{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,11]],"date-time":"2025-09-11T19:10:49Z","timestamp":1757617849020,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745798400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745798400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"CIHR","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["165644"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["165644"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AIDS Behav"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-025-04711-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,27]],"date-time":"2025-04-27T21:14:29Z","timestamp":1745788469000},"page":"2509-2518","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Diagnosis of Learning Disabilities but not Academic Difficulties Alone is Associated with Neurocognitive Impairment in People Living with HIV: Evidence from Clinical Research to Support and Refine the Current HAND Diagnostic Guidelines"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8955-8665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aneeka","family":"Ratnayake","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7711-6373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucette A.","family":"Cysique","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6162-7358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sean B.","family":"Rourke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"4711_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acac026","volume":"37","author":"DP Alfano","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alfano DP, Grummisch JA, Gordon JL, Hadjistavropoulos T. A neuropsychological approach to mild cognitive impairment. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2022;37:873\u201390.","journal-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsychol"},{"key":"4711_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-009-9102-5","volume":"19","author":"SP Woods","year":"2009","unstructured":"Woods SP, Moore DJ, Weber E, Grant I. Cognitive neuropsychology of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Neuropsychol Rev. 2009;19:152\u201368.","journal-title":"Neuropsychol Rev"},{"key":"4711_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000287431.88658.8b","volume":"69","author":"A Antinori","year":"2007","unstructured":"Antinori A, Arendt G, Becker JT, et al. Updated research nosology for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Neurology. 2007;69:1789\u201399.","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"4711_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1159\/000448544","volume":"42","author":"TT Brown","year":"2017","unstructured":"Brown TT, Guaraldi G. Multimorbidity and burden of disease. Interdiscip Top Gerontol Geriatr. 2017;42:59\u201373.","journal-title":"Interdiscip Top Gerontol Geriatr"},{"key":"4711_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1007\/s40200-020-00552-x","volume":"19","author":"M Woldu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Woldu M, Minzi O, Engidawork E. Prevalence of cardiometabolic syndrome in HIV-infected persons: a systematic review. J Diabetes Metab Disord. 2020;19:1671\u201383.","journal-title":"J Diabetes Metab Disord"},{"key":"4711_CR6","first-page":"227","volume":"10","author":"HL Aung","year":"2019","unstructured":"Aung HL, Kootar S, Gates TM, Brew BJ, Cysique LA. How all-type dementia risk factors and modifiable risk interventions May be relevant to the first-generation aging with HIV infection? Eur Geriatr Med. 2019;10:227\u201338.","journal-title":"Eur Geriatr Med"},{"key":"4711_CR7","unstructured":"Association AP. DSM-5 classification. American Psychiatric Association; 2016."},{"key":"4711_CR8","unstructured":"LDAC. Prevalence of Learning Disabilities2007."},{"key":"4711_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.2307\/1602494","volume":"6","author":"GR Lyon","year":"1996","unstructured":"Lyon GR. Learning disabilities. Future Child. 1996;6:54\u201376.","journal-title":"Future Child"},{"key":"4711_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/7854_2021_233","volume":"50","author":"JA Mu\u00f1oz-Moreno","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mu\u00f1oz-Moreno JA, Cysique LA, Rourke SB. Neuropsychiatric disorders, emotional disturbances, and their associations with HIV-Associated neurocognitive disorder. Curr Top Behav Neurosci. 2021;50:347\u201366.","journal-title":"Curr Top Behav Neurosci"},{"key":"4711_CR11","volume-title":"Wechsler adult intelligence scale-revised manual","author":"D Wechsler","year":"1981","unstructured":"Wechsler D. Wechsler adult intelligence scale-revised manual. New York: Psychological Corporation.; 1981. (No Title)."},{"key":"4711_CR12","unstructured":"Heaton RK, Grant I, Matthews CG. Comprehensive norms for an expanded Halstead-Reitan battery: demographic corrections, research findings, and clinical applications. Psychological Assessment Resources; 1991."},{"key":"4711_CR13","unstructured":"Reitan RM. The Halstead-Reitan neuropsychological test battery: therapy and clinical interpretation. No Title); 1985."