{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T11:29:03Z","timestamp":1783423743663,"version":"3.54.6"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,18]],"date-time":"2022-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647561600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,18]],"date-time":"2022-03-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647561600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009054","name":"U.S. president\u2019s emergency plan for aids relief","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NU2GGH00193"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NU2GGH00193"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AIDS Behav"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Though stigma is a recognized contributor to the disproportionate HIV burden among sexual and gender minorities (SGM) in sub-Saharan Africa, data describing this association among Zimbabwean SGM are limited. We examined relationships between SGM stigma and HIV and the potential for social cohesion to moderate the association among Zimbabwean men who have sex with men, transgender women, and genderqueer individuals. Consenting participants (n\u2009=\u20091511) recruited through respondent-driven sampling for a biobehavioral survey in Harare and Bulawayo completed structured interviews and received HIV testing. Reported SGM stigma was common (68.9% in Harare and 65.3% in Bulawayo) and associated with HIV infection in Harare (adjusted prevalence ratio [aPR]\u2009=\u20091.82, 95% confidence interval [CI]\u00a0= 1.27\u20132.62) and Bulawayo (aPR\u2009=\u20091.51, 95% CI\u00a0= 1.15\u20132.00) in relative risk regression. Social cohesion did not moderate these relationships. Findings demonstrate stigma\u2019s association with HIV vulnerability among Zimbabwean SGM, highlighting the need for stigma-mitigation to reduce HIV transmission in this population.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-022-03622-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,18]],"date-time":"2022-03-18T17:02:43Z","timestamp":1647622963000},"page":"2994-3007","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Stigma, Social Cohesion, and HIV Risk Among Sexual and Gender Minorities in Two Cities in Zimbabwe"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Sophia S.","family":"Miller","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanne E.","family":"Mantell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren E.","family":"Parmley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Godfrey","family":"Musuka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Innocent","family":"Chingombe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Munyaradzi","family":"Mapingure","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John H.","family":"Rogers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yingfeng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Avi J.","family":"Hakim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Owen","family":"Mugurungi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chesterfield","family":"Samba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiffany G.","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"3622_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-8000-x","volume":"19","author":"PHS Hessou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hessou PHS, Glele-Ahanhanzo Y, Adekpedjou R, et al. Comparison of the prevalence rates of HIV infection between men who have sex with men (MSM) and men in the general population in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Public Health. 2019;19(1):1634.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"9687","key":"3622_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61118-1","volume":"374","author":"AD Smith","year":"2009","unstructured":"Smith AD, Tapsoba P, Peshu N, Sanders EJ, Jaffe HW. Men who have sex with men and HIV\/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa. The Lancet. 2009;374(9687):416\u201322.","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"3622_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000037","volume":"9","author":"S Baral","year":"2014","unstructured":"Baral S, Grosso A, Holland C, Papworth E. The epidemiology of HIV among men who have sex with men in countries with generalized HIV epidemics. Curr Opin Hiv Aids. 2014;9(2):156\u201367.","journal-title":"Curr Opin Hiv Aids"},{"issue":"11","key":"3622_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002422","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002422","volume":"14","author":"T Poteat","year":"2017","unstructured":"Poteat T, Ackerman B, Diouf D, et al. HIV prevalence and behavioral and psychosocial factors among transgender women and cisgender men who have sex with men in 8 African countries: A cross-sectional analysis. PLoS Med. 2017;14(11):e1002422.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"3622_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2019.11.003","volume":"42","author":"A Moran","year":"2020","unstructured":"Moran A, Scheim A, Lyons C, et al. Characterizing social cohesion and gender identity as risk determinants of HIV among cisgender men who have sex with men and transgender women in C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire. Ann Epidemiol. 2020;42:25\u201332.","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"3622_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20774","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.19.3.20774","volume":"19","author":"S Stahlman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Stahlman S, Liestman B, Ketende S, et al. Characterizing the HIV risks and potential pathways to HIV infection among transgender women in C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire, Togo and Burkina Faso. J Int AIDS Soc. 2016;19:20774.","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"issue":"5","key":"3622_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000216374.61442.55","volume":"20","author":"BA Koblin","year":"2006","unstructured":"Koblin BA, Husnik MJ, Colfax G, et al. Risk factors for HIV infection among men who have sex with men. AIDS. 2006;20(5):731\u20139.