{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T15:31:16Z","timestamp":1786980676623,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,4]],"date-time":"2022-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654300800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,4]],"date-time":"2022-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000009","name":"Foundation for the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000009","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AIDS Behav"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-022-03701-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,4]],"date-time":"2022-06-04T10:02:28Z","timestamp":1654336948000},"page":"3713-3725","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Sexual Behaviors Associated with HIV Transmission Among Transgender and Gender Diverse Young Adults: The Intersectional Role of Racism and Transphobia"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6590-7821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elle","family":"Lett","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuella Ngozi","family":"Asabor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nguyen","family":"Tran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadia","family":"Dowshen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaya","family":"Aysola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Allegra R.","family":"Gordon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madina","family":"Ag\u00e9nor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"3701_CR1","unstructured":"Linley L, Johnson AS, Song R, et al. Estimated HIV incidence and prevalence in the United States, 2014\u20132018. 2020."},{"issue":"1","key":"3701_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2018.304727","volume":"109","author":"JS Becasen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Becasen JS, Denard CL, Mullins MM, Higa DH, Sipe TA. Estimating the prevalence of HIV and sexual behaviors among the US transgender population: a systematic review and meta-analysis, 2006\u20132017. Am J Public Health. 2019;109(1):E1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2018.304727.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"3701_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S210","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001087","volume":"72","author":"T Poteat","year":"2016","unstructured":"Poteat T, Scheim A, Xavier J, Reisner S, Baral S. Global epidemiology of HIV infection and related syndemics affecting transgender people. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2016;72:S210\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001087.","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"2","key":"3701_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-005-9040-z","volume":"10","author":"E Sugano","year":"2006","unstructured":"Sugano E, Nemoto T, Operario D. The impact of exposure to transphobia on HIV risk behavior in a sample of transgendered women of color in San Francisco. AIDS Behav. 2006;10(2):217\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-005-9040-z.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"9","key":"3701_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2628","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-017-1728-3","volume":"21","author":"S Arayasirikul","year":"2017","unstructured":"Arayasirikul S, Wilson EC, Raymond HF. Examining the effects of transphobic discrimination and race on HIV risk among transwomen in San Francisco. AIDS Behav. 2017;21(9):2628\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-017-1728-3.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"3","key":"3701_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-010-9795-8","volume":"15","author":"D Operario","year":"2011","unstructured":"Operario D, Nemoto T, Iwamoto M, Moore T. Unprotected sexual behavior and HIV risk in the context of primary partnerships for transgender women. AIDS Behav. 2011;15(3):674\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-010-9795-8.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"3701_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1097\/coh.0000000000000724","volume":"17","author":"L Bowleg","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bowleg L, Malekzadeh AN, Mbaba M, Boone CA. Ending the HIV epidemic for all, not just some: structural racism as a fundamental but oerlooked social-structural determinant of the US HIV epidemic. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2022;17(2):40\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/coh.0000000000000724.","journal-title":"Curr Opin HIV AIDS"},{"issue":"4","key":"3701_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1108\/EIHSC-09-2013-0017","volume":"6","author":"R Longman Marcellin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Longman Marcellin R, Bauer GR, Scheim AI. Intersecting impacts of transphobia and racism on HIV risk among trans persons of colour in Ontario Canada. Ethn Inequalities Heal Soc Care. 2013;6(4):97\u2013107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/EIHSC-09-2013-0017.","journal-title":"Ethn Inequalities Heal Soc Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"3701_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.2020.306055","volume":"111","author":"P Wesson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wesson P, Vittinghoff E, Turner C, Arayasirikul S, McFarland W, Wilson E. Intercategorical and intracategorical experiences of discrimination and HIV prevalence among transgender women in San Francisco, CA: a quantitative intersectionality analysis. Am J Public Health. 2021;111(3):446\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/ajph.2020.306055.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"3701_CR10","first-page":"8","volume":"1","author":"K Crenshaw","year":"1989","unstructured":"Crenshaw K. Demarginalizing the intersction of race and sex: a black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminisit theory, and antiracist politics. Univ Chic Leg Forum. 1989;1:8.","journal-title":"Univ Chic Leg Forum"},{"issue":"7","key":"3701_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2012.300750","volume":"102","author":"L Bowleg","year":"2012","unstructured":"Bowleg L. The problem with the phrase women and minorities: Intersectionality-an important theoretical framework for public health. Am J Public Health. 2012;102(7):1267\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2012.300750.