{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T09:20:00Z","timestamp":1784798400678,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746489600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746489600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009633","name":"Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5F31HD108046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5F31HD108046"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009633","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000049","name":"National Institute on Aging","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1T32AG081327"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1T32AG081327"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000049","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AIDS Behav"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-025-04722-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]],"date-time":"2025-05-06T00:32:40Z","timestamp":1746491560000},"page":"2645-2658","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Neighborhood Disadvantage, Syndemic Conditions, and PrEP Non-Adherence in Young Sexual and Gender Minority Men"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3121-2204","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael P.","family":"Williams","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Manjourides","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louisa H.","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Crissi B.","family":"Rainer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Hightow-Weidman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danielle F.","family":"Haley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"4722_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2774","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-016-1656-7","volume":"21","author":"H Clark","year":"2017","unstructured":"Clark H, Babu AS, Wiewel EW, Opoku J, Crepaz N, Diagnosed HIV. Infection in transgender adults and adolescents: results from the National HIV surveillance system, 2009\u20132014. AIDS Behav. 2017;21:2774\u201383.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"4722_CR2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). HIV and Young Men Who Have Sex With Men [Internet]. [cited 2023 Apr 12]. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/healthyyouth\/sexualbehaviors\/pdf\/hiv_factsheet_ymsm.pdf"},{"key":"4722_CR3","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM) [Internet]. Detection of STIs in Special Populations. 2022 [cited 2023 Apr 12]. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/std\/treatment-guidelines\/msm.htm"},{"key":"4722_CR4","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Transgender and Gender Diverse Persons [Internet]. Detection of STIs in Special Populations. 2022 [cited 2023 Apr 12]. Available from: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/std\/treatment-guidelines\/trans.htm"},{"key":"4722_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-011-9944-8","volume":"16","author":"HI Hall","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hall HI, Walker F, Shah D, Belle E. Trends in HIV diagnoses and testing among U.S. Adolescents and young adults. AIDS Behav. 2012;16:36\u201343.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"4722_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(12)70315-8","volume":"13","author":"SD Baral","year":"2013","unstructured":"Baral SD, Poteat T, Str\u00f6mdahl S, Wirtz AL, Guadamuz TE, Beyrer C. Worldwide burden of HIV in transgender women: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2013;13:214\u201322.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"4722_CR7","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HV Surveillance Supplemental Report: Estimated HIV Incidence and Prevalence in the United States, 2018\u20132022. 2024; Available from: https:\/\/stacks.cdc.gov\/view\/cdc\/156513"},{"key":"4722_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)70025-8","volume":"14","author":"SP Buchbinder","year":"2014","unstructured":"Buchbinder SP, Glidden DV, Liu AY, McMahan V, Guanira JV, Mayer KH, et al. HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis in men who have sex with men and transgender women: a secondary analysis of a phase 3 randomised controlled efficacy trial. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014;14:468\u201375.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"4722_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2587","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1011205","volume":"363","author":"RM Grant","year":"2010","unstructured":"Grant RM, Lama JR, Anderson PL, McMahan V, Liu AY, Vargas L, et al. Preexposure chemoprophylaxis for HIV prevention in men who have sex with men. N Engl J Med. 2010;363:2587\u201399.