3240_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1080\/09540120903499220","volume":"22","author":"S Bernays","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bernays S, Rhodes T, Jankovic Terzic K. \u201cYou should be grateful to have medicines\u2019\u2019: continued dependence, altering stigma and the HIV treatment experience in Serbia. AIDS Care. 2010;22(Suppl 1):14\u201320.","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"issue":"7","key":"3240_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"919","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732307305881","volume":"17","author":"LM Baumgartner","year":"2014","unstructured":"Baumgartner LM. The incorporation of the HIV\/AIDS identity into the self over time. Qual Health Res. 2014;17(7):919\u201331.","journal-title":"Qual Health Res"},{"key":"3240_CR15","first-page":"1","volume":"17","author":"P Solomon","year":"2018","unstructured":"Solomon P, O\u2019Brien K, Nixon S, Letts L, Baxter L, Gervais N. Trajectories of episodic disability in people aging with HIV: a longitudinal qualitative study. AIDS Care. 2018;17:1\u20137.","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"3240_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732309333272","volume":"19","author":"PE Stevens","year":"2009","unstructured":"Stevens PE, Hildebrandt E. Pill taking from the perspective of HIV-infected women who are vulnerable to antiretroviral treatment failure. Qual Health Res. 2009;19(5):593\u2013604.","journal-title":"Qual Health Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"3240_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-010-9747-3","volume":"15","author":"M Moshabela","year":"2011","unstructured":"Moshabela M, Pronyk P, Williams N, Schneider H, Lurie M. Patterns and implications of medical pluralism among HIV\/AIDS patients in rural South Africa. AIDS Behav. 2011;15(4):842\u201352.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"3","key":"3240_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.3109\/01612840.2012.740765","volume":"34","author":"PM Kako","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kako PM, Dubrosky R. \u201cYou comfort yourself and believe in yourself\u201d: exploring lived experiences of stigma in HIV-positive Kenyan women. Issues Ment Health Nurs. 2013;34(3):150\u20137.","journal-title":"Issues Ment Health Nurs"},{"issue":"4","key":"3240_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9566.12377","volume":"38","author":"E Wouters","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wouters E, De Wet K. Women\u2019s experience of HIV as a chronic illness in South Africa: hard-earned lives, biographical disruption and moral career. Sociol Health Illn. 2016;38(4):521\u201342.","journal-title":"Sociol Health Illn"},{"issue":"1","key":"3240_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0169088","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169088","volume":"12","author":"R King","year":"2017","unstructured":"King R, Kim J, Nanfuka M, et al. \u201cI do not take my medicine while hiding\u201d-longitudinal qualitative assessment of HIV discordant couples\u2019 beliefs in discordance and ART as prevention in Uganda. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(1):e0169088.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"3240_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-017-0868-5","volume":"17","author":"BN Dang","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dang BN, Westbrook RA, Njue SM, Giordano TP. Building trust and rapport early in the new doctor-patient relationship: a longitudinal qualitative study. BMC Med Educ. 2017;17(1):32.","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"key":"3240_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.07.001","volume":"67","author":"J Seeley","year":"2008","unstructured":"Seeley J, Biraro S, Shafer LA, et al. Using in-depth qualitative data to enhance our understanding of quantitative results regarding the impact of HIV and AIDS on households in rural Uganda. Soc Sci Med. 2008;67:1434\u201346.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"3240_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-021-03211-1","author":"D Kerrigan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kerrigan D, Karver TS, Barrington C, et al. Development of the experiences of sex work stigma scale using item response theory: implications for research on the social determinants of HIV. AIDS Behav. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-021-03211-1.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"3240_CR24","volume-title":"The ethnographic interview","author":"J Spradley","year":"1979","unstructured":"Spradley J. The ethnographic interview. 1st ed. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston; 1979.","edition":"1"},{"key":"3240_CR25","unstructured":"Blankenship KM, Rosenberg A, Keene DE, Dawson AJ, Groves AK, Schlesinger P. Social determination of HIV: women\u2019s relationship work in the context of mass incarceration and housing vulnerability. AIDS Behav."},{"issue":"6","key":"3240_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0234666","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0234666","volume":"15","author":"D Kerrigan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kerrigan D, Sanchez Karver T, Muraleethara O, et al. \u201cA dream come true\u201d: perspectives on long-acting injectable antiretroviral therapy among female sex workers living with HIV from the Dominican Republic and Tanzania. PLoS ONE. 2020;15(6):e0234666.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"5","key":"3240_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-018-1186-7","volume":"47","author":"MA Carrasco","year":"2018","unstructured":"Carrasco MA, Nguyen TQ, Barrington C, Perez M, Donastorg Y, Kerrigan D. HIV stigma mediates the association between social cohesion and consistent condom use among female sex workers living with HIV in the dominican Republic. Arch Sex Behav. 2018;47(5):1529\u201339.","journal-title":"Arch Sex Behav"},{"issue":"5","key":"3240_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1080\/13691058.2016.1242779","volume":"19","author":"MA Carrasco","year":"2017","unstructured":"Carrasco MA, Barrington C, Kennedy C, Perez M, Donastorg Y, Kerrigan D. \u201cWe talk, we do not have shame\u201d: addressing stigma by reconstructing identity through enhancing social cohesion among female sex workers living with HIV in the Dominican Republic. Cult Health Sex. 2017;19(5):543\u201356.","journal-title":"Cult Health Sex"},{"key":"3240_CR29","volume-title":"The foundatoins of social research: meaning and perspective in the research process","author":"M Crotty","year":"1998","unstructured":"Crotty M. The foundatoins of social research: meaning and perspective in the research process. Thousand Oaks: Sage; 1998."},{"issue":"2","key":"3240_CR30","first-page":"26","volume":"17","author":"L Ryan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ryan L, Lopez Rodriguez M, Trevena P. Opportunities and challenges of unplanned follow-up interviews: experiences with polish migrants in London. Forum Qual Soc Res. 2016;17(2):26.","journal-title":"Forum Qual Soc Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"3240_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1080\/1364557032000091798","volume":"6","author":"B Neale","year":"2003","unstructured":"Neale B, Flowerdew J. Time, texture and childhood: the contours of longitudinal qualitative research. Int J Soc Res Methodol. 2003;6(3):189\u201399.","journal-title":"Int J Soc Res Methodol"},{"issue":"5","key":"3240_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000562","volume":"14","author":"FM Cowan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cowan FM, Reza-Paul S, Ramaiah M, Kerrigan DL. Strategies to promote the meaningful involvement of sex workers in HIV prevention and care. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2019;14(5):401\u20138.","journal-title":"Curr Opin HIV AIDS"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-021-03444-0","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,13]],"date-time":"2021-09-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1631491200000}}],"container-title":["AIDS and Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10461-021-03240-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10461-021-03240-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10461-021-03240-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,23]],"date-time":"2021-10-23T01:30:47Z","timestamp":1634952647000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10461-021-03240-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,27]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"S2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["3240"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-021-03240-w","relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1007\/s10461-021-03444-0","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1090-7165","1573-3254"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1090-7165","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-3254","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"18 March 2021","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 March 2021","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"13 September 2021","order":3,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":4,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published:","order":5,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-021-03444-0","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-021-03444-0","order":6,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The Stigma & Social Cohesion study was approved by the Institutional Review Boards of the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health in the United States and the Instituto Dermatol\u00f3gico y Cirug\u00eda de Piel in the Dominican Republic. The JustHouHS study was approved by Institutional Review Board at Yale University.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all study participants.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed Consent"}}]}}