{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T07:30:09Z","timestamp":1773732609151,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,5]],"date-time":"2025-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743811200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,5]],"date-time":"2025-04-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743811200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004593","name":"Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Madrid","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AIDS Behav"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n          <jats:p>Evidence shows that engaging in sexualized drug use (SDU) can be associated with sexual health problems and poor mental health. However, the prevalence of drug-related problems associated with SDU remains unclear. Our study aimed to examine the prevalence and associated factors of drug-related problems and drug dependence in a sample of gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men living with HIV (HIV\u2009+\u2009GBMSM). We included 101 HIV\u2009+\u2009GBMSM who had engaged in SDU in the last year. Participants completed an online survey featuring a validated questionnaire (the DUDIT test) to assess the risk of drug-related problems and drug dependence. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to explore variables associated with drug-related problems. 80% of our sample had symptoms suggestive of drug-related problems, with 5% showing likely drug dependence. Additionally, 10% had suffered an overdose with loss of consciousness, 9% experienced suicidal thoughts associated with SDU, and approximately 20% had sexual difficulties during sober sex since using drugs for sex. Multivariate analysis identified that recent drug use (less than 15 days prior), polydrug use, and depressive symptoms are independent predictors of drug-related problems. Our study revealed a high prevalence of drug-related problems among HIV\u2009+\u2009GBMSM engaged in SDU. The factors associated with drug-related problems identified in our study can serve as key markers in clinical settings where HIV\u2009+\u2009GBMSM receive care. These indicators can help detect community members most at risk and facilitate the provision of resources and interventions to prevent SDU-related harm.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-025-04695-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,5]],"date-time":"2025-04-05T22:11:12Z","timestamp":1743891072000},"page":"2324-2335","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Drug Addiction in Gay and Bisexual Men Living with HIV Engaged in Sexualized Drug Use: Recent Drug Use, Polydrug and Depressive Symptoms as Predictors"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8514-1536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar J. F.","family":"Ollero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4212-7419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pablo","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1018-3034","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helen","family":"Dolengevich-Segal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5541-3388","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Cano-Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Luis","family":"Ramos-Ruperto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8429-8358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfonso","family":"Cabello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3880-199X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matilde","family":"Sanchez-Conde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7259-554X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Noem\u00ed","family":"Cabello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jose","family":"Sanz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2512-6107","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucio Jesus","family":"Garc\u00eda-Fraile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9919-3778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leire","family":"Perez-Latorre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3746-3378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Otilia","family":"Bisbal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"De La Fuente","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0750-0185","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan Emilio","family":"Losa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4351-5947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alicia","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Baeza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"4695_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.12574","volume":"19","author":"E Pufall","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pufall E, Kall M, Shahmanesh M, Nardone A, Gilson R, Delpech V, et al. Sexualized drug use (\u2018chemsex\u2019) and high-risk sexual behaviours in HIV \u2010positive men who have sex with men. HIV Med. 2018;19:261\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/hiv.12574.","journal-title":"HIV Med"},{"key":"4695_CR2","unstructured":"Bourne A, Reid D, Hickson F, Torres Rueda S, Weatherburn P. The chemsex study: drug use in sexual settings among gay and bisexual men in Lambeth, Southwark and Lewisham. Sigma Research, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine; 2014."},{"key":"4695_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1108\/DAT-10-2018-0058","volume":"19","author":"D Stuart","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stuart D. Chemsex: origins of the word, a history of the phenomenon and a respect to the culture. DAT. 2019;19:3\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/DAT-10-2018-0058.","journal-title":"DAT"},{"key":"4695_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12124","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph191912124","volume":"19","author":"R Jaspal","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jaspal R, Chemsex. Identity and sexual health among gay and bisexual men. IJERPH. 