},{"key":"4711_CR14","unstructured":"Heaton R, Chelune G, Talley J, Kay G, Curtiss G. Wisconsin card sorting test manual: revised and expanded. Odessa: Psychological Assessment Resources. 1993. September (1 of 2) 2006."},{"key":"4711_CR15","unstructured":"Fridlund A, Delis D. California verbal learning test (research edition). The Psychological Corporation; Harcourt Brace Jovanovich 1987."},{"key":"4711_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1080\/00223980.1945.9917223","volume":"19","author":"D Wechsler","year":"1945","unstructured":"Wechsler D. A standardized memory scale for clinical use. J Psychol. 1945;19:87\u201395.","journal-title":"J Psychol"},{"key":"4711_CR17","unstructured":"Kaplan E, Goodglass H, Weintraub S. Boston Naming Test (Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger;).[Google Scholar]. 1983."},{"key":"4711_CR18","unstructured":"Strauss E, Sherman EM, Spreen O. A compendium of neuropsychological tests: administration, norms, and commentary. American chemical society; 2006."},{"key":"4711_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-010-0006-1","volume":"17","author":"RK Heaton","year":"2011","unstructured":"Heaton RK, Franklin DR, Ellis RJ, et al. HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders before and during the era of combination antiretroviral therapy: differences in rates, nature, and predictors. J Neurovirol. 2011;17:3\u201316.","journal-title":"J Neurovirol"},{"key":"4711_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1080\/13803390490510031","volume":"26","author":"CL Carey","year":"2004","unstructured":"Carey CL, Woods SP, Gonzalez R, et al. Predictive validity of global deficit scores in detecting neuropsychological impairment in HIV infection. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2004;26:307\u201319.","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol"},{"key":"4711_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-7358(88)90050-5","volume":"8","author":"AT Beck","year":"1988","unstructured":"Beck AT, Steer RA, Carbin MG. Psychometric properties of the Beck depression inventory: Twenty-five years of evaluation. Clin Psychol Rev. 1988;8:77\u2013100.","journal-title":"Clin Psychol Rev"},{"key":"4711_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2008.06.018","volume":"169","author":"R Richardson-Vejlgaard","year":"2009","unstructured":"Richardson-Vejlgaard R, Dawes S, Heaton RK, Bell MD. Validity of cognitive complaints in substance-abusing patients and non-clinical controls: the patient\u2019s assessment of own functioning inventory (PAOFI). Psychiatry Res. 2009;169:70\u20134.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"4711_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chelune GJ, Heaton RK, Lehman RA. Neuropsychological and personality correlates of patients\u2019 complaints of disability. Advances in clinical neuropsychology. Springer; 1986. pp. 95\u2013126.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-2211-5_4"},{"key":"4711_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1017\/S135561771100141X","volume":"18","author":"K Blackstone","year":"2012","unstructured":"Blackstone K, Moore DJ, Heaton RK, et al. Diagnosing symptomatic HIV-Associated neurocognitive disorders: Self-Report versus Performance-Based assessment of everyday functioning. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2012;18:79\u201388.","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"key":"4711_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awac465","volume":"146","author":"RK Heaton","year":"2023","unstructured":"Heaton RK, Ellis RJ, Tang B, et al. Twelve-year neurocognitive decline in HIV is associated with comorbidities, not age: a CHARTER study. Brain. 2023;146:1121\u201331.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"4711_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e411","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(17)30098-X","volume":"4","author":"K Goodkin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Goodkin K, Miller EN, Cox C, et al. Effect of ageing on neurocognitive function by stage of HIV infection: evidence from the multicenter AIDS cohort study. Lancet HIV. 2017;4:e411\u201322.","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"4711_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001361","volume":"31","author":"Y Lunsky","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lunsky Y, Durbin A, Brown HK, Bansal S, Heifetz M, Antoniou T. Health profiles and associated service use among adults with HIV and intellectual and developmental disabilities. Aids. 2017;31:697\u2013705.","journal-title":"Aids"},{"key":"4711_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.12381","volume":"61","author":"A Durbin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Durbin A, Brown HK, Bansal S, Antoniou T, Jung JKH, Lunsky Y. How HIV affects health and service use for adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities. J Intellect Disabil Res. 2017;61:682\u201396.","journal-title":"J Intellect Disabil Res"},{"key":"4711_CR29","unstructured":"National Academies of Sciences E, Medicine M, Io, et al. Mental disorders and disabilities among Low-Income children. National Academies; 2015."