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"4722_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(14)70025-8","volume":"14","author":"SP Buchbinder","year":"2014","unstructured":"Buchbinder SP, Glidden DV, Liu AY, McMahan V, Guanira JV, Mayer KH, et al. Who should be offered HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)? A secondary analysis of a phase 3 PrEP efficacy trial in men who have sex with men and transgender women. Lancet Infect Dis. 2014;14:468\u201375.","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"4722_CR11","unstructured":"Callander D, McManus H, Gray RT, Grulich AE, Carr A, Hoy J et al. HIV treatment-as-prevention and its effect on incidence of HIV among cisgender gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men in Australia: a 10-year longitudinal cohort study. The Lancet HIV [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2023 Apr 17];0. Available from: https:\/\/www.thelancet.com\/journals\/lanhiv\/article\/PIIS2352-3018(23)00050-4\/fulltext"},{"key":"4722_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1080\/17441692.2020.1724317","volume":"15","author":"M Singer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Singer M, Bulled N, Ostrach B. Whither syndemics? Trends in syndemics research, a review 2015\u20132019. Glob Public Health. 2020;15:943\u201355.","journal-title":"Glob Public Health"},{"key":"4722_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30003-X","volume":"389","author":"M Singer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Singer M, Bulled N, Ostrach B, Mendenhall E. Syndemics and the biosocial conception of health. Lancet. 2017;389:941\u201350.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4722_CR14","first-page":"99","volume":"24","author":"M Singer","year":"1996","unstructured":"Singer M. A dose of drugs, a touch of violence, a case of AIDS: conceptualizing the SAVA syndemic. Free Inq Creative Sociol. 1996;24:99\u2013110.","journal-title":"Free Inq Creative Sociol"},{"key":"4722_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1016\/0277-9536(94)90205-4","volume":"39","author":"M Singer","year":"1994","unstructured":"Singer M. Aids and the health crisis of the U.S. Urban poor; the perspective of critical medical anthropology. Soc Sci Med. 1994;39:931\u201348.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"4722_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmph.2019.100519","volume":"10","author":"LM McDaid","year":"2019","unstructured":"McDaid LM, Flowers P, Ferlatte O, McAloney-Kocaman K, Gilbert M, Frankis J. Informing theoretical development of salutogenic, asset-based health improvement to reduce syndemics among gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men: empirical evidence from secondary analysis of multi-national, online cross-sectional surveys. SSM Popul Health. 2019;10:100519.","journal-title":"SSM Popul Health"},{"key":"4722_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S42","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2014.0278","volume":"29","author":"KA Sullivan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sullivan KA, Messer LC, Quinlivan EB. Substance abuse, violence, and HIV\/AIDS (SAVA) syndemic effects on viral suppression among HIV positive women of color. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2015;29:S42\u20138.","journal-title":"AIDS Patient Care STDS"},{"key":"4722_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2015.06.024","volume":"139","author":"AC Tsai","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tsai AC, Burns BFO. Syndemics of psychosocial problems and HIV risk: A systematic review of empirical tests of the disease interaction concept. Soc Sci Med. 2015;139:26\u201335.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"4722_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30403-8","volume":"389","author":"AC Tsai","year":"2017","unstructured":"Tsai AC, Mendenhall E, Trostle JA, Kawachi I. Co-occurring epidemics, syndemics, and population health. Lancet. 2017;389:978\u201382.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4722_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1059","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462416686722","volume":"28","author":"LF Salazar","year":"2017","unstructured":"Salazar LF, Crosby RA, Jones J, Kota K, Hill B, Masyn KE. Contextual, experiential, and behavioral risk factors associated with HIV status: a descriptive analysis of transgender women residing in Atlanta, Georgia. Int J STD AIDS. 2017;28:1059\u201366.","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"4722_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S91","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3181fbc9ec","volume":"55","author":"D Operario","year":"2010","unstructured":"Operario D, Nemoto T. HIV in transgender communities: syndemic dynamics and a need for multicomponent interventions. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2010;55(Suppl 2):S91\u201393.","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"4722_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jana.2009.06.005","volume":"20","author":"JP De Santis","year":"2009","unstructured":"De Santis JP. HIV infection risk factors among male-to-female transgender persons: a review of the literature. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care. 2009;20:362\u201372.","journal-title":"J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care"},{"key":"4722_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000002009","volume":"81","author":"MJ Mimiaga","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mimiaga MJ, Hughto JMW, Biello KB, Santostefano CM, Kuhns LM, Reisner SL, et al. Longitudinal analysis of syndemic psychosocial problems predicting HIV risk behavior among a multicity prospective cohort of sexually active young transgender women in the united States. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2019;81:184\u201392.","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"4722_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2005.03.023","volume":"38","author":"R Garofalo","year":"2006","unstructured":"Garofalo R, Deleon J, Osmer E, Doll M, Harper GW. Overlooked, misunderstood and at-risk: exploring the lives and HIV risk of ethnic minority male-to-female transgender youth. J Adolesc Health. 2006;38:230\u20136.","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"4722_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1089\/lgbt.2019.0025","volume":"6","author":"JR Scheer","year":"2019","unstructured":"Scheer JR, Pachankis JE. Psychosocial syndemic risks surrounding physical health conditions among sexual and gender minority individuals. LGBT Health. 2019;6:377\u201385.","journal-title":"LGBT Health"},{"key":"4722_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-019-02575-9","volume":"24","author":"D Teixeira da Silva","year":"2020","unstructured":"Teixeira da Silva D, Bouris A, Voisin D, Hotton A, Brewer R, Schneider J. Social networks moderate the syndemic effect of psychosocial and structural factors on HIV risk among young black transgender women and men who have sex with men. AIDS Behav. 2020;24:192\u2013205.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"4722_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1037\/hea0000509","volume":"36","author":"JT Parsons","year":"2017","unstructured":"Parsons JT, Millar BM, Moody RL, Starks TJ, Rendina HJ, Grov C. Syndemic conditions and HIV transmission risk behavior among HIV-negative gay and bisexual men in a U.S. National sample. Health Psychol. 2017;36:695\u2013703.","journal-title":"Health Psychol"},{"key":"4722_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2056","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-018-2100-y","volume":"22","author":"JT Parsons","year":"2018","unstructured":"Parsons JT, Antebi-Gruszka N, Millar BM, Cain D, Gurung S. Syndemic conditions, HIV transmission risk behavior, and transactional sex among transgender women. AIDS Behav. 2018;22:2056\u201367.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"4722_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2011.300433","volume":"102","author":"J Brennan","year":"2012","unstructured":"Brennan J, Kuhns LM, Johnson AK, Belzer M, Wilson EC, Garofalo R. Syndemic theory and HIV-Related risk among young transgender women: the role of multiple, Co-Occurring health problems and social marginalization. Am J Public Health. 2012;102:1751\u20137.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"4722_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000724","volume":"17","author":"L Bowleg","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bowleg L, Malekzadeh AN, Mbaba M, Boone CA. Ending the HIV epidemic for all, not just some: structural racism as a fundamental but overlooked Social-Structural determinant of the U.S. HIV epidemic. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2022;17:40\u20135.","journal-title":"Curr Opin HIV AIDS"},{"key":"4722_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-014-9895-2","volume":"91","author":"PA Wilson","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wilson PA, Nanin J, Amesty S, Wallace S, Cherenack EM, Fullilove R. Using syndemic theory to understand vulnerability to HIV infection among black and Latino men in new York City. J Urban Health. 