2022;19:12124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph191912124.","journal-title":"IJERPH"},{"key":"4695_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1812","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm13061812","volume":"13","author":"M Coronado-Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Coronado-Mu\u00f1oz M, Garc\u00eda-Cabrera E, Quintero-Fl\u00f3rez A, Rom\u00e1n E, Vilches-Arenas \u00c1. Sexualized drug use and chemsex among men who have sex with men in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JCM. 2024;13:1812. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm13061812.","journal-title":"JCM"},{"key":"4695_CR6","unstructured":"Ministerio de Sanidad. Encuesta europea on-line para hombres que tienen sexo con hombres (EMIS-2017): resultados en Espa\u00f1a. Espa\u00f1a: 2020."},{"key":"4695_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e60012","DOI":"10.2196\/60012","volume":"10","author":"P Gonzalez-Recio","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gonzalez-Recio P, Crossin R, Donat M, Palma D, Guede Caballero D, Moreno-Garcia S, et al. Chemsex session typologies and associated sociodemographic factors in sexual minority men: latent class analysis from a cultural perspective using a Cross-Sectional survey. JMIR Public Health Surveill. 2024;10:e60012\u201360012. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/60012.","journal-title":"JMIR Public Health Surveill"},{"key":"4695_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2017.01.001","volume":"43","author":"J Sewell","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sewell J, Miltz A, Lampe FC, Cambiano V, Speakman A, Phillips AN, et al. Poly drug use, chemsex drug use, and associations with sexual risk behaviour in HIV-negative men who have sex with men attending sexual health clinics. Int J Drug Policy. 2017;43:33\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugpo.2017.01.001.","journal-title":"Int J Drug Policy"},{"key":"4695_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3206","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-023-04041-z","volume":"27","author":"DJ Field","year":"2023","unstructured":"Field DJ, de Wit J, Davoren MP, O\u2019Reilly EJ, Den Daas C, Chemsex. Anxiety and depression among gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men living with HIV. AIDS Behav. 2023;27:3206\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-023-04041-z.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"4695_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1662","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10081662","volume":"10","author":"N Ruiz-Robledillo","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ruiz-Robledillo N, Ferrer-Cascales R, Portilla-Tamarit I, Alcocer-Bruno C, Clement-Carbonell V, Portilla J. Chemsex practices and health-related quality of life in Spanish men with HIV who have sex with men. J Clin Med. 2021;10:1662. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm10081662.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"4695_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2017.0263","volume":"32","author":"A Gonz\u00e1lez-Baeza","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Baeza A, Dolengevich-Segal H, P\u00e9rez-Valero I, Cabello A, T\u00e9llez MJ, Sanz J, et al. Sexualized drug use (Chemsex) is associated with High-Risk sexual behaviors and sexually transmitted infections in HIV-Positive men who have sex with men: data from the U-SEX GESIDA 9416 study. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2018;32:112\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/apc.2017.0263.","journal-title":"AIDS Patient Care STDS"},{"key":"4695_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Platteau T, Herrijgers C, Barvaux V, Vanden Berghe W, Apers L, Vanbaelen T. Chemsex and its impact on gay and bisexual men who have sex with men: findings from an online survey in Belgium. HIV Med. 2024;hiv13717. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/hiv.13717.","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.13717"},{"key":"4695_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1111\/fcp.12725","volume":"36","author":"A Batisse","year":"2022","unstructured":"Batisse A, Eiden C, Deheul S, Monzon E, Djezzar S, Peyri\u00e8re H. Chemsex practice in France: an update in addictovigilance data. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 2022;36:397\u2013404. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/fcp.12725.","journal-title":"Fundam Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"4695_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1160087","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1160087","volume":"11","author":"T Platteau","year":"2023","unstructured":"Platteau T, Herrijgers C, Florence E, Poels K, Verboon P, Apers L, et al. Drug behaviors, sexually transmitted infection prevention, and sexual consent during chemsex: insights generated in the budd app after each chemsex session. Front Public Health. 2023;11:1160087. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2023.1160087.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"4695_CR15","unstructured":"\u00cdncera D, G\u00e1mez M, Ibarguchi L, Garc\u00eda A, Zaro I, Alonso A. Aproximaci\u00f3n al chemsex En Espa\u00f1a 2021: Encuesta sobre h\u00e1bitos sexuales y Consumo de Drogas En Espa\u00f1a Entre hombre GBHSH. Apoyo Positivo e Imagina M\u00e1s; 2022."},{"key":"4695_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13299","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph182413299","volume":"18","author":"D \u00cdncera-Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"2021","unstructured":"\u00cdncera-Fern\u00e1ndez D, G\u00e1mez-Guadix M, Moreno-Guill\u00e9n S. Mental health symptoms associated with sexualized drug use (Chemsex) among men who have sex with men: a systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18:13299. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph182413299.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"4695_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.3390\/bs12120516","volume":"12","author":"L Moreno-Gamez","year":"2022","unstructured":"Moreno-Gamez L, Hern\u00e1ndez-Huerta D, Lahera G. Chemsex and psychosis: a systematic review. Behav Sci. 2022;12:516. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/bs12120516.","journal-title":"Behav Sci"},{"key":"4695_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0220272","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0220272","volume":"14","author":"H Dolengevich-Segal","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dolengevich-Segal H, Gonzalez-Baeza A, Valencia J, Valencia-Ortega E, Cabello A, Tellez-Molina MJ, et al. Drug-related and psychopathological symptoms in HIV-positive men who have sex with men who inject drugs during sex (slamsex): data from the U-SEX GESIDA 9416 study. PLoS ONE. 2019;14:e0220272. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0220272.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"4695_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13020174","volume":"13","author":"M Strasser","year":"2023","unstructured":"Strasser M, Halms T, R\u00fcther T, Hasan A, Gertzen M. Lethal lust: suicidal behavior and Chemsex\u2014a narrative review of the literature. Brain Sci. 2023;13:174. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/brainsci13020174.","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"4695_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542301","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.542301","volume":"11","author":"A Bohn","year":"2020","unstructured":"Bohn A, Sander D, K\u00f6hler T, Hees N, Oswald F, Scherbaum N, et al. Chemsex and mental health of men who have sex with men in Germany. Front Psychiatry. 2020;11:542301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.542301.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"4695_CR21","first-page":"301","volume":"31","author":"AM Barr","year":"2006","unstructured":"Barr AM, Panenka WJ, MacEwan GW, Thornton AE, Lang DJ, Honer WG, et al. The need for speed: an update on methamphetamine addiction. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2006;31:301\u201313.","journal-title":"J Psychiatry Neurosci"},{"key":"4695_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2012.03.009","volume":"211","author":"M Coppola","year":"2012","unstructured":"Coppola M, Mondola R. Synthetic Cathinones: chemistry, pharmacology and toxicology of a new class of designer drugs of abuse marketed as bath salts or plant food. Toxicol Lett. 2012;211:144\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxlet.2012.03.009.","journal-title":"Toxicol Lett"},{"key":"4695_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-016-0402-z","volume":"31","author":"RM Kamal","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kamal RM, Van Noorden MS, Wannet W, Beurmanjer H, Dijkstra BAG, Schellekens A. Pharmacological treatment in \u03b3-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and \u03b3-butyrolactone (GBL) dependence: detoxification and relapse prevention. CNS Drugs. 2017;31:51\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s40263-016-0402-z.","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"4695_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h5790","author":"H McCall","year":"2015","unstructured":"McCall H, Adams N, Mason D, Willis J. What is chemsex and why does it matter? BMJ. 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmj.h5790.","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"4695_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1108\/DAT-11-2018-0066","volume":"19","author":"T Platteau","year":"2019","unstructured":"Platteau T, Pebody R, Dunbar N, Lebacq T, Collins B. The problematic chemsex journey: a resource for prevention and harm reduction. Drugs Alcohol Today. 2019;19:49\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/DAT-11-2018-0066.","journal-title":"Drugs Alcohol Today"},{"key":"4695_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e22","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(14)70001-3","volume":"1","author":"M Daskalopoulou","year":"2014","unstructured":"Daskalopoulou M, Rodger A, Phillips AN, Sherr L, Speakman A, Collins S, et al. Recreational drug use, polydrug use, and sexual behaviour in HIV-diagnosed men who have sex with men in the UK: results from the cross-sectional ASTRA study. Lancet HIV. 2014;1:e22\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2352-3018(14)70001-3.","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"4695_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2011.630341","volume":"24","author":"JC Forney","year":"2012","unstructured":"Forney JC, Miller RL, The City Project Study Team. Risk and protective factors related to HIV-risk behavior: a comparison between HIV-positive and HIV-negative young men who have sex with men. AIDS Care. 2012;24:544\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09540121.2011.630341.","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"4695_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e717","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(22)00124-2","volume":"9","author":"C Strong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Strong C, Huang P, Li C-W, Ku SW-W, Wu H-J, Bourne A. HIV, chemsex, and the need for harm-reduction interventions to support gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men. Lancet HIV. 2022;9:e717\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2352-3018(22)00124-2.","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"4695_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1080\/10826084.2022.2148482","volume":"58","author":"A Gonz\u00e1lez-Baeza","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gonz\u00e1lez-Baeza A, Barrio-Fern\u00e1ndez P, Curto-Ramos J, Ibarguchi L, Dolengevich-Segal H, Cano-Smith J, et al. Understanding attachment, emotional regulation, and childhood adversity and their link to Chemsex. Subst Use Misuse. 