{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T12:02:05Z","timestamp":1787313725573,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,27]],"date-time":"2022-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658880000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,27]],"date-time":"2022-07-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658880000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008375","name":"University of Basel","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008375","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AIDS Behav"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Little is known about gender effects of alcohol and drug use (AOD) among people\u00a0living with HIV (PLWH) in resource-limited settings. Using multilevel models, we tested whether gender moderated the effect of\n                    <jats:italic>Khanya<\/jats:italic>\n                    , a cognitive-behavioral therapy-based intervention addressing antiretroviral (ART) adherence and AOD reduction. We enrolled 61 participants from HIV care and examined outcomes at 3- and 6-months compared to enhanced treatment as usual (ETAU). Gender significantly moderated the effect of\n                    <jats:italic>Khanya<\/jats:italic>\n                    on ART adherence (measured using electronically-monitored and biomarker-confirmed adherence), such that women in\n                    <jats:italic>Khanya<\/jats:italic>\n                    had significantly lower ART adherence compared to men in\n                    <jats:italic>Khanya<\/jats:italic>\n                    ; no gender differences were found for AOD outcomes. Exploratory trajectory analyses showed men in\n                    <jats:italic>Khanya<\/jats:italic>\n                    and both genders in ETAU had significant reductions in at least one AOD outcome; women in\n                    <jats:italic>Khanya<\/jats:italic>\n                    did not. More research is needed to understand whether a gender lens can support behavioral interventions for PLWH with AOD.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Trial registry<\/jats:italic>\n                    ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT03529409. Trial registered on May 18, 2018.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-022-03765-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,30]],"date-time":"2022-07-30T04:49:40Z","timestamp":1659156580000},"page":"3630-3641","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Gender Moderates Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial for the Khanya Intervention for Substance Use and ART Adherence in HIV Care in South Africa"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"26","clinical-trial-number":[{"clinical-trial-number":"nct03529409","registry":"10.18810\/clinical-trials-gov"}],"author":[{"given":"Jennifer M.","family":"Belus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John A.","family":"Joska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yosef","family":"Bronsteyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandra L.","family":"Rose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lena S.","family":"Andersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristen S.","family":"Regenauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bronwyn","family":"Myers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith A.","family":"Hahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Catherine","family":"Orrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steve A.","family":"Safren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica F.","family":"Magidson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"3765_CR1","volume-title":"South African national HIV prevalence, incidence, behaviour and communication survey, 2017","author":"LC Simbayi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Simbayi LC, Zuma K, Zungu N, Moyo S, Marinda E, Jooste S, et al. South African national HIV prevalence, incidence, behaviour and communication survey, 2017. Cape Town: HSRC Press; 2019."},{"key":"3765_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13011-019-0249-7","volume":"15","author":"M Necho","year":"2020","unstructured":"Necho M, Belete A, Getachew Y. The prevalence and factors associated with alcohol use disorder among people living with HIV\/AIDS in Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Subst Abus Treat Prev Policy. 2020;15:1\u201315.","journal-title":"Subst Abus Treat Prev Policy."},{"key":"3765_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-013-0587-9","volume":"18","author":"R Kader","year":"2014","unstructured":"Kader R, Seedat S, Govender R, Koch JR, Parry CD. Hazardous and harmful use of alcohol and\/or other drugs and health status among South African patients attending HIV clinics. AIDS Behav. 2014;18:525\u201334.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"3765_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2009.0211","volume":"26","author":"MK Baum","year":"2010","unstructured":"Baum MK, Rafie C, Lai S, Sales S, Page JB, Campa A. Alcohol use accelerates HIV disease progression. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2010;26:511\u20138.","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"key":"3765_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1727","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-019-02716-0","volume":"24","author":"J Velloza","year":"2020","unstructured":"Velloza J, Kemp CG, Aunon FM, Ramaiya MK, Creegan E, Simoni JM. Alcohol use and antiretroviral therapy non-adherence among adults living with HIV\/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review and meta-analysis. AIDS Behav. 2020;24:1727\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-019-02716-0.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"3765_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/S2055-6640(20)30342-3","volume":"4","author":"KE Lancaster","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lancaster KE, Hetrick A, Jaquet A, Adedimeji A, Atwoli L, Colby DJ, et al. Substance use and universal access to HIV testing and treatment in sub-Saharan Africa: implications and research priorities. J Virus Erad. 2018;4:26\u201332.","journal-title":"J Virus Erad"},{"key":"3765_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-020-00135-4","volume":"43","author":"SC Kalichman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kalichman SC, Mathews C, Banas E, Kalichman MO. Alcohol-related beliefs and non-adherence to antiretroviral therapy in Cape Town, South Africa. J Behav Med. 2020;43:764\u201372.","journal-title":"J Behav Med"},{"key":"3765_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(16)30325-5","volume":"16","author":"L Degenhardt","year":"2016","unstructured":"Degenhardt L, Charlson F, Stanaway J, Larney S, Alexander LT, Hickman M, et al. Estimating the burden of disease attributable to injecting drug use as a risk factor for HIV, hepatitis C, and hepatitis B: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet Infect Dis. 2016;16:1385\u201398.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"3765_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-021-03263-3","author":"B Myers","year":"2021","unstructured":"Myers B, Lombard C, Joska JA, Abdullah F, Naledi T, Lund C, et al. Associations between patterns of alcohol use and viral load suppression amongst women living with HIV in South Africa. AIDS Behav. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-021-03263-3.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"3765_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-017955","volume":"8","author":"C Probst","year":"2018","unstructured":"Probst C, Parry CDH, Rehm J. HIV\/AIDS mortality attributable to alcohol use in South Africa: a comparative risk assessment by socioeconomic status. BMJ Open. 2018;8:1\u201310.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"3765_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e25720","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25720","volume":"24","author":"JF Magidson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Magidson JF, Joska JA, Belus JM, Andersen LS, Regenauer KS, Rose AL, et al. Project Khanya: results from a pilot randomized type 1 hybrid effectiveness-implementation trial of a peer-delivered behavioural intervention for ART adherence and substance use in HIV care in South Africa. J Int AIDS Soc. 2021;24:e25720. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jia2.25720.","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"key":"3765_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-09457-z","volume":"20","author":"E Marinda","year":"2020","unstructured":"Marinda E, Simbayi L, Zuma K, Zungu N, Moyo S, Kondlo L, et al. Towards achieving the 90\u201390\u201390 HIV targets: results from the south African 2017 National HIV Survey. BMC Public Health. 2020;20:1\u201312.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"3765_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25530","volume":"23","author":"M Osler","year":"2020","unstructured":"Osler M, Cornell M, Ford N, Hilderbrand K, Goemaere E, Boulle A. Population-wide differentials in HIV service access and outcomes in the Western Cape for men as compared to women, South Africa: 2008 to 2018: a cohort analysis. J Int AIDS Soc. 2020;23:5\u201314.","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"key":"3765_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-020-00499-x","volume":"17","author":"J Cohn","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cohn J, Ake J, Moorhouse M, Godfrey C. Sex differences in the treatment of HIV. Curr HIV\/AIDS Rep. 2020;17:373\u201384.","journal-title":"Curr HIV\/AIDS Rep"},{"key":"3765_CR15","first-page":"1","volume":"24","author":"K Peltzer","year":"2018","unstructured":"Peltzer K, Phaswana-Mafuya N. Drug use among youth and adults in a population-based survey in South Africa. S Afr J Psychiatry. 2018;24:1\u20136.","journal-title":"S Afr J Psychiatry"},{"key":"3765_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.12424","volume":"35","author":"C van der Westhuizen","year":"2016","unstructured":"van der Westhuizen C, Wyatt G, Williams JK, Stein DJ, Sorsdahl K. Validation of the alcohol, smoking and substance involvement screening test in a low- and middle-income country cross-sectional emergency centre study. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2016;35:702\u20139.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"key":"3765_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1656","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-018-2364-2","volume":"23","author":"JF Magidson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Magidson JF, Fatch R, Orrell C, Amanyire G, Haberer JE, Hahn JA, et al. Biomarker-measured unhealthy alcohol use in relation to CD4 count among individuals starting ART in sub-Saharan Africa. AIDS Behav. 