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"9839","key":"3622_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60920-9","volume":"380","author":"D Altman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Altman D, Aggleton P, Williams M, et al. Men who have sex with men: stigma and discrimination. Lancet Lond Engl. 2012;380(9839):439\u201345.","journal-title":"Lancet Lond Engl"},{"issue":"9839","key":"3622_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60955-6","volume":"380","author":"PS Sullivan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Sullivan PS, Carballo-Di\u00e9guez A, Coates T, et al. Successes and challenges of HIV prevention in men who have sex with men. The Lancet. 2012;380(9839):388\u201399.","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"3622_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000030","volume":"9","author":"T Poteat","year":"2014","unstructured":"Poteat T, Reisner SL, Radix A. HIV epidemics among transgender women. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2014;9(2):168\u201373.","journal-title":"Curr Opin HIV AIDS"},{"key":"3622_CR11","unstructured":"Goffman E. Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity. Simon and Schuster; 2009."},{"issue":"9839","key":"3622_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60821-6","volume":"380","author":"C Beyrer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Beyrer C, Baral SD, van Griensven F, et al. Global epidemiology of HIV infection in men who have sex with men. The Lancet. 2012;380(9839):367\u201377.","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"3622_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18715","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.16.3.18715","volume":"16","author":"K Risher","year":"2013","unstructured":"Risher K, Adams D, Sithole B, et al. Sexual stigma and discrimination as barriers to seeking appropriate healthcare among men who have sex with men in Swaziland. J Int AIDS Soc. 2013;16:18715.","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"3622_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-766","volume":"11","author":"S Baral","year":"2011","unstructured":"Baral S, Burrell E, Scheibe A, Brown B, Beyrer C, Bekker LG. HIV Risk and Associations of HIV Infection among men who have sex with men in Peri-Urban Cape Town, South Africa. BMC Public Health. 2011;11(1):1\u20138.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"3622_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e28760","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028760","volume":"6","author":"T Poteat","year":"2011","unstructured":"Poteat T, Diouf D, Drame FM, et al. HIV risk among MSM in senegal: a qualitative rapid assessment of the impact of enforcing laws that criminalize same sex practices. PLoS ONE. 2011;6(12):e28760.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"3622_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S189","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000450","volume":"68","author":"S Duvall","year":"2015","unstructured":"Duvall S, Irani L, Compaor\u00e9 C, et al. Assessment of policy and access to HIV prevention, care, and treatment services for men who have sex with men and for sex workers in Burkina Faso and Togo. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2015;68:S189\u201397.","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"8","key":"3622_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-015-1094-y","volume":"19","author":"S Stahlman","year":"2015","unstructured":"Stahlman S, Grosso A, Ketende S, et al. Depression and social stigma among MSM in Lesotho: implications for HIV and sexually transmitted infection prevention. AIDS Behav. 2015;19(8):1460\u20139.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"5","key":"3622_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e38143","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0038143","volume":"7","author":"W Hladik","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hladik W, Barker J, Ssenkusu JM, et al. HIV infection among men who have sex with men in Kampala, Uganda\u2013a respondent driven sampling survey. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(5):e38143.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"7","key":"3622_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2013.859652","volume":"26","author":"A Tucker","year":"2014","unstructured":"Tucker A, Liht J, de Swardt G, et al. Homophobic stigma, depression, self-efficacy and unprotected anal intercourse for peri-urban township men who have sex with men in Cape Town, South Africa: a cross-sectional association model. AIDS Care. 2014;26(7):882\u20139.","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"3622_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-010-9861-2","volume":"15","author":"H Fay","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fay H, Baral SD, Trapence G, et al. Stigma, health care access, and HIV knowledge mmong men who have sex with men in Malawi, Namibia, and Botswana. AIDS Behav. 2011;15(6):1088\u201397.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"6","key":"3622_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2015.1131971","volume":"28","author":"E Grover","year":"2016","unstructured":"Grover E, Grosso A, Ketende S, et al. Social cohesion, social participation and HIV testing among men who have sex with men in Swaziland. AIDS Care. 2016;28(6):795\u2013804.","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"3622_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-019-02692-5","volume":"24","author":"PK Valente","year":"2020","unstructured":"Valente PK, Mimiaga MJ, Mayer KH, Safren SA, Biello KB. Social capital moderates the relationship between stigma and sexual risk among male sex workers in the US Northeast. AIDS Behav. 2020;24(1):29\u201338.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"3622_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1442","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-012-0189-y","volume":"17","author":"WL Jeffries","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jeffries WL, Marks G, Lauby J, Murrill CS, Millett GA. Homophobia is associated with sexual behavior that increases risk of acquiring and transmitting HIV infection among black men who have sex with men. AIDS Behav. 