},{"key":"4711_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.185.4.350","volume":"185","author":"S Collishaw","year":"2004","unstructured":"Collishaw S, Maughan B, Pickles A. Affective problems in adults with mild learning disability: the roles of social disadvantage and ill health. Br J Psychiatry. 2004;185:350\u20131.","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"},{"key":"4711_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1352\/1944-7588-114.3.147","volume":"114","author":"SL Hartley","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hartley SL, Maclean WE. Depression in adults with mild intellectual disability: role of stress, attributions, and coping. Am J Intellect Dev Disabil. 2009;114:147\u201360.","journal-title":"Am J Intellect Dev Disabil"},{"key":"4711_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1004","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis975","volume":"56","author":"Assessment","year":"2013","unstructured":"Assessment. diagnosis, and treatment of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder: a consensus report of the Mind exchange program. Clin Infect Dis. 2013;56:1004\u201317.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"4711_CR33","first-page":"316","volume":"32","author":"J Rothlind","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rothlind J, Dukarm P, Kraybill M. Assessment of Self-Awareness of cognitive function: correlations of Self-Ratings with actual performance ranks for tests of processing speed, memory and executive function in Non-Clinical samples. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2017;32:316\u201327.","journal-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsychol"},{"key":"4711_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.05.030","volume":"336","author":"EE Sundermann","year":"2023","unstructured":"Sundermann EE, Tang B, Kim M, Paolillo EW, Heaton RK, Moore RC. Neuropsychiatric predictors of cognitive functioning over a one-year follow-up period in HIV. J Affect Disord. 2023;336:92\u20136.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"4711_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-018-2297-9","volume":"23","author":"DP Sheppard","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sheppard DP, Woods SP, Massman PJ, Gilbert PE. Frequency and correlates of subjective cognitive impairment in HIV disease. AIDS Behav. 2019;23:617\u201326.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"4711_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci14010054","volume":"14","author":"M Belfiori","year":"2024","unstructured":"Belfiori M, Salis F, Demelas G, Mandas A. Association between depressive mood, antidepressant therapy and neuropsychological performances: results from a Cross-Sectional study on elderly patients. Brain Sci. 2024;14:54.","journal-title":"Brain Sci"},{"key":"4711_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2014.00021","volume":"6","author":"NC Santos","year":"2014","unstructured":"Santos NC, Costa PS, Cunha P, et al. Clinical, physical and lifestyle variables and relationship with cognition and mood in aging: a cross-sectional analysis of distinct educational groups. Front Aging Neurosci. 2014;6:21.","journal-title":"Front Aging Neurosci"},{"key":"4711_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814362","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2022.814362","volume":"13","author":"Y Zenebe","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zenebe Y, Necho M, Yimam W, Akele B. Worldwide occurrence of HIV-Associated neurocognitive disorders and its associated factors: A systematic review and Meta-Analysis. Front Psychiatry. 2022;13:814362.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"4711_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101792","volume":"56","author":"HL Aung","year":"2023","unstructured":"Aung HL, Siefried KJ, Gates TM, et al. Meaningful cognitive decline is uncommon in virally suppressed HIV, but sustained impairment, subtle decline and abnormal cognitive aging are not. EClinicalMedicine. 2023;56:101792.","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"}],"container-title":["AIDS and Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10461-025-04711-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10461-025-04711-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10461-025-04711-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,6]],"date-time":"2025-09-06T12:20:30Z","timestamp":1757161230000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10461-025-04711-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["4711"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-025-04711-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1090-7165","1573-3254"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1090-7165"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1573-3254"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"30 March 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 April 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no competing interests to declare.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}},{"value":"This study was reviewed and approved by Unity Health Toronto.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}}]}}