2014;91:983\u201398.","journal-title":"J Urban Health"},{"key":"4722_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000657","volume":"29","author":"MR FRIEDMAN","year":"2015","unstructured":"FRIEDMAN MR, STALL R, PLANKEY M, WEI C, SHOPTAW S, HERRICK A, EFFECTS OF SYNDEMICS ON HIV VIRAL LOAD AND MEDICATION ADHERENCE IN THE MULTICENTER AIDS COHORT STUDY, et al. AIDS. 2015;29:1087\u201396.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"4722_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2015.0328","volume":"30","author":"LM Kuhns","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kuhns LM, Hotton AL, Garofalo R, Muldoon AL, Jaffe K, Bouris A, et al. An index of multiple psychosocial, syndemic conditions is associated with antiretroviral medication adherence among HIV-Positive youth. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2016;30:185\u201392.","journal-title":"AIDS Patient Care STDS"},{"key":"4722_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1080\/08964289.2015.1110560","volume":"42","author":"J Bauermeister","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bauermeister J, Eaton L, Stephenson R. A multilevel analysis of neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage and transactional sex with casual partners among young men who have sex with men living in metro Detroit. Behav Med. 2016;42:197\u2013204.","journal-title":"Behav Med"},{"key":"4722_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e16","DOI":"10.2196\/publichealth.4675","volume":"1","author":"PM Frew","year":"2015","unstructured":"Frew PM, Archibald M, Schamel J, Saint-Victor D, Fox E, Smith-Bankhead N, et al. An integrated service delivery model to identify persons living with HIV and to provide linkage to HIV treatment and care in prioritized neighborhoods: A geotargeted, program outcome study. JMIR Public Health Surveill. 2015;1:e16.","journal-title":"JMIR Public Health Surveill"},{"key":"4722_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1660","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2015.302612","volume":"105","author":"HL Surratt","year":"2015","unstructured":"Surratt HL, Kurtz SP, Levi-Minzi MA, Chen M. Environmental influences on HIV medication adherence: the role of neighborhood disorder. Am J Public Health. 2015;105:1660\u20136.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"4722_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1773","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-014-0459-z","volume":"44","author":"G Phillips","year":"2015","unstructured":"Phillips G, Birkett M, Kuhns L, Hatchel T, Garofalo R, Mustanski B. Neighborhood-level associations with HIV infection among young men who have sex with men in Chicago. Arch Sex Behav. 2015;44:1773\u201386.","journal-title":"Arch Sex Behav"},{"key":"4722_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-008-9438-5","volume":"14","author":"V Frye","year":"2010","unstructured":"Frye V, Koblin B, Chin J, Beard J, Blaney S, Halkitis P, et al. Neighborhood-level correlates of consistent condom use among men who have sex with men: a multi-level analysis. AIDS Behav. 2010;14:974\u201385.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"4722_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9566.2011.01446.x","volume":"34","author":"BC Kelly","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kelly BC, Carpiano RM, Easterbrook A, Parsons JT. Sex and the community: the implications of neighbourhoods and social networks for sexual risk behaviours among urban gay men. Sociol Health Illn. 2012;34:1085\u2013102.","journal-title":"Sociol Health Illn"},{"key":"4722_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0151106","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0151106","volume":"11","author":"SY Kahana","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kahana SY, Jenkins RA, Bruce D, Fernandez MI, Hightow-Weidman LB, Bauermeister JA, et al. Structural determinants of antiretroviral therapy use, HIV care attendance, and viral suppression among adolescents and young adults living with HIV. PLoS ONE. 2016;11:e0151106.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"4722_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2358","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-015-1180-1","volume":"19","author":"JA Bauermeister","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bauermeister JA, Eaton L, Andrzejewski J, Loveluck J, VanHemert W, Pingel ES. Where you live matters: structural correlates of HIV risk behavior among young men who have sex with men in metro Detroit. AIDS Behav. 2015;19:2358\u201369.