{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,7]],"date-time":"2025-08-07T20:50:45Z","timestamp":1754599845921,"version":"3.40.4"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]],"date-time":"2021-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635897600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]],"date-time":"2021-11-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1635897600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000061","name":"Fogarty International Center","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21 TW011053"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21 TW011053"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000061","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006967","name":"Center for AIDS Research, Duke University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30 AI064518"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30 AI064518"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006967","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AIDS Behav"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-021-03506-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]],"date-time":"2021-11-03T10:02:53Z","timestamp":1635933773000},"page":"1530-1543","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Development and Psychometric Evaluation of the HIV Stigmatizing Attitudes Scale (HSAS) in Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5699-8197","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Saumya S.","family":"Sao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Linda","family":"Minja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jo\u00e3o Ricardo N.","family":"Vissoci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melissa H.","family":"Watt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"3506_CR1","first-page":"17","volume":"21","author":"E Buregyeya","year":"2017","unstructured":"Buregyeya E, Naigino R, Mukose A, Makumbi F, Esiru G, Arinaitwe J, et al. Facilitators and barriers to uptake and adherence to lifelong antiretroviral therapy among HIV infected pregnant women in Uganda: a qualitative study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2017;21:17.","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"issue":"3","key":"3506_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0173928","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0173928","volume":"12","author":"HA Gesesew","year":"2017","unstructured":"Gesesew HA, Tesfay Gebremedhin A, Demissie TD, Kerie MW, Sudhakar M, Mwanri L. Significant association between perceived HIV related stigma and late presentation for HIV\/AIDS care in low and middle-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE. 2017;12(3):e0173928.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"3506_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-016-1505-8","volume":"21","author":"SA McMahon","year":"2017","unstructured":"McMahon SA, Kennedy CE, Winch PJ, Kombe M, Killewo J, Kilewo C. Stigma, facility constraints, and personal disbelief: why women disengage from hiv care during and after pregnancy in morogoro region. Tanzania AIDS Behav. 2017;21(1):317\u201329.","journal-title":"Tanzania AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"6","key":"3506_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2018.1550248","volume":"31","author":"MH Watt","year":"2019","unstructured":"Watt MH, Cichowitz C, Kisigo G, Minja L, Knettel BA, Knippler E, et al. Predictors of postpartum HIV care engagement for women enrolled in prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) programs in Tanzania. AIDS Care. 2019;31(6):687\u201398.","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"3506_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Audet CM, Wagner LJ, Wallston KA (2015) Finding meaning in life while living with HIV: validation of a novel HIV meaningfulness scale among HIV-infected participants living in Tennessee. BMC Psychol. 3","DOI":"10.1186\/s40359-015-0070-7"},{"issue":"1","key":"3506_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-019-1271-3","volume":"17","author":"AL Stangl","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stangl AL, Earnshaw VA, Logie CH, van Brakel W, C. Simbayi L, Barr\u00e9 I, et al. The health stigma and discrimination framework: a global, crosscutting framework to inform research, intervention development, and policy on health-related stigmas. BMC Med. 2019;17(1):31.","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"3506_CR7","unstructured":"Global Partnership for Action to Eliminate All Forms of HIV-Related Stigma and Discrimination [Internet]. Available from: https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/resources\/documents\/2018\/global-partnership-hiv-stigma-discrimination"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"3506_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S67","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000327438.13291.62","volume":"22","author":"AP Mahajan","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mahajan AP, Sayles JN, Patel VA, Remien RH, Ortiz D, Szekeres G, et al. Stigma in the HIV\/AIDS epidemic: A review of the literature and recommendations for the way forward. AIDS Lond Engl. 2008;22(Suppl 2):S67-79.","journal-title":"AIDS Lond Engl"},{"key":"3506_CR9","unstructured":"Ogden J, Nyblade L. Common at its Core: HIV-Related Stigma Across Contexts. Int Cent Res Women. 