2023;58:94\u2013102. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10826084.2022.2148482.","journal-title":"Subst Use Misuse"},{"key":"4695_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1111\/fcp.12854","volume":"37","author":"H Peyriere","year":"2023","unstructured":"Peyriere H, Jacquet J, Peries M, Tribout V, Broche B, Mauboussin J, et al. Chemsex in HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis users: assessment of mood disorders and addictive behavior. Fundam Clin Pharmacol. 2023;37:639\u201349. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/fcp.12854.","journal-title":"Fundam Clin Pharmacol"},{"key":"4695_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7293","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12237293","volume":"12","author":"P Ryan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ryan P, Dolengevich-Segal H, Ramos-Ruperto L, Cabello A, Sanchez-Conde M, Vergas J, et al. Patterns of sexualized drug use among gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men living with HIV: insights from a comprehensive study\u2014the U-SEX-2 GESIDA 9416 study. J Clin Med. 2023;12:7293. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm12237293.","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"4695_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103208","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2019.103208","volume":"95","author":"PA Harris","year":"2019","unstructured":"Harris PA, Taylor R, Minor BL, Elliott V, Fernandez M, O\u2019Neal L, et al. The REDCap consortium: building an international community of software platform partners. J Biomed Inform. 2019;95:103208. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jbi.2019.103208.","journal-title":"J Biomed Inform"},{"key":"4695_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1159\/000081413","volume":"11","author":"AH Berman","year":"2005","unstructured":"Berman AH, Bergman H, Palmstierna T, Schlyter F. Evaluation of the drug use disorders identification test (DUDIT) in criminal justice and detoxification settings and in a Swedish population sample. Eur Addict Res. 2005;11:22\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000081413.","journal-title":"Eur Addict Res"},{"key":"4695_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x","volume":"67","author":"AS Zigmond","year":"1983","unstructured":"Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 1983;67:361\u201370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1983.tb09716.x.","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"4695_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0447.2003.00062.x","volume":"107","author":"JM Quintana","year":"2003","unstructured":"Quintana JM, Padierna A, Esteban C, Arostegui I, Bilbao A, Ruiz I. Evaluation of the psychometric characteristics of the Spanish version of the hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2003;107:216\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1034\/j.1600-0447.2003.00062.x.","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand"},{"key":"4695_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e14161","DOI":"10.1111\/nmo.14161","volume":"33","author":"JTW Snijkers","year":"2021","unstructured":"Snijkers JTW, Van Den Oever W, Weerts ZZRM, Vork L, Mujagic Z, Leue C, et al. Examining the optimal cutoff values of HADS, PHQ-9 and GAD\u20107 as screening instruments for depression and anxiety in irritable bowel syndrome. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2021;33:e14161. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/nmo.14161.","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol Motil"},{"key":"4695_CR37","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing 2022."},{"key":"4695_CR38","volume-title":"Encuesta de estructura salarial 2020","author":"Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica (INE)","year":"2020","unstructured":"Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica (INE). Encuesta de estructura salarial 2020. Madrid, Espa\u00f1a: Instituto Nacional de Estad\u00edstica (INE); 2020."},{"key":"4695_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107908","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.107908","volume":"209","author":"TS Torres","year":"2020","unstructured":"Torres TS, Bastos LS, Kamel L, Bezerra DRB, Fernandes NM, Moreira RI, et al. Do men who have sex with men who report alcohol and illicit drug use before\/during sex (chemsex) present moderate\/high risk for substance use disorders? Drug Alcohol Depend. 2020;209:107908. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.107908.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"4695_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2009.175232","volume":"100","author":"DW Pantalone","year":"2010","unstructured":"Pantalone DW, Bimbi DS, Holder CA, Golub SA, Parsons JT. Consistency and change in club drug use by sexual minority men in new York City, 2002 to 2007. Am J Public Health. 2010;100:1892\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2009.175232.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"4695_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.legalmed.2019.101640","volume":"42","author":"L Anzillotti","year":"2020","unstructured":"Anzillotti L, Cal\u00f2 L, Banchini A, Schirripa ML, Marezza F, Cecchi R. Mephedrone and chemsex: a case report. Leg Med. 2020;42:101640. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.legalmed.2019.101640.","journal-title":"Leg Med"},{"key":"4695_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110743","volume":"321","author":"G Drevin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Drevin G, Rossi L-H, F\u00e9rec S, Briet M, Abbara C. Chemsex\/slamsex-related intoxications: a case report involving gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) and 3-methylmethcathinone (3-MMC) and a review of the literature. Forensic Sci Int. 2021;321:110743. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.forsciint.2021.110743.","journal-title":"Forensic Sci Int"},{"key":"4695_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2875","DOI":"10.1080\/00918369.2023.2266086","volume":"71","author":"J-V Blanc","year":"2024","unstructured":"Blanc J-V, Burdairon J-D, Malandain L, Ferreri F, Mouchabac S, Adrien V. Attachment and mental health of men having sex with men engaging in chemsex: is substance abuse only the tip of the iceberg?? J Homosex. 2024;71:2875\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00918369.2023.2266086.","journal-title":"J Homosex"},{"key":"4695_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2019-054040","volume":"96","author":"O Stevens","year":"2020","unstructured":"Stevens O, Moncrieff M, Gafos M. Chemsex-related drug use and its association with health outcomes in men who have sex with men: a cross-sectional analysis of antidote clinic service data. Sex Transm Infect. 2020;96:124\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/sextrans-2019-054040.","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"key":"4695_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"580","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57060580","volume":"57","author":"S Chiappini","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chiappini S, Mosca A, Miuli A, Santovito MC, Orsolini L, Corkery JM, et al. New psychoactive substances and suicidality: a systematic review of the current literature. Medicina. 2021;57:580. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/medicina57060580.","journal-title":"Medicina"},{"key":"4695_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e868","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(23)00207-4","volume":"8","author":"L Favril","year":"2023","unstructured":"Favril L, Yu R, Geddes JR, Fazel S. Individual-level risk factors for suicide mortality in the general population: an umbrella review. Lancet Public Health. 2023;8:e868\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2468-2667(23)00207-4.","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"key":"4695_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1002\/jad.12308","volume":"96","author":"ER Wallace","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wallace ER, O\u2019Neill S, Lagdon S. Risk and protective factors for suicidality among lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and Queer (LGBTQ+) young people, from countries with a high global acceptance index (GAI), within the context of the socio-ecological model: a scoping review. J Adolesc. 2024;96:897\u2013924. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jad.12308.","journal-title":"J Adolesc"},{"key":"4695_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Vanbaelen T, Rotsaert A, Van Landeghem E, N\u00f6stlinger C, Vuylsteke B, Scheerder G et al. Non-consensual sex and help-seeking behavior among PrEP users in Belgium: findings from an online survey. J Sex Res 2023:1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00224499.2023.2235330","DOI":"10.1080\/00224499.2023.2235330"},{"key":"4695_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2017.1290762","volume":"29","author":"O Ferlatte","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ferlatte O, Salway T, Oliffe JL, Trussler T. Stigma and suicide among gay and bisexual men living with HIV. AIDS Care. 2017;29:1346\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09540121.2017.1290762.","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"4695_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2020.1801982","volume":"33","author":"LA Brown","year":"2021","unstructured":"Brown LA, Majeed I, Mu W, McCann J, Durborow S, Chen S, et al. Suicide risk among persons living with HIV. AIDS Care. 2021;33:616\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09540121.2020.1801982.","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"4695_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-020-01801-z","volume":"50","author":"J-M Guerras","year":"2021","unstructured":"Guerras J-M, Hoyos Miller J, Agust\u00ed C, Chanos S, Pichon F, Kuske M, et al. Association of sexualized drug use patterns with HIV\/STI transmission risk in an internet sample of men who have sex with men from seven European countries. Arch Sex Behav. 2021;50:461\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10508-020-01801-z.","journal-title":"Arch Sex Behav"},{"key":"4695_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1080\/19317611.2022.2045417","volume":"34","author":"A Poulios","year":"2022","unstructured":"Poulios A, Apostolidou A, Triantafyllidou S, Protopapas K, Tapeinos A, Papadopetrakis G, et al. Sexualized drug use and chemsex: their association with sexual health among men who have sex with men living in Greece. Int J Sex Health. 2022;34:450\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19317611.2022.2045417.","journal-title":"Int J Sex Health"},{"key":"4695_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14774","volume":"115","author":"RCA Achterbergh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Achterbergh RCA, De Vries HJC, Boyd A, Davidovich U, Dr\u00fcckler S, Hoornenborg E, et al. Identification and characterization of latent classes based on drug use among men who have sex with men at risk of sexually transmitted infections in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Addiction. 2020;115:121\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/add.14774.