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"3701_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/ajph.2020.305610","author":"M Ag\u00e9nor","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ag\u00e9nor M. Future directions for incorporating intersectionality into quantitative population health research. Am J Public Health. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/ajph.2020.305610.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"3701_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010","volume":"147","author":"JM White Hughto","year":"2015","unstructured":"White Hughto JM, Reisner SL, Pachankis JE. Transgender stigma and health: a critical review of stigma determinants, mechanisms, and interventions. Soc Sci Med. 2015;147:222\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.11.010.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"3701_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.2792","author":"E Lett","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lett E, Asabor E, Beltr\u00e1n S, Cannon AM, Arah OA. Conceptualizing, contextualizing, and operationalizing race in quantitative health sciences research. Ann Fam Med. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1370\/afm.2792.","journal-title":"Ann Fam Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"3701_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1089\/trgh.2016.0018","volume":"1","author":"A Lacombe-Duncan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lacombe-Duncan A. An intersectional perspective on access to HIV-related healthcare for transgender women. Transgender Heal. 2016;1(1):137\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/trgh.2016.0018.","journal-title":"Transgender Heal"},{"issue":"2","key":"3701_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010","volume":"42","author":"PA Harris","year":"2009","unstructured":"Harris PA, Taylor R, Thielke R, Payne J, Gonzalez N, Conde JG. Research electronic data capture (REDCap)\u2014a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support. J Biomed Inform. 2009;42(2):377\u201381.","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"issue":"3","key":"3701_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1177\/135910539700200305","volume":"2","author":"DR Williams","year":"1997","unstructured":"Williams DR, Yu Y, Jackson JS, Anderson NB. Racial differences in physical and mental health. Socio-economic status, stress and discrimination. J Health Psychol. 1997;2(3):335\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/135910539700200305.","journal-title":"J Health Psychol"},{"key":"3701_CR18","unstructured":"Williams DR. Measuring discrimination resource. 2016."},{"issue":"7","key":"3701_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2005.03.006","volume":"61","author":"N Krieger","year":"2005","unstructured":"Krieger N, Smith K, Naishadham D, Hartman C, Barbeau EM. Experiences of discrimination: validity and reliability of a self-report measure for population health research on racism and health. Soc Sci Med. 2005;61(7):1576\u201396.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"3701_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1080\/13557858.2010.484050","volume":"15","author":"KJ Ajrouch","year":"2010","unstructured":"Ajrouch KJ, Reisine S, Lim S, Sohn W, Ismail A. Perceived everyday discrimination and psychological distress: does social support matter? Ethn Health. 2010;15(4):417\u201334.","journal-title":"Ethn Health"},{"issue":"7","key":"3701_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1093\/abm\/kay069","volume":"53","author":"DLB Moody","year":"2019","unstructured":"Moody DLB, Chang Y-F, Pantesco EJ, et al. Everyday discrimination prospectively predicts blood pressure across 10 years in Racially\/Ethnically diverse midlife women: study of women\u2019s health across the nation. Ann Behav Med. 2019;53(7):608\u201320.","journal-title":"Ann Behav Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"3701_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1037\/sgd0000081","volume":"2","author":"RJ Testa","year":"2015","unstructured":"Testa RJ, Habarth J, Peta J, Balsam K, Bockting W. Development of the gender minority stress and resilience measure. Psychol Sex Orientat Gend Divers. 2015;2(1):65\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/sgd0000081.","journal-title":"Psychol Sex Orientat Gend Divers"},{"issue":"5","key":"3701_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.129.5.674","volume":"129","author":"IH Meyer","year":"2003","unstructured":"Meyer IH. Prejudice, social stress, and mental health in lesbian, gay, and bisexual populations: conceptual issues and research evidence. Psychol Bull. 2003;129(5):674\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0033-2909.129.5.674.","journal-title":"Psychol Bull"},{"issue":"2","key":"3701_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jnma.2017.12.002","volume":"110","author":"A Mesic","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mesic A, Franklin L, Cansever A, et al. The relationship between structural racism and black-white disparities in fatal police shootings at the state level. J Natl Med Assoc. 2018;110(2):106\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jnma.2017.12.002.","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"},{"key":"3701_CR25","unstructured":"Movement Advancement Project. Snapshot: LGBTQ equality by state. Accessed March 18, 2021. https:\/\/www.lgbtmap.org\/equality-maps"},{"key":"3701_CR26","volume-title":"Methods in social epidemiology","author":"JM Oakes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Oakes JM, Kaufman JS. Methods in social epidemiology. New York: Wiley; 2017."},{"issue":"1","key":"3701_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v095.i01","volume":"95","author":"A Zeileis","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zeileis A, K\u00f6ll S, Graham N. Various versatile variances: an object-oriented implementation of clustered covariances in r. J Stat Softw. 2020;95(1):1\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18637\/jss.v095.i01.","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"issue":"4","key":"3701_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181a819a1","volume":"20","author":"EF Schisterman","year":"2009","unstructured":"Schisterman EF, Cole SR, Platf RW. Overadjustment bias and unnecessary adjustment in epidemiologic studies. Epidemiology. 2009;20(4):488\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181a819a1.","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"3701_CR29","unstructured":"Lawrence K, Keleher T. Structural racism. In: Race and public policy conference, Berkeley 2004."