2019;23:1656\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-018-2364-2.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"3765_CR18","unstructured":"NDoH, Stats SA, SAMRC and I. South Africa Demographic and Health Survey 2016. 2019"},{"key":"3765_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.7196\/SAMJ.2017.v108i1.12615","volume":"108","author":"NG Vellios","year":"2018","unstructured":"Vellios NG, Van Walbeek CP. Self-reported alcohol use and binge drinking in South Africa: evidence from the National Income Dynamics Study, 2014\u20132015. S Afr Med J. 2018;108:33\u20139.","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"3765_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2013.09.011","volume":"39","author":"K Sorsdahl","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sorsdahl K, Stein DJ, Carrara H, Myers B. Problem solving styles among people who use alcohol and other drugs in South Africa. Addict Behav. 2014;39:122\u20136.","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"3765_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.17159\/sajs.2018\/4451","volume":"114","author":"S Dada","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dada S, Burnhams NH, Laubscher R, Parry C, Myers B. Alcohol and other drug use among women seeking substance abuse treatment in the Western Cape, South Africa. S Afr J Sci. 2018;114:1\u20139.","journal-title":"S Afr J Sci"},{"key":"3765_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.4314\/ajpsy.v14i2.7","volume":"14","author":"B Myers","year":"2011","unstructured":"Myers B, Louw J, Pasche SE. Gendered barriers to substance abuse treatment utilization among disadvantaged communities in Cape Town South Africa. Afr J Psychiatry. 2011;14:146\u201353.","journal-title":"Afr J Psychiatry"},{"key":"3765_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-14-100","volume":"14","author":"B Myers","year":"2014","unstructured":"Myers B, Kline TL, Doherty IA, Carney T, Wechsberg WM. Perceived need for substance use treatment among young women from disadvantaged communities in Cape Town, South Africa. BMC Psychiatry. 2014;14:1\u201310.","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"issue":"16","key":"3765_CR24","first-page":"276","volume":"2017","author":"B Wandera","year":"2016","unstructured":"Wandera B, Tumwesigye NM, Nankabirwa JI, Mafigiri DK, Parkes-Ratanshi RM, Kapiga S, et al. Efficacy of a single, brief alcohol reduction intervention among men and women living with HIV\/AIDS and using alcohol in Kampala, Uganda: a randomized trial. J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care. 2016;2017(16):276\u201385.","journal-title":"J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care"},{"key":"3765_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-021-00558-x","author":"WM Wechsberg","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wechsberg WM, Browne FA, Bonner CP, Washio Y, Howard BN, van der Drift I. Current interventions for people living with HIV who use alcohol: Why gender matters. Curr HIV\/AIDS Rep. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11904-021-00558-x.","journal-title":"Curr HIV\/AIDS Rep"},{"key":"3765_CR26","unstructured":"Western Cape Government. Cape Metro District health plan 2018\/19- 2020\/21. Western Cape Government; 2018."},{"key":"3765_CR27","first-page":"1183","volume":"97","author":"WHO Assist Working Group","year":"2002","unstructured":"WHO Assist Working Group. The alcohol, smoking and substance involvement screening test (ASSIST): development, reliability and feasibility. Addic Wiley Online Library. 2002;97:1183\u201394.","journal-title":"Addic Wiley Online Library"},{"key":"3765_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1186\/s43058-020-00004-w","volume":"1","author":"JF Magidson","year":"2020","unstructured":"Magidson JF, Joska JA, Myers B, Belus JM, Regenauer KS, Anderson LS, et al. Project Khanya: a randomized, hybrid effectiveness-implementation trial of a peer-delivered behavioral intervention for ART adherence and substance use in Cape Town South Africa. Implement Sci Commun. 2020;1:23.","journal-title":"Implement Sci Commun"},{"key":"3765_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"332","DOI":"10.1016\/S1077-7229(99)80052-2","volume":"6","author":"SA Safren","year":"1999","unstructured":"Safren SA, Otto MW, Worth JL. Life-steps: applying cognitive behavioral therapy to HIV medication adherence. Cogn Behav Pract. 1999;6:332\u201341.","journal-title":"Cogn Behav Pract"},{"key":"3765_CR30","unstructured":"Belus JM, Rose AL, Andersen LS, Ciya N, Joska JA, Myers B, et al. Adapting a behavioral intervention for alcohol use and HIV medication adherence for lay counselor delivery in Cape Town, South Africa: a case series. Cogn Behav Pract. 2020"},{"key":"3765_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0147900","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0147900","volume":"11","author":"H Gouse","year":"2016","unstructured":"Gouse H, Magidson JF, Burnhams W, Remmert JE, Myers B, Joska JA, et al. Implementation of cognitive-behavioral substance abuse treatment in sub-Saharan Africa: treatment engagement and abstinence at treatment exit. PLoS ONE. 2016;11:e0147900\u2013e0147900.