2005"},{"issue":"3","key":"3506_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1080\/13548500600595178","volume":"11","author":"LC Nyblade","year":"2006","unstructured":"Nyblade LC. Measuring HIV stigma: existing knowledge and gaps. Psychol Health Med. 2006;11(3):335\u201345.","journal-title":"Psychol Health Med"},{"key":"3506_CR11","unstructured":"Nyblade L, Pande R, Mathur S, MacQuarrie K, Kidd R, Banteyerga H, et al. (2003) Disentangling HIV\/AIDS stigma. 62"},{"issue":"4","key":"3506_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1177\/0095798408329941","volume":"35","author":"C Airhihenbuwa","year":"2009","unstructured":"Airhihenbuwa C, Okoror T, Shefer T, Brown D, Iwelunmor J, Smith E, et al. Stigma, culture, and hiv and aids in the western cape, south africa: an application of the PEN-3 cultural model for community-based research. J Black Psychol. 2009;35(4):407\u201332.","journal-title":"J Black Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3506_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-016-3165-z","volume":"16","author":"TA Okoror","year":"2016","unstructured":"Okoror TA, Falade CO, Walker EM, Olorunlana A, Anaele A. Social context surrounding HIV diagnosis and construction of masculinity: a qualitative study of stigma experiences of heterosexual HIV positive men in southwest Nigeria. BMC Public Health. 2016;16(1):507.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"3506_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1002\/casp.1129","volume":"22","author":"SE Stutterheim","year":"2012","unstructured":"Stutterheim SE, Bos AER, van Kesteren NMC, Shiripinda I, Pryor JB, de Bruin M, et al. Beliefs contributing to HIV-related stigma in African and afro-caribbean communities in the Netherlands. J Community Appl Soc Psychol. 2012;22(6):470\u201384.","journal-title":"J Community Appl Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"2","key":"3506_CR15","first-page":"118","volume":"4","author":"SS Sao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sao SS, Knettel BA, Kisigo GA, Knippler ET, Osaki H, Mwamba RN, et al. HIV Community-Level Stigmatizing Attitudes in Tanzania: Perspectives from Antenatal Care. EA Health Res J. 2020;4(2):118\u201327.","journal-title":"EA Health Res J."},{"key":"3506_CR16","first-page":"19","volume":"27","author":"A Sariah","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sariah A, Rugemalila J, Protas J, Aris E, Siril H, Tarimo E, et al. Why did I stop? And why did I restart? Perspectives of women lost to follow-up in option B+ HIV care in Dar es Salaam. Tanzania BMC Public Health. 2019;27:19.","journal-title":"Tanzania BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"3506_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1002\/nur.10011","volume":"24","author":"BE Berger","year":"2001","unstructured":"Berger BE, Ferrans CE, Lashley FR. Measuring stigma in people with HIV: psychometric assessment of the HIV stigma scale. Res Nurs Health. 2001;24(6):518\u201329.","journal-title":"Res Nurs Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"3506_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0114867","volume":"9","author":"MH Lindberg","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lindberg MH, Wettergren L, Wiklander M, Svedhem-Johansson V, Eriksson LE. Psychometric evaluation of the HIV stigma scale in a swedish Context. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(12):1647\u201359.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"6","key":"3506_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-018-1841-4","volume":"27","author":"M Reinius","year":"2018","unstructured":"Reinius M, Rao D, Manhart LE, Wiklander M, Svedhem V, Pryor J, et al. Differential item functioning for items in Berger\u2019s HIV Stigma Scale: an analysis of cohorts from the Indian, Swedish, and US contexts. Qual Life Res. 2018;27(6):1647\u201359.","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"issue":"11","key":"3506_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1314","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121003758481","volume":"22","author":"JC Jimenez","year":"2010","unstructured":"Jimenez JC, Puig M, Ramos JC, Morales M, Asencio G, Sala AC, et al. Measuring HIV felt stigma: a culturally adapted scale targeting PLWHA in Puerto Rico. AIDS Care. 2010;22(11):1314\u201322.","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"3506_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"759","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-008-9363-7","volume":"12","author":"MJ Visser","year":"2008","unstructured":"Visser MJ, Kershaw T, Makin JD, Forsyth BWC. Development of parallel scales to measure HIV-related stigma. AIDS Behav. 2008;12(5):759\u201371.