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We characterized HIV risk among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Indonesia (n\u2009=\u20091314) using latent class analysis and used multinomial logistic regression to identify latent class relationships with demographics, social\/sexual networks, and community-level socioecological indicators of HIV risk. Three HIV risk latent classes were identified\u2014\u201cSexually Moderate\u201d (n\u2009=\u2009333), \u201cSexual Explorative\u201d (n\u2009=\u2009575), and \u201cNavigating Complexities\u201d (n\u2009=\u2009406). Using \u201cSexually Moderate\u201d (lowest risk) as the reference group, MSM in the \u201cSexual Explorative\u201d class had additional social\/sexual network-level risks (meeting partner(s) using both online and offline methods [RR\u2009=\u20093.8; 95%CI 1.7\u20138.6] or general social media and gay-specific online platforms [RR\u2009=\u20092.6; 95%CI 1.9\u20133.6] to meet partners, group sex [RR\u2009=\u200910.9; 95%CI 4.5\u201325.4], transactional sex [RR\u2009=\u20091.6; 95%CI 1.2\u20132.2]), and community-level risks (experiencing homosexual-related assaults [RR\u2009=\u20091.4; 95%CI 1.1\u20131.9]). MSM in the \u201cNavigating Complexities\u201d class had additional social\/sexual network-level risks (low social support [RR\u2009=\u20091.6; 95%CI 1.1\u20132.5], less disclosure of their sexuality [RR\u2009=\u20091.4; 95%CI 1.0\u20131.9]) and community-level risks (higher internalized homonegativity scores [RR\u2009=\u20091.2; 95%CI 1.1\u20131.4], ever experiencing homosexual-related assaults [RR\u2009=\u20091.4:95%CI 1.1\u20131.9], less exposure to HIV\/STI health promotion [RR\u2009=\u20090.7; 95%CI 0.5\u20130.9], attending STI-related services in the past 6\u00a0months [RR\u2009=\u20090.6; 95%CI 0.4\u20130.8]). Co-occurring individual and socioecological risk recommend holistic HIV prevention strategies tailored to consider the social and structural conditions of MSM in Indonesia are needed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-023-04253-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]],"date-time":"2024-01-25T07:02:23Z","timestamp":1706166143000},"page":"657-668","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Characterizing Socioecological Markers of Differentiated HIV Risk Among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Indonesia"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7012-6467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Nevendorff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1998-5722","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alisa","family":"Pedrana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5299-8835","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Bourne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3452-350X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Traeger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2737-1736","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric","family":"Sindunata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wawa A.","family":"Reswana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosidin M.","family":"Alharbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2887-1409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark","family":"Stoov\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"4253_CR1","unstructured":"UNAIDS. 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MWT has received investigator-initiated research funding, speakers honoraria and consultant fees from Gilead Sciences for activities unrelated to this work. Other authors have no competing interest to declare.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}},{"value":"The Chemsex-INA study protocol was approved by the ethics review board of the Atma Jaya Catholic University, Jakarta Indonesia (No. 0401\/III\/LPPM-PM.10.05\/04\/2019). Additional ethics approval for data sharing, storage, and analysis was gained from the Alfred Ethics Committee in Melbourne, Australia (No. 421\/20). Consent of study participants was obtained by electronic approval.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}}]}}