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"4722_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"776","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462415595319","volume":"27","author":"EG Benotsch","year":"2016","unstructured":"Benotsch EG, Zimmerman RS, Cathers L, Pierce J, McNulty S, Heck T, et al. Non-medical use of prescription drugs and HIV risk behaviour in transgender women in the Mid-Atlantic region of the united States. Int J STD AIDS. 2016;27:776\u201382.","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"4722_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-014-9896-1","volume":"91","author":"A H","year":"2014","unstructured":"H A, S R, E J, S S, K M. Pathways towards risk: syndemic conditions mediate the effect of adversity on HIV risk behaviors among young men who have sex with men (YMSM). J Urban Health. 2014;91:969\u201382.","journal-title":"J Urban Health"},{"key":"4722_CR44","unstructured":"University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Prepared P. Protected, emPowered): Promoting Pre-exposure Prophylaxis (PrEP) Adherence Through a Social Networking, Gamification, and Adherence Support App [Internet]. clinicaltrials.gov; 2022 Oct. Report No.: NCT03320512. Available from: https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT03320512"},{"key":"4722_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e10448","DOI":"10.2196\/10448","volume":"7","author":"S LeGrand","year":"2018","unstructured":"LeGrand S, Knudtson K, Benkeser D, Muessig K, Mcgee A, Sullivan PS, et al. Testing the efficacy of a social networking gamification app to improve Pre-Exposure prophylaxis adherence (P3: prepared, protected, emPowered): Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Res Protoc. 2018;7:e10448.","journal-title":"JMIR Res Protoc"},{"key":"4722_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1812","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-018-2291-2","volume":"23","author":"KR Amico","year":"2019","unstructured":"Amico KR, Miller J, Balthazar C, Serrano PA, Brothers J, Zollweg S, et al. Integrated next step counseling (iNSC) for sexual health and PrEP use among young men who have sex with men: implementation and observations from ATN110\/113. AIDS Behav. 2019;23:1812\u201323.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"4722_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-012-0182-5","volume":"16","author":"R Amico","year":"2012","unstructured":"Amico R, McMahan K, Goicochea V, Vargas P, Marcus L, Grant JL. Supporting study product use and accuracy in self-report in the iPrEx study: next step counseling and neutral assessment. AIDS Behav. 2012;16:1243\u201359.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"4722_CR48","volume-title":"The united States postal service: an American history","author":"United States Postal Service","year":"2020","unstructured":"United States Postal Service. The united States postal service: an American history. Washington D.C.: U.S. Postal Service; 2020."},{"key":"4722_CR49","unstructured":"Bureau UC. ZIP Code Tabulation Areas (ZCTAs) [Internet]. Census.gov. [cited 2023 Dec 7]. Available from: https:\/\/www.census.gov\/programs-surveys\/geography\/guidance\/geo-areas\/zctas.html"},{"key":"4722_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Flanagan BE, Gregory EW, Hallisey EJ, Heitgerd JL, Lewis B. A Social Vulnerability Index for Disaster Management. Journal of Homeland Security and Emergency Management [Internet]. 2011 [cited 2021 Mar 5];8. Available from: https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2202\/1547-7355.1792\/html","DOI":"10.2202\/1547-7355.1792\/html"},{"key":"4722_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-139X(01)00333-0","volume":"30","author":"JG Johnson","year":"2002","unstructured":"Johnson JG, Harris ES, Spitzer RL, Williams JBW. The patient health questionnaire for adolescents: validation of an instrument for the assessment of mental disorders among adolescent primary care patients. J Adolesc Health. 2002;30:196\u2013204.","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"4722_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2008.06.026","volume":"114","author":"K Kroenke","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kroenke K, Strine TW, Spitzer RL, Williams JBW, Berry JT, Mokdad AH. The PHQ-8 as a measure of current depression in the general population. J Affect Disord. 2009;114:163\u201373.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"4722_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1525-1497.2001.016009606.x","volume":"16","author":"K Kroenke","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kroenke K, Spitzer RL, Williams JBW. The PHQ-9. J Gen Intern Med. 2001;16:606\u201313.","journal-title":"J Gen Intern Med"},{"key":"4722_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.10.1092","volume":"166","author":"RL Spitzer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Spitzer RL, Kroenke K, Williams JBW, L\u00f6we B. A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7. Arch Intern Med. 2006;166:1092\u20137.","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"4722_CR55","unstructured":"Humeniuk R, Henry-Edwards S, Ali R, Poznyak V, Monteiro MG, World Health Organization. The Alcohol, Smoking and Substance involvement Screening Test (ASSIST): manual for use in primary care. 2010;68."