2013;17(4):1442\u201353.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"13","key":"3622_CR24","first-page":"6","volume":"2","author":"V Mabvurira","year":"2012","unstructured":"Mabvurira V, Motsi PD, Masuka T, Chigondo EE. The \u201cpolitics\u201d of sexual identities in Zimbabwe: a social work perspective? Int J Humanit Soc Sci. 2012;2(13):6.","journal-title":"Int J Humanit Soc Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"3622_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1269","DOI":"10.1080\/13691058.2019.1674920","volume":"22","author":"O Mutanga","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mutanga O, Moen K. The push of stigma: a qualitative study on the experiences and consequences of sexuality stigma among same-sex attracted men in Harare, Zimbabwe. Cult Health Sex. 2019;22(11):1269\u201381.","journal-title":"Cult Health Sex"},{"key":"3622_CR26","unstructured":"ICAP at Columbia University. Zimbabwe Population-based HIV Impact Assessment (ZIMPHIA): Summary Sheet. 2020."},{"key":"3622_CR27","unstructured":"Harris TG, Parmley LE, Mapingure M et al. HIV Care Cascade: Men Who Have Sex with Men and Transgender Women\/Genderqueer, Zimbabwe. 27th Conference on Retroviruses and Opportunistic Infections (CROI). 8\u201311 March 2020."},{"issue":"2","key":"3622_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.2307\/3096941","volume":"44","author":"DD Heckathorn","year":"1997","unstructured":"Heckathorn DD. Respondent-driven sampling: a new approach to the study of hidden populations. Soc Probl. 1997;44(2):174\u201399.","journal-title":"Soc Probl"},{"key":"3622_CR29","unstructured":"Zimbabwe Ministry of Health and Child Care. Zimbabwe national guidelines on HIV testing and counselling. 2nd ed. 2014."},{"issue":"5","key":"3622_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2016-052818","volume":"94","author":"C van Tienen","year":"2018","unstructured":"van Tienen C, Rugebregt S, Scherbeijn S, G\u00f6tz H, Geurts van Kessel C. The performance of the Alere HIV combo point-of-care test on stored serum samples; useful for detection of early HIV-1 infections? Sex Transm Infect. 2018;94(5):331\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/sextrans-2016-052818.","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect."},{"key":"3622_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Harris TG, Wu Y, Parmley LE et al. HIV care cascade and associated factors among men who have sex with men, transgender women, and genderqueer individuals in Zimbabwe: findings from a biobehavioural survey using respondent-driven sampling. Lancet HIV. 2022:S2352\u20133018(21)00297\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2352-3018(21)00297-6.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(21)00297-6"},{"key":"3622_CR32","unstructured":"ICAP at Columbia University. HIV and STI biobehavioral survey among men who have sex with men, transgender women, and genderqueer individuals in Zimbabwe\u2014Final Report. New York. 2020."},{"key":"3622_CR33","unstructured":"WHO, CDC, UNAIDS, and FHI 360. Biobehavioral survey guidelines for populations at risk for HIV. Geneva. 2017."},{"issue":"1","key":"3622_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e87527","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0087527","volume":"9","author":"VA Fonner","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fonner VA, Kerrigan D, Mnisi Z, Ketende S, Kennedy CE, Baral S. Social cohesion, social participation, and HIV related risk among female sex workers in Swaziland. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(1):e87527.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"9","key":"3622_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.01.023","volume":"66","author":"PM Pronyk","year":"2008","unstructured":"Pronyk PM, Harpham T, Morison LA, et al. Is social capital associated with HIV risk in rural South Africa? Soc Sci Med. 2008;66(9):1999\u20132010.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"3622_CR36","unstructured":"Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS. Global AIDS Monitoring 2018: Indicators for monitoring the 2016 United Nations Political Declaration on Ending AIDS. Geneva; 2017."},{"issue":"1","key":"3622_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/096228029900800102","volume":"8","author":"JL Schafer","year":"1999","unstructured":"Schafer JL. Multiple imputation: a primer. Stat Methods Med Res. 1999;8(1):3\u201315.","journal-title":"Stat Methods Med Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"3622_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-3-21","volume":"3","author":"AJ Barros","year":"2003","unstructured":"Barros AJ, Hirakata VN. Alternatives for logistic regression in cross-sectional studies: an empirical comparison of models that directly estimate the prevalence ratio. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2003;3(1):1\u201313.","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"issue":"1","key":"3622_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-12-14","volume":"12","author":"FA Diaz-Quijano","year":"2012","unstructured":"Diaz-Quijano FA. A simple method for estimating relative risk using logistic regression. BMC Med Res Methodol. 2012;12(1):1\u20136.","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"issue":"7","key":"3622_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwh090","volume":"159","author":"G Zou","year":"2004","unstructured":"Zou G. A modified Poisson regression approach to prospective studies with binary data. Am J Epidemiol. 2004;159(7):702\u20136.","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"3622_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-006-9028-4","volume":"35","author":"SM Noar","year":"2006","unstructured":"Noar SM, Cole C, Carlyle K. Condom use measurement in 56 studies of sexual risk behavior: review and recommendations. Arch Sex Behav. 2006;35(3):327\u201345.","journal-title":"Arch Sex Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"3622_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.77.2.84","volume":"77","author":"KA Fenton","year":"2001","unstructured":"Fenton KA, Johnson AM, McManus S, Erens B. Measuring sexual behaviour: methodological challenges in survey research. Sex Transm Infect. 