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In total, 402 HIV\u2009+\u2009individuals treated at reference units in Bel\u00e9m city (Par\u00e1, Brazil) between 2018 and 2019 were evaluated. Late presentation was defined as a first-collection LTCD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> count below 350 cells\/\u00b5L. Sociodemographic, behavioral and clinical data were obtained from questionnaires or medical records. Th1, Th2 and Th17 cytokine profiles were evaluated by flow cytometry. Longitudinal data on viral load, T lymphocytes, and antiretroviral therapy administration were obtained from control and logistic databases. Approximately 52.73% of the participants were late presenters and sought medical care 7\u201312\u2009+\u2009months after their primary HIV diagnosis. Sociobehavioral factors associated with late presentation included illicit drug use for more than 5 years, polyamory, no alcohol consumption, homosexuality, and sexual inactiveness after HIV diagnosis. Clinically, late presentation was associated with coinfection rate; polysymptomatology; high IFN-\u0263, IL-6 and IL-10 levels; nonresponse to antiretroviral therapy; and virological failure- and tuberculosis coinfection-motivated changes to therapy. In summary, the prevalence of late presentation in Par\u00e1 in the Brazilian Amazon region is high. Delays in seeking specialized care after a primary HIV diagnosis cause medium\/long-term changes in the life expectancy and health of PLHIV.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-024-04437-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]],"date-time":"2024-07-11T16:02:17Z","timestamp":1720713737000},"page":"3404-3420","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Sociobehavioral Risk Factors and Clinical Implications of Late Presentation Among People Living with HIV in the Brazilian Amazon Region"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Leonn Mendes Soares","family":"Pereira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eliane dos Santos","family":"Fran\u00e7a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iran Barros","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Igor Ten\u00f3rio","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amaury Bentes Cunha","family":"Freire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francisco L\u00fazio de Paula","family":"Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Talita Antonia Furtado","family":"Monteiro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olinda","family":"Macedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rita Catarina Medeiros","family":"Sousa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Felipe Bonfim","family":"Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Igor Brasil","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1135-6507","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio Carlos Ros\u00e1rio","family":"Vallinoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"4437_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1984.tb37155.x","volume":"437","author":"M Lange","year":"1984","unstructured":"Lange M, Buimovici-Klein E, Kornfeld H, Quilop MT, Pahwa S, Reddy M, Wong P, Phillips L, Kiyasu J, Moriarty M, Wechter S, Cooper LZ, Grieco MH. 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Informed consent to participate was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their participation in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to Participate"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflicts of interest.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}