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"3506_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1080\/09540120801932157","volume":"21","author":"MJ Visser","year":"2009","unstructured":"Visser MJ, Makin JD, Vandormael A, Sikkema KJ, Forsyth BWC. HIV\/AIDS stigma in a South African community. AIDS Care. 2009;21(2):197\u2013206.","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"3506_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-005-3895-x","volume":"9","author":"SC Kalichman","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kalichman SC, Simbayi LC, Jooste S, Toefy Y, Cain D, Cherry C, et al. Development of a brief scale to measure AIDS-related stigma in South Africa. AIDS Behav. 2005;9(2):135\u201343.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"3506_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2007.01971.x","volume":"13","author":"A Van Rie","year":"2008","unstructured":"Van Rie A, Sengupta S, Pungrassami P, Balthip Q, Choonuan S, Kasetjaroen Y, et al. Measuring stigma associated with tuberculosis and HIV\/AIDS in southern Thailand: exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses of two new scales. Trop Med Int Health TM IH. 2008;13(1):21\u201330.","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health TM IH"},{"issue":"3","key":"3506_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2010.507739","volume":"23","author":"M Amuri","year":"2011","unstructured":"Amuri M, Mitchell S, Cockcroft A, Andersson N. Socio-economic status and HIV\/AIDS stigma in Tanzania. AIDS Care. 2011;23(3):378\u201382.","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"3506_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.32413\/pjph.v9i1.237","volume":"9","author":"R Khan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Khan R, Bilal A, Siddiqui SH. Knowledge about HIV and discriminatory attitudes toward people living with HIV in Pakistan. Pak J Public Health. 2019;9(1):37\u201341.","journal-title":"Pak J Public Health"},{"issue":"83","key":"3506_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.evalprogplan.2020.101859","volume":"1","author":"MH Watt","year":"2020","unstructured":"Watt MH, Knettel BA, Knippler ET, Kisigo G, Ngocho JS, Renju J, et al. The development of Maisha, a video-assisted counseling intervention to address HIV stigma at entry into antenatal care in Tanzania. Eval Program Plann. 2020;1(83):101859.","journal-title":"Eval Program Plann."},{"key":"3506_CR28","unstructured":"Nyblade L, MacQuarrie K, Phillip F, Kwesigabo G, Mbwambo J, Ndega J, et al. Working Report- Measuring HIV Stigma: Results of a Field Test in Tanzania. 222"},{"key":"3506_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simon S. Anuradha Dingwaney and Carol Maier, ed. Between Languages and Cultures. Translation and Cross-cultural Texts. Pittsburgh and London, University of Pittsburgh Press, 1995, 359 p. TTR Trad Terminol R\u00e9d. 1996;9(2): 246.","DOI":"10.7202\/037272ar"},{"issue":"1","key":"3506_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-8606.2009.00111.x","volume":"4","author":"S Erkut","year":"2010","unstructured":"Erkut S. Developing multiple language versions of instruments for intercultural research. Child Dev Perspect. 2010;4(1):19\u201324.","journal-title":"Child Dev Perspect"},{"issue":"4","key":"3506_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1037\/pas0000648","volume":"31","author":"LJ Simms","year":"2019","unstructured":"Simms LJ, Zelazny K, Williams TF, Bernstein L. Does the number of response options matter? Psychometric perspectives using personality questionnaire data. Psychol Assess. 2019;31(4):557\u201366.","journal-title":"Psychol Assess"},{"key":"3506_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Watt MH, Knippler ET, Minja L, Kisigo G, Knettel BA, Ngocho JS, et al. A counseling intervention to address HIV stigma at entry into antenatal care in Tanzania (Maisha): study protocol for a pilot randomized controlled trial. Trials [Internet]. 2019 Dec;20(1). Available from: https:\/\/trialsjournal.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13063-019-3933-z","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-019-3933-z"},{"key":"3506_CR33","unstructured":"QDSTM: Questionnaire Development System -- NOVA Research Company [Internet]. [cited 2020 May 7]. Available from: http:\/\/www.novaresearch.com\/QDS\/"},{"issue":"5","key":"3506_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/29.5.885","volume":"29","author":"J van de Wijgert","year":"2000","unstructured":"van de Wijgert J, Padian N, Shiboski S, Turner C. Is audio computer-assisted self-interviewing a feasible method of surveying in Zimbabwe? Int J Epidemiol. 2000;29(5):885\u201390.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"3506_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jana.2007.05.002","volume":"18","author":"E Pluhar","year":"2007","unstructured":"Pluhar E, Yeager KA, Corkran C, McCarty F, Holstad MM, Denzmore-Nwagbara P, et al. Implementation of Audio Computer-Assisted Interviewing Software in HIV\/AIDS Research. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care JANAC. 2007;18(4):51\u201363.","journal-title":"J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care JANAC"},{"key":"3506_CR36","unstructured":"IBM Corp. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 24.0. Armonk, NY: IBM Corp.; 2016."},{"key":"3506_CR37","unstructured":"The R Project for Statistical Computing [Internet]. Vienna, Austria: The R Foundation; 2019. Available from: https:\/\/www.r-project.org\/"},{"key":"3506_CR38","unstructured":"Standards for Educational and Psychological Testing. American Educational Research Association; 2014. 230 p"},{"key":"3506_CR39","unstructured":"Robert F. DeVellis. Scale Development: Theory and Applications. Second. California, USA: SAGE Publications; 2003. 171 p. (Applied Social Research Methods Series; vol. 26)"},{"issue":"2","key":"3506_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v048.i02","volume":"48","author":"Y Rosseel","year":"2012","unstructured":"Rosseel Y. lavaan: An R package for structural equation modeling. J Stat Softw. 2012;48(2):1\u201336.","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"3506_CR41","unstructured":"William Revelle. psych: Procedures for Psychological, Psychometric, and Personality Research [Internet]. Evanston, Illinois, USA: Northwestern University; 2018. Available from: https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=psych"},{"issue":"32","key":"3506_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18718","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.16.3.18718","volume":"16","author":"L Nyblade","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nyblade L, Jain A, Benkirane M, Li L, Lohiniva A-L, McLean R, et al. A brief, standardized tool for measuring HIV-related stigma among health facility staff: results of field testing in China, Dominica, Egypt, Kenya, Puerto Rico and St Christopher & Nevis. J Int AIDS Soc. 2013;16(32):18718.","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"issue":"3","key":"3506_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1177\/0013164415593776","volume":"76","author":"MA Padilla","year":"2016","unstructured":"Padilla MA, Divers J. A Comparison of Composite Reliability Estimators. Educ Psychol Meas. 2016;76(3):436\u201353.","journal-title":"Educ Psychol Meas"},{"key":"3506_CR44","volume-title":"Psychometric Theory","author":"JC Nunnally","year":"1978","unstructured":"Nunnally JC. Psychometric Theory. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1978.","edition":"2"},{"key":"3506_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1177\/002224378101800104","volume":"18","author":"C Fornell","year":"1981","unstructured":"Fornell C, Larcker DF. Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error - claes fornell. David F Larcker J Mark Res. 1981;18:39.","journal-title":"David F. Larcker. J Mark Res."},{"key":"3506_CR46","volume-title":"Principles and Practice of Structural Equation modeling","author":"RB Kline","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kline RB. Principles and Practice of Structural Equation modeling. 3rd ed. New York, NY: The Guilford Press; 2011.","edition":"3"},{"issue":"1","key":"3506_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10705519909540118","volume":"6","author":"L Hu","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hu L, Bentler PM. Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Struct Equ Model Multidiscip J. 1999;6(1):1\u201355.","journal-title":"Struct Equ Model Multidiscip J"},{"issue":"5","key":"3506_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2006.09.017","volume":"42","author":"JH Steiger","year":"2007","unstructured":"Steiger JH. Understanding the limitations of global fit assessment in structural equation modeling. Personal Individ Differ. 2007;42(5):893\u20138.","journal-title":"Personal Individ Differ"},{"issue":"4","key":"3506_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02294825","volume":"58","author":"W Meredith","year":"1993","unstructured":"Meredith W. Measurement invariance, factor analysis and factorial invariance. Psychometrika. 1993;58(4):525\u201343.","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"issue":"1","key":"3506_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1080\/10705511.2019.1602776","volume":"27","author":"D Svetina","year":"2020","unstructured":"Svetina D, Rutkowski L, Rutkowski D. Multiple-Group Invariance with Categorical Outcomes Using Updated Guidelines: An Illustration Using Mplus and the lavaan\/semTools Packages. Struct Equ Model Multidiscip J. 2020;27(1):111\u201330.","journal-title":"Struct Equ Model Multidiscip J"},{"key":"3506_CR51","first-page":"76","volume":"15","author":"T Tesfaye","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tesfaye T, Darega J, Belachew T, Abera A. HIV positive sero-status disclosure and its determinants among people living with HIV \/AIDS following ART clinic in jimma university specialized hospital, southwest ethiopia: a facility- based cross-sectional study. Arch Public Health. 2018;15:76.","journal-title":"Arch Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"3506_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1037\/0002-9432.73.1.101","volume":"73","author":"M Schiff","year":"2003","unstructured":"Schiff M, McKay M, Bell C, Baptiste D, Madison S, Paikoff R. The role of personal contact with HIV-infected people in explaining urban, african american preadolescents\u2019 attitudes toward peers with HIV\/AIDS. Am J Orthopsychiatry. 