},{"issue":"5","key":"3701_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2020.04.013","volume":"59","author":"E Lett","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lett E, Dowshen NL, Baker KE. Intersectionality and health inequities for gender minority blacks in the US. Am J Prev Med. 2020;59(5):639\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amepre.2020.04.013.","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"3701_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/trgh.2020.0095","author":"E Lett","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lett E, Asabor EN, Beltr\u00e1n S, Dowshen N. Characterizing health inequities for the US transgender Hispanic population using the behavioral risk factor surveillance system. Transgender Heal. 2020. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/trgh.2020.0095.","journal-title":"Transgender Heal"},{"key":"3701_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxh006","volume":"26","author":"AV Diez Roux","year":"2004","unstructured":"Diez Roux AV. The study of group-level factors in epidemiology: rethinking variables, study designs, and analytical approaches. Epidemiol Rev. 2004;26:104\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/epirev\/mxh006.","journal-title":"Epidemiol Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"3701_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1177\/00221465211032947","volume":"62","author":"P Homan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Homan P, Brown TH, King B. Structural intersectionality as a new direction for health disparities research. J Health Soc Behav. 2021;62(3):350\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00221465211032947.","journal-title":"J Health Soc Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"3701_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1111\/jora.12726","volume":"32","author":"D English","year":"2022","unstructured":"English D, Boone CA, Carter JA, et al. Intersecting structural oppression and suicidality among black sexual minority male adolescents and emerging adults. J Res Adolesc. 2022;32(1):226\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jora.12726.","journal-title":"J Res Adolesc"},{"issue":"1","key":"3701_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1089\/trgh.2019.0039","volume":"4","author":"LM Wesp","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wesp LM, Malcoe LH, Elliott A, Poteat T. Intersectionality research for transgender health justice: a theory-driven conceptual framework for structural analysis of transgender health inequities. Transgender Heal. 2019;4(1):287\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/trgh.2019.0039.","journal-title":"Transgender Heal"},{"issue":"10","key":"3701_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000298","volume":"28","author":"P Patel","year":"2014","unstructured":"Patel P, Borkowf CB, Brooks JT, Lasry A, Lansky A, Mermin J. Estimating per-act HIV transmission risk: a systematic review. AIDS. 2014;28(10):1509\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000298.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"3701_CR37","unstructured":"James SE, Herman JL, Rankin S, Keisling M et al. The report of the 2015 US transgender survey. Natl Cent Healthc Equal. http:\/\/www.transequality.org\/sites\/default\/files\/docs\/USTS-Full-Report-FINAL.PDF"},{"issue":"2","key":"3701_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1080\/15299732.2014.867572","volume":"15","author":"KL Nadal","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nadal KL, Davidoff KC, Fujii-Doe W. Transgender women and the sex work industry: roots in systemic, institutional, and interpersonal discrimination. J Trauma Dissociation. 2014;15(2):169\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15299732.2014.867572.","journal-title":"J Trauma Dissociation"},{"key":"3701_CR39","first-page":"123","volume":"1","author":"KL Nadal","year":"2012","unstructured":"Nadal KL, Vargas VH, Meterko V, Hamit S, Mclean K. Transgender female sex workers in New York City: personal perspectives, gender identity development, and psychological processes. Manag Divers Today Work Strateg Empl Empl. 2012;1:123\u201353.","journal-title":"Manag Divers Today Work Strateg Empl Empl"},{"issue":"6","key":"3701_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-007-9210-3","volume":"36","author":"LA Sausa","year":"2007","unstructured":"Sausa LA, Keatley JA, Operario D. Perceived risks and benefits of sex work among transgender women of color in San Francisco. Arch Sex Behav. 2007;36(6):768\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10508-007-9210-3.","journal-title":"Arch Sex Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"3701_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1089\/lgbt.2015.0133","volume":"3","author":"SL Palazzolo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Palazzolo SL, Yamanis TJ, De Jesus M, Maguire-Marshall M, Barker SL. Documentation status as a contextual determinant of HIV risk among young transgender Latinas. LGBT Heal. 2016;3(2):132\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/lgbt.2015.0133.","journal-title":"LGBT Heal"},{"issue":"6","key":"3701_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e342","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(20)30055-4","volume":"5","author":"T Aubry","year":"2020","unstructured":"Aubry T, Bloch G, Brcic V, et al. Effectiveness of permanent supportive housing and income assistance interventions for homeless individuals in high-income countries: a systematic review. Lancet Public Heal. 2020;5(6):e342\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2468-2667(20)30055-4.","journal-title":"Lancet Public Heal"}],"container-title":["AIDS and Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10461-022-03701-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10461-022-03701-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10461-022-03701-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,10]],"date-time":"2022-10-10T12:30:00Z","timestamp":1665405000000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10461-022-03701-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,4]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["3701"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-022-03701-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["1090-7165","1573-3254"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1090-7165","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-3254","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"28 April 2022","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 June 2022","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of Boston Children\u2019s Hospital Institutional Review Board and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}}]}}