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We used nationally representative data among AGYW aged 13\u201324 (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20091344) from the 2018-19 Kenya Violence Against Children &amp; Youth Survey (VACS) in multivariable logistic regression analyses to examine associations between three potential protective factors \u2013 gender-equitable attitudes, food security and parental monitoring \u2013 and outcomes related to the triple threat: Intimate partner violence (IPV); sexual violence; high HIV exposure risk; adolescent pregnancy; child marriage; and not being in school or paid work. Results showed that AGYW with gender-equitable attitudes were less likely to report IPV (adjusted odds-ratio (aOR):0.47,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.01) and adolescent pregnancy (aOR:0.58,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). AGYW who were food secure were less likely to report adolescent pregnancy (aOR:0.57,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05) and child marriage (aOR:0.51,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Those with high parental monitoring were less likely to report IPV (aOR:0.44,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.01), sexual violence (aOR:0.49,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05), adolescent pregnancy (aOR:0.61,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.05), and child marriage (aOR:0.41,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.01). AGYW who had gender-equitable attitudes, food security\n                    <jats:italic>and<\/jats:italic>\n                    high parental monitoring (i.e., all three factors compared to none) had lower predicted probabilities of reporting IPV (22.3% vs. 5.0%), sexual violence (20.4% vs. 6.0%), adolescent pregnancy (23.7% vs. 7.7%), and child marriage (10.0% vs. 1.6%). The findings indicate that improving gender-equitable attitudes, food security and parental monitoring may positively impact multiple outcomes related to the triple threat; and that addressing all three may have the greatest impact.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-025-04643-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,12]],"date-time":"2025-02-12T21:16:21Z","timestamp":1739394981000},"page":"1738-1746","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Tackling the Triple Threat in Kenya: Factors Associated with Protection against HIV Risk, Gender-Based Violence, and Pregnancy among Adolescent Girls and Young Women"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7606-8744","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brendan","family":"Maughan-Brown","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bolad\u00e9 Hamed","family":"Banougnin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madison T.","family":"Little","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucas","family":"Hertzog","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ntombekhaya","family":"Matsha-Carpentier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Celestine","family":"Mugambi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hermes","family":"Gichane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lucie","family":"Cluver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elona","family":"Toska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"4643_CR1","unstructured":"UNAIDS. 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