},{"key":"4722_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-022-00608-y","volume":"19","author":"M Viamonte","year":"2022","unstructured":"Viamonte M, Ghanooni D, Reynolds JM, Grov C, Carrico AW. Running with scissors: a systematic review of substance use and the Pre-exposure prophylaxis care continuum among sexual minority men. Curr HIV\/AIDS Rep. 2022;19:235\u201350.","journal-title":"Curr HIV\/AIDS Rep"},{"key":"4722_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2131","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-022-03948-3","volume":"27","author":"NM Gebru","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gebru NM, Canidate SS, Liu Y, Schaefer SE, Pavila E, Cook RL, et al. Substance use and adherence to HIV Pre-Exposure prophylaxis in studies enrolling men who have sex with men and transgender women: A systematic review. AIDS Behav. 2023;27:2131\u201362.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"4722_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2942","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-020-02845-x","volume":"24","author":"CH Maulsby","year":"2020","unstructured":"Maulsby CH, Ratnayake A, Hesson D, Mugavero MJ, Latkin CA. A scoping review of employment and HIV. AIDS Behav. 2020;24:2942\u201355.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"4722_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.24.2.343","volume":"24","author":"I Kawachi","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kawachi I, Daniels N, Robinson DE. Health disparities by race and class: why both matter. Health Aff. 2005;24:343\u201352.","journal-title":"Health Aff"},{"key":"4722_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(90)92846-A","volume":"336","author":"V Navarro","year":"1990","unstructured":"Navarro V. Race or class versus race and class: mortality differentials in the united States. Lancet. 1990;336:1238\u201340.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4722_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.2190\/672J-1PPF-K6QT-9N7U","volume":"30","author":"N Krieger","year":"2000","unstructured":"Krieger N. Refiguring race: epidemiology, Racialized biology, and biological expressions of race relations. Int J Health Serv. 2000;30:211\u20136.","journal-title":"Int J Health Serv"},{"key":"4722_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-040617-014230","volume":"39","author":"AM Nuru-Jeter","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nuru-Jeter AM, Michaels EK, Thomas MD, Reeves AN, Thorpe RJ, LaVeist TA. Relative roles of race versus socioeconomic position in studies of health inequalities: A matter of interpretation. Annu Rev Public Health. 2018;39:169\u201388.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"key":"4722_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)60899-X","volume":"380","author":"GA Millett","year":"2012","unstructured":"Millett GA, Peterson JL, Flores SA, Hart TA, Jeffries WL, Wilson PA, et al. Comparisons of disparities and risks of HIV infection in black and other men who have sex with men in Canada, UK, and USA: a meta-analysis. Lancet. 2012;380:341\u20138.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4722_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2083","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3282e9a64b","volume":"21","author":"GA Millett","year":"2007","unstructured":"Millett GA, Flores SA, Peterson JL, Bakeman R. Explaining disparities in HIV infection among black and white men who have sex with men: a meta-analysis of HIV risk behaviors. AIDS. 2007;21:2083\u201391.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"4722_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e76878","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0076878","volume":"8","author":"C Wejnert","year":"2013","unstructured":"Wejnert C, Le B, Rose CE, Oster AM, Smith AJ, Zhu J, et al. HIV infection and awareness among men who have sex with men-20 cities, united States, 2008 and 2011. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e76878.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"4722_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e31822542ad","volume":"58","author":"GA Millett","year":"2011","unstructured":"Millett GA, Ding H, Marks G, Jeffries WL, Bingham T, Lauby J, et al. Mistaken assumptions and missed opportunities: correlates of undiagnosed HIV infection among black and Latino men who have sex with men. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2011;58:64\u201371.","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"4722_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S242","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2011.300641","volume":"102","author":"G Ayala","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ayala G, Bingham T, Kim J, Wheeler DP, Millett GA. Modeling the impact of social discrimination and financial hardship on the sexual risk of HIV among Latino and black men who have sex with men. Am J Public Health. 2012;102(Suppl 2):S242\u2013249.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"4722_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0b013e3283471efa","volume":"25","author":"AM Oster","year":"2011","unstructured":"Oster AM, Wiegand RE, Sionean C, Miles IJ, Thomas PE, Melendez-Morales L, et al. Understanding disparities in HIV infection between black and white MSM in the united States. AIDS. 2011;25:1103\u201312.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"4722_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-014-0859-z","volume":"19","author":"K Agot","year":"2015","unstructured":"Agot K, Taylor D, Corneli AL, Wang M, Ambia J, Kashuba ADM, et al. Accuracy of Self-Report and Pill-Count measures of adherence in the FEM-PrEP clinical trial: implications for future HIV-Prevention trials. AIDS Behav. 2015;19:743\u201351.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"4722_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.00721","volume":"10","author":"J Blumenthal","year":"2019","unstructured":"Blumenthal J, Pasipanodya EC, Jain S, Sun S, Ellorin E, Morris S, et al. Comparing Self-Report Pre-Exposure prophylaxis adherence questions to Pharmacologic measures of recent and cumulative Pre-Exposure prophylaxis exposure. Front Pharmacol. 2019;10:721.","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"4722_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1174","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-017-1958-4","volume":"22","author":"Z Baker","year":"2018","unstructured":"Baker Z, Javanbakht M, Mierzwa S, Pavel C, Lally M, Zimet G, et al. Predictors of over-reporting HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) adherence among young men who have sex with men (YMSM) in self-reported vs. biomarker data. AIDS Behav. 2018;22:1174\u201383.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"4722_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"VanderWeele TJ, Knol MJ. A Tutorial on Interaction. Epidemiologic Methods [Internet]. 2014 [cited 2023 Sep 25];3. Available from: https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/em-2013-0005\/html.","DOI":"10.1515\/em-2013-0005"},{"key":"4722_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2018.09.007","volume":"29","author":"JB Ward","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ward JB, Gartner DR, Keyes KM, Fliss MD, McClure ES, Robinson WR. How do we assess a Racial disparity in health? Distribution, interaction, and interpretation in epidemiological studies. Ann Epidemiol. 2019;29:1\u20137.","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"key":"4722_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-9004.2007.00059.x","volume":"2","author":"JB Nezlek","year":"2008","unstructured":"Nezlek JB. An introduction to multilevel modeling for social and personality psychology. Soc Pers Psychol Compass. 2008;2:842\u201360.","journal-title":"Soc Pers Psychol Compass"},{"key":"4722_CR75","unstructured":"Bell BA, Morgan GB, Kromrey JD, Ferron JM. The Impact of Small Cluster Size on Multilevel Models: A Monte Carlo Examination of Two-Level Models with Binary and Continuous Predictors. 2010;11."},{"key":"4722_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.2174\/1570162X16666180730144455","volume":"16","author":"J Jaiswal","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jaiswal J, Griffin M, Singer SN, Greene RE, Acosta ILZ, Kaudeyr SK, et al. Structural barriers to Pre-exposure prophylaxis use among young sexual minority men: the P18 cohort study. Curr HIV Res. 2018;16:237\u201349.","journal-title":"Curr HIV Res"},{"key":"4722_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S73","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2021.04.036","volume":"61","author":"LE Garrison","year":"2021","unstructured":"Garrison LE, Haberer JE. Pre-exposure prophylaxis uptake, adherence, and persistence: A narrative review of interventions in the U.S. Am J Prev Med. 2021;61:S73\u201386.","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"key":"4722_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-020-01295-0","volume":"37","author":"KH Mayer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mayer KH, Agwu A, Malebranche D. Barriers to the wider use of Pre-exposure prophylaxis in the united States: A narrative review. Adv Ther. 2020;37:1778\u2013811.","journal-title":"Adv