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"3765_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-010-9799-4","volume":"14","author":"JE Haberer","year":"2010","unstructured":"Haberer JE, Kahane J, Kigozi I, Emenyonu N, Hunt P, Martin J, et al. Real-time adherence monitoring for HIV antiretroviral therapy. AIDS Behav. 2010;14:1340\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-010-9799-4.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"3765_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2292","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13213","volume":"40","author":"JA Hahn","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hahn JA, Anton RF, Javors MA. The formation, elimination, interpretation, and future research needs of phosphatidylethanol for research studies and clinical practice. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2016;40:2292\u20135.","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"3765_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-0357-5_3","volume":"87","author":"LC Sobell","year":"1992","unstructured":"Sobell LC, Sobell MB. Timeline follow-back: a technique for assessing self-reported alcohol consumption. Meas Alcohol Consum. 1992;87:41\u201372.","journal-title":"Meas Alcohol Consum."},{"key":"3765_CR35","volume-title":"Hierarchical linear models: applications and data analysis methods","author":"SW Raudenbush","year":"2002","unstructured":"Raudenbush SW, Bryk AS. Hierarchical linear models: applications and data analysis methods. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications; 2002."},{"key":"3765_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3768\/rtipress.2009.mr.0009.0903","volume-title":"A mixed model approach for intent-to-treat analysis in longitudinal clinical trials with missing values","author":"H Chakraborty","year":"2009","unstructured":"Chakraborty H, Gu H. A mixed model approach for intent-to-treat analysis in longitudinal clinical trials with missing values. Research Triangle Park: RTI Press; 2009."},{"key":"3765_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/17441692.2019.1583266","author":"PJ Fleming","year":"2019","unstructured":"Fleming PJ, Rosen JG, Wong VJ, Carrasco MA. Shedding light on a HIV blind spot: factors associated with men\u2019s HIV testing in five African countries. Glob Public Health. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17441692.2019.1583266.","journal-title":"Glob Public Health"},{"key":"3765_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2019.1595509","author":"KM Sileo","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sileo KM, Fielding-Miller R, Dworkin SL, Fleming PJ. A scoping review on the role of masculine norms in men\u2019s engagement in the HIV care continuum in sub-Saharan Africa. AIDS Care. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09540121.2019.1595509.","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"3765_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1080\/13691058.2012.710337","volume":"14","author":"W Dageid","year":"2012","unstructured":"Dageid W, Govender K, Gordon SF. Masculinity and HIV disclosure among heterosexual South African men: implications for HIV\/AIDS intervention. Cult Health Sex. 2012;14:925\u201340.","journal-title":"Cult Health Sex"},{"key":"3765_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1998","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-018-2341-9","volume":"23","author":"JA Pellowski","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pellowski JA, Price DM, Harrison AD, Tuthill EL, Myer L, Operario D, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of antiretroviral therapy (ART) adherence interventions for women living with HIV. AIDS Behav. 2019;23:1998\u20132013. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-018-2341-9.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"3765_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2183","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000842","volume":"29","author":"AM Hatcher","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hatcher AM, Smout EM, Turan JM, Christofides N, St\u00f6ckl H. Intimate partner violence and engagement in HIV care and treatment among women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. AIDS. 2015;29:2183.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"3765_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.02.011","volume":"153","author":"KM Hampanda","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hampanda KM. Intimate partner violence and HIV-positive women\u2019s non-adherence to antiretroviral medication for the purpose of prevention of mother-to-child transmission in Lusaka, Zambia. Soc Sci Med. 2016;153:123\u201330.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"3765_CR43","first-page":"1","volume":"108","author":"IN Ogbonnaya","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ogbonnaya IN, Reed E, Wanyenze RK, Wagman JA, Silverman JG, Kiene SM. Perceived barriers to HIV care and viral suppression comparing newly diagnosed women living with HIV in rural Uganda with and without a history of intimate partner violence. J Interpers Violence. 2021;108:1\u201324.","journal-title":"J Interpers Violence"},{"key":"3765_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462418813047","volume":"30","author":"SC Kalichman","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kalichman SC, Mathews C, Banas E, Kalichman MO. Treatment adherence in HIV stigmatized environments in South Africa: stigma avoidance and medication management. Int J STD AIDS. 2018;30:362\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0956462418813047.","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"3765_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"999","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-019-1444-3","volume":"49","author":"JM Belus","year":"2020","unstructured":"Belus JM, Baucom DH, Wechsberg WM. Individual and relationship predictors of couple-level sexual concurrency in heterosexual South African couples. Arch Sex Behav. 2020;49:999\u20131015.","journal-title":"Arch Sex Behav"},{"key":"3765_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2011.06.001","volume":"36","author":"N Fossos","year":"2011","unstructured":"Fossos N, Kaysen D, Neighbors C, Lindgren KP, Hove MC. Coping motives as a mediator of the relationship between sexual coercion and problem drinking in college students. Addict Behav. 2011;36:1001\u20137.","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"3765_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2014.11.030","volume":"42","author":"AL Hobkirk","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hobkirk AL, Watt MH, Green KT, Beckham JC, Skinner D, Meade CS. Mediators of interpersonal violence and drug addiction severity among methamphetamine users in Cape Town, South Africa. Addict Behav. 2015;42:167\u201371.","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"3765_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2014.10.006","volume":"41","author":"CS \u00d8verup","year":"2015","unstructured":"\u00d8verup CS, Dibello AM, Brunson JA, Acitelli LK, Neighbors C. Addictive behaviors drowning the pain: intimate partner violence and drinking to cope prospectively predict problem drinking \u2606. Addict Behav. 2015;41:152\u201361.","journal-title":"Addict Behav"},{"key":"3765_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1177\/1559827608323213","volume":"2","author":"CF Garfield","year":"2008","unstructured":"Garfield CF, Isacco A, Rogers TE. A review of men\u2019s health and masculinity. Am J Lifestyle Med. 2008;2:474\u201387.","journal-title":"Am J Lifestyle Med"},{"key":"3765_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1037\/adb0000351","volume":"32","author":"JL Fugitt","year":"2018","unstructured":"Fugitt JL, Ham LS. Beer for \u201cbrohood\u201d: a laboratory simulation of masculinity confirmation through alcohol use behaviors in men. Psychol Addict Behav. 2018;32:358\u201364.","journal-title":"Psychol Addict Behav"},{"key":"3765_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1080\/17441692.2018.1493133","volume":"14","author":"C Jacques-Avi\u00f1\u00f3","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jacques-Avi\u00f1\u00f3 C, Garc\u00eda de Olalla P, Gonz\u00e1lez Antelo A, Fern\u00e1ndez Quevedo M, Roman\u00ed O, Cayl\u00e0 JA. The theory of masculinity in studies on HIV. A systematic review. Glob Public Health. 2019;14:601\u201320.","journal-title":"Glob Public Health"},{"key":"3765_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e21","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyw057","volume":"46","author":"K Stinson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Stinson K, Goemaere E, Coetzee D, van Cutsem G, Hilderbrand K, Osler M, et al. Cohort profile: the Khayelitsha antiretroviral programme, Cape Town, South Africa. Int J Epidemiol. 2017;46:e21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ije\/dyw057.","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"}],"container-title":["AIDS and Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10461-022-03765-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10461-022-03765-8\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10461-022-03765-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,11]],"date-time":"2022-10-11T00:05:00Z","timestamp":1665446700000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10461-022-03765-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,27]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["3765"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-022-03765-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1090-7165","1573-3254"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1090-7165","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-3254","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 April 2022","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 July 2022","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Dr. Safren receives royalties for books on cognitive behavioral therapy from Oxford University Press, Guilford Publications, and Springer\/Humana Press. The other authors declare they have no competing interests to report.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Ethical approval was provided by the University of Cape Town and City of Cape Town. An institutional agreement was in place between University of Maryland and University of Cape Town, allowing University of Cape Town to have ethical oversight of the study. The study was carried out in accordance with the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent amendments.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all participants included in this study.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"N\/A.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for Publication"}}]}}