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In this 3-group efficacy study, 216 PWH 40\u2009+\u2009years with HAND or borderline HAND were randomized to either: (1) 10\u00a0h of SOP training (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200970); (2) 20\u00a0h of SOP training (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200973), or (3) 10\u00a0h of Internet navigation training (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200973; contact control group). Participants were administered a measure of SOP [i.e., the Useful Field of View Test (UFOV\u00ae)] at baseline, at posttest immediately after training, and at year 1 and year 2 follow up. Intent-to-treat linear mixed-effect models with subject-specific intercept and slope were fitted to estimate between-group mean differences at the follow-up time-points. At the post-intervention time-point, small beneficial SOP training effects were observed for the 10-h group in UFOV\u00ae total (\n                    <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.28,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.002). Effects were of larger magnitude for the 20-h group in these same outcomes [UFOV\u00ae total (\n                    <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.43,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001)]. These results indicated better benefit with more training. No intervention effect was observed at year 1. At year 2, beneficial effects of small magnitude were observed again in the 10-h group [UFOV\u00ae total (\n                    <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.22,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.253)] with larger small-to-moderate magnitude in the 20-h group [UFOV\u00ae total (\n                    <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.32,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.104)]. This study suggests that SOP training can improve a key indicator of this cognitive performance and that treatment gains are small-to-moderate over a two-year period. Prior literature suggests slower SOP is predictive of impairment in everyday functioning in older PWH; such an approach could potentially improve everyday functioning in PWH.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-024-04409-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]],"date-time":"2024-07-02T01:25:09Z","timestamp":1719883509000},"page":"3300-3314","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["A 2-Year Longitudinal Randomized Control Trial of Speed of Processing Cognitive Training in Aging Adults with HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder: Results of the Think Fast Study"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0498-6263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David E.","family":"Vance","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6629-0010","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pariya L.","family":"Fazeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9883-1424","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andres","family":"Azuero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer S.","family":"Frank","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4524-8395","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Virginia G.","family":"Wadley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3242-4911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James L.","family":"Raper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1576-9763","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caitlin N.","family":"Pope","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1811-9870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karlene K.","family":"Ball","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"4409_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e411","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(17)30098-X","volume":"4","author":"K Goodkin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Goodkin K, Miller E, Cox C, et al. 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Posit Science acquired Visual Awareness, and Dr. Ball continues to collaborate on the design and testing of these assessment and training programs as a member of the Posit Science Scientific Advisory Board. These other authors report there are no competing interests to declare. David E. Vance, Pariya L. Fazeli, Andres Azuero, Jennifer S. Frank, Virginia G. Wadley, James L. Raper, and Caitlin N. Pope report no real or perceived vested interest that related to this article that could be construed as a conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained using procedures approved by the investigational review board at each of the collaborating institutions. 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