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"4695_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1159\/000097942","volume":"13","author":"L Kraus","year":"2007","unstructured":"Kraus L, Augustin R, Kunz-Ebrecht S, Orth B. Drug use patterns and drug-related disorders of cocaine users in a sample of the general population in Germany. Eur Addict Res. 2007;13:116\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1159\/000097942.","journal-title":"Eur Addict Res"},{"key":"4695_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1996.tb01953.x","volume":"20","author":"CS Martin","year":"1996","unstructured":"Martin CS, Kaczynski NA, Maisto SA, Tarter RE. Polydrug use in adolescent drinkers with and without DSM-IV alcohol abuse and dependence. Alcoholism Clin Exp Res. 1996;20:1099\u2013108. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1996.tb01953.x.","journal-title":"Alcoholism Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"4695_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1016\/s0165-6147(02)02086-2","volume":"23","author":"AM Barr","year":"2002","unstructured":"Barr AM, Markou A, Phillips AG. A \u2018crash\u2019course on psychostimulant withdrawal as a model of depression. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2002;23:475\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0165-6147(02)02086-2.","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol Sci"},{"key":"4695_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1080\/1067828X.2017.1420507","volume":"27","author":"KS Walters","year":"2018","unstructured":"Walters KS, Bulmer SM, Troiano PF, Obiaka U, Bonhomme R. Substance use, anxiety, and depressive symptoms among college students. J Child Adolesc Subst Abuse. 2018;27:103\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1067828X.2017.1420507.","journal-title":"J Child Adolesc Subst Abuse"},{"key":"4695_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/s0010-440x(99)90076-7","volume":"40","author":"HD Abraham","year":"1999","unstructured":"Abraham HD, Fava M. Order of onset of substance abuse and depression in a sample of depressed outpatients. Compr Psychiatr. 1999;40:44\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0010-440x(99)90076-7.","journal-title":"Compr Psychiatr"},{"key":"4695_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1274","DOI":"10.1111\/add.14596","volume":"114","author":"P Brenner","year":"2019","unstructured":"Brenner P, Brandt L, Li G, DiBernardo A, Bod\u00e9n R, Reutfors J. Treatment-resistant depression as risk factor for substance use disorders\u2014a nation\u2010wide register\u2010based cohort study. Addiction. 2019;114:1274\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/add.14596.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"4695_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-014-0530-4","volume":"17","author":"MG Nanni","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nanni MG, Caruso R, Mitchell AJ, Meggiolaro E, Grassi L. Depression in HIV infected patients: a review. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2015;17:530. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11920-014-0530-4.","journal-title":"Curr Psychiatry Rep"},{"key":"4695_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1080\/00918369.2017.1317467","volume":"65","author":"WJ Hall","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hall WJ. Psychosocial risk and protective factors for depression among lesbian, gay, bisexual, and Queer youth: a systematic review. J Homosex. 2018;65:263\u2013316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00918369.2017.1317467.","journal-title":"J Homosex"},{"key":"4695_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0275618","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0275618","volume":"17","author":"E Amundsen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Amundsen E, Haugstvedt \u00c5, Skogen V, Berg RC. Health characteristics associated with chemsex among men who have sex with men: results from a cross-sectional clinic survey in Norway. PLoS ONE. 2022;17:e0275618. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0275618.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"4695_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462416651229","volume":"28","author":"A Hegazi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hegazi A, Lee M, Whittaker W, Green S, Simms R, Cutts R, et al. Chemsex and the City: sexualised substance use in gay bisexual and other men who have sex with men attending sexual health clinics. Int J STD AIDS. 2017;28:362\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0956462416651229.","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"4695_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1177\/00220426211040564","volume":"52","author":"AD Scholz-Hehn","year":"2022","unstructured":"Scholz-Hehn AD, Milin S, Schulte B, Reimer J, Buth S, Sch\u00e4fer I. Substance use and chemsex in MSM\u2014a latent class analysis. J Drug Issues. 2022;52:83\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/00220426211040564.","journal-title":"J Drug Issues"}],"container-title":["AIDS and Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10461-025-04695-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10461-025-04695-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10461-025-04695-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,7]],"date-time":"2025-07-07T02:52:28Z","timestamp":1751856748000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10461-025-04695-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,5]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["4695"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-025-04695-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1090-7165","1573-3254"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1090-7165","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-3254","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 March 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 April 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}