2001;77(2):84\u201392.","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"3622_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18749","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.16.4.18749","volume":"16","author":"CE Kennedy","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kennedy CE, Baral SD, Fielding-Miller R, et al. \u201cThey are human beings, they are Swazi\u201d: intersecting stigmas and the positive health, dignity and prevention needs of HIV-positive men who have sex with men in Swaziland. J Int AIDS Soc. 2013;16:18749.","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"issue":"5","key":"3622_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25131","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25131","volume":"21","author":"BA Friedland","year":"2018","unstructured":"Friedland BA, Sprague L, Nyblade L, et al. Measuring intersecting stigma among key populations living with HIV: implementing the people living with HIV Stigma Index 2.0. J Int AIDS Soc. 2018;21(5):e25131.","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"issue":"5","key":"3622_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.129.5.674","volume":"129","author":"IH Meyer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Meyer IH. Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychol Bull. 2003;129(5):674\u201397.","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"4","key":"3622_CR46","first-page":"455","volume":"27","author":"ML Hatzenbuehler","year":"2008","unstructured":"Hatzenbuehler ML, Nolen-Hoeksema S, Erickson SJ. Minority stress predictors of HIV risk behavior, substance use, and depressive symptoms: results from a prospective study of bereaved gay men. Health Psychol Off J Div Health Psychol Am Psychol Assoc. 2008;27(4):455\u201362.","journal-title":"Health Psychol Off J Div Health Psychol Am Psychol Assoc"},{"key":"3622_CR47","unstructured":"Zimbabwe National Network of PLHIV. The Zimbabwe People Living With HIV Stigma Index. Harare, Zimbabwe. 2014."},{"issue":"8","key":"3622_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1052","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2020.1776824","volume":"32","author":"C Mbeda","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mbeda C, Ogendo A, Lando R, et al. Healthcare-related stigma among men who have sex with men and transgender women in sub-Saharan Africa participating in HIV Prevention Trials Network (HPTN) 075 study. AIDS Care. 2020;32(8):1052\u201360.","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"3622_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001209","volume":"74","author":"B Liestman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Liestman B, Coly K, Diouf D, et al. Potential impact of integrated stigma mitigation interventions in improving HIV\/AIDS service delivery and uptake for key populations in Senegal. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2017;74(1):52-S59.","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"1","key":"3622_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20226","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.18.1.20226","volume":"18","author":"EM van der Elst","year":"2015","unstructured":"van der Elst EM, Kombo B, Gichuru E, et al. The green shoots of a novel training programme: progress and identified key actions to providing services to MSM at Kenyan health facilities. J Int AIDS Soc. 2015;18(1):20226.","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"key":"3622_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4102\/hsag.v26i0.1462","volume":"26","author":"I Moyo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Moyo I, Macherera M, Mavhandu-Mudzusi AH. The lived experiences of men who have sex with men when accessing HIV care services in Zimbabwe. Health SA Gesondheid. 2021;26:1\u20138.","journal-title":"Health SA Gesondheid"}],"container-title":["AIDS and Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10461-022-03622-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10461-022-03622-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10461-022-03622-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,19]],"date-time":"2023-11-19T00:20:49Z","timestamp":1700353249000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10461-022-03622-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,18]]},"references-count":51,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["3622"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-022-03622-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1090-7165","1573-3254"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1090-7165","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-3254","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,18]]},"assertion":[{"value":"9 February 2022","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"18 March 2022","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors do not have any conflicts of interest to declare.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"All procedures were approved by the Columbia University Irving Medical Center Institutional Review Board and the Medical Research Council of Zimbabwe. The protocol was also reviewed in accordance with the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) human research protection procedures and was determined to be research, but CDC investigators did not interact with human subjects or have access to identifiable data or specimens for research purposes.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}},{"value":"The survey was explained to eligible participants and if the person was interested, written, informed consent was obtained. Participants provided separate consent for each survey component: (1) completion of the questionnaire; (2) provision of venous blood for each biomarker test and storage for future testing; and (3) permission to be contacted by survey staff for follow-up. A copy of the signed consent form was provided to each participant.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}}]}}