2003;73(1):101\u20138.","journal-title":"Am J Orthopsychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"3506_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e261","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0030261","volume":"3","author":"SD Weiser","year":"2006","unstructured":"Weiser SD, Heisler M, Leiter K, Percy-de Korte F, Tlou S, DeMonner S, et al. Routine HIV testing in Botswana: a population-based study on attitudes, practices, and human rights concerns. PLoS Med. 2006;3(7):e261.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"3506_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-020-03093-9","volume":"25","author":"MH Watt","year":"2021","unstructured":"Watt MH, Minja L, Knettel BA, Mwamba RN, Osaki H, Ngocho JS, et al. Pilot Outcomes of Maisha: An HIV Stigma Reduction Intervention Developed for Antenatal Care in Tanzania. AIDS Behav. 2021;25(4):1171\u201384.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav."},{"issue":"7","key":"3506_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e25169","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25169","volume":"21","author":"BT Chan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Chan BT, Tsai AC. HIV knowledge trends during an era of rapid antiretroviral therapy scale-up: an analysis of 33 sub-Saharan African countries. J Int AIDS Soc. 2018;21(7):e25169.","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"issue":"10","key":"3506_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3172","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-021-03264-2","volume":"25","author":"GA Kisigo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kisigo GA, Ngocho JS, Mwamba RN, Knettel BA, Relf MV, Mmbaga BT, et al. HIV stigmatizing attitudes among men accompanying their partners to antenatal care in tanzania: a mixed-method study. AIDS Behav. 2021;25(10):3172\u201382.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"7","key":"3506_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2207","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-017-1792-8","volume":"21","author":"A Rao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rao A, Tobin K, Davey-Rothwell M, Latkin CA. Social desirability bias and prevalence of sexual HIV risk behaviors among people who use drugs in Baltimore, Maryland: implications for identifying individuals prone to underreporting sexual risk behaviors. AIDS Behav. 2017;21(7):2207\u201314.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"3506_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1080\/09589230802473390","volume":"17","author":"A Kasapo\u011flu","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kasapo\u011flu A, Ku\u015f E. The role of gender in the stigmatization of people living with HIV\/AIDS in Turkey. J Gend Stud. 2008;17(4):359\u201368.","journal-title":"J Gend Stud"},{"issue":"6","key":"3506_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021932014000054","volume":"46","author":"S Bharat","year":"2014","unstructured":"Bharat S, Ramakrishna J, Heylen E, Ekstrand ML. Gender-based attitudes, HIV misconceptions and feelings towards marginalized groups are associated with stigmatization in Mumbai. India J biosoc sci. 2014;46(6):717\u201332.","journal-title":"India J biosoc sci"},{"key":"3506_CR60","unstructured":"Sao S, Minja L, Watt M, Vissoci J. Dataset associated with development of the HSAS. 2020 Feb 12;1. Available from: https:\/\/data.mendeley.com\/datasets\/kp9f37th5w\/1."}],"container-title":["AIDS and Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10461-021-03506-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10461-021-03506-3\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10461-021-03506-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,9]],"date-time":"2025-04-09T10:16:55Z","timestamp":1744193815000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10461-021-03506-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,5]]}},"alternative-id":["3506"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-021-03506-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1090-7165","1573-3254"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1090-7165"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1573-3254"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 October 2021","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"3 November 2021","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest or competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The study received ethical approval from the Tanzanian National Health Research Ethics Committee of the National Institute for Medical Research (Reference No. 2183), the Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre (Reference No.915), and the Institutional Review Boards of Duke University (D0371) and the University of Utah (00127605).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}},{"value":"All participants provided written informed consent to participate in this study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}}]}}