Ther"},{"key":"4722_CR79","volume":"76","author":"M Antonini","year":"2023","unstructured":"Antonini M, da Silva IE, Elias HC, Gerin L, Oliveira AC, Reis RK. Barriers to Pre-Exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) use for HIV: an integrative review. Rev Bras Enferm 2023;76:e20210963.","journal-title":"Rev Bras Enferm"},{"key":"4722_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3079","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-022-03652-2","volume":"26","author":"I Beesham","year":"2022","unstructured":"Beesham I, Dovel K, Mashele N, Bekker L-G, Gorbach P, Coates TJ, et al. Barriers to oral HIV Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) adherence among pregnant and Post-partum women from cape town, South Africa. AIDS Behav. 2022;26:3079\u201387.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"4722_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-15260-3","volume":"23","author":"R Nabunya","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nabunya R, Karis VMS, Nakanwagi LJ, Mukisa P, Muwanguzi PA. Barriers and facilitators to oral PrEP uptake among high-risk men after HIV testing at workplaces in Uganda: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health. 2023;23:365.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"4722_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-020-00528-9","volume":"17","author":"AJ Siegler","year":"2020","unstructured":"Siegler AJ, Steehler K, Sales JM, Krakower DS. A review of HIV Pre-exposure prophylaxis streamlining strategies. Curr HIV\/AIDS Rep. 2020;17:643\u201353.","journal-title":"Curr HIV\/AIDS Rep"},{"key":"4722_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2022.104102","volume":"154","author":"M Alegr\u00eda","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alegr\u00eda M, Cruz-Gonzalez M, O\u2019Malley IS, Alvarez K, Stein GL, Fuentes L, et al. Role of social determinants in anxiety and depression symptoms during COVID-19: A longitudinal study of adults in North Carolina and Massachusetts. Behav Res Ther. 2022;154:104102.","journal-title":"Behav Res Ther"},{"key":"4722_CR84","unstructured":"Mattocks N. Neighborhood Disorder and Mental Health Outcomes Among a Sample of Baltimore City Residents: The Influence of Urban Parks, Social Cohesion, and Social Control. 2019 [cited 2024 Jul 12]; Available from: https:\/\/archive.hshsl.umaryland.edu\/handle\/10713\/11606"},{"key":"4722_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1007\/s00127-017-1379-8","volume":"52","author":"M Cerd\u00e1","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cerd\u00e1 M, Nandi V, Frye V, Egan JE, Rundle A, Quinn JW, et al. Neighborhood determinants of mood and anxiety disorders among men who have sex with men in new York City. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2017;52:749\u201360.","journal-title":"Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol"},{"key":"4722_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2021.05.002","volume":"138","author":"GJ Musa","year":"2021","unstructured":"Musa GJ, Geronazzo-Alman L, Fan B, Cheslack-Postava K, Bavley R, Wicks J, et al. Neighborhood characteristics and psychiatric disorders in the aftermath of mass trauma: A representative study of new York City public school 4th-12th graders after 9\/11. J Psychiatr Res. 2021;138:584\u201390.","journal-title":"J Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"4722_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1002\/da.22197","volume":"31","author":"M Alegr\u00eda","year":"2014","unstructured":"Alegr\u00eda M, Molina KM, Chen C-N. Neighborhood characteristics and differential risk for depressive and anxiety disorders across Racial\/Ethnic groups in the united States. Depress Anxiety. 2014;31:27\u201337.","journal-title":"Depress Anxiety"},{"key":"4722_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Miller S, Soo CK. Do Neighborhoods Affect Credit Market Decisions of Low-Income Borrowers? Evidence from the Moving to Opportunity Experiment [Internet]. National Bureau of Economic Research; 2018 [cited 2024 May 27]. Available from: https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w25023","DOI":"10.3386\/w25023"},{"key":"4722_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kling JR, Liebman JB, Katz LF. Experimental Analysis of Neighborhood Effects [Internet]. National Bureau of Economic Research; 2005 [cited 2024 May 27]. Available from: https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w11577","DOI":"10.3386\/w11577"},{"key":"4722_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ludwig J, Duncan GJ, Gennetian LA, Katz LF, Kessler RC, Kling JR et al. Long-Term Neighborhood Effects on Low-Income Families: Evidence from Moving to Opportunity [Internet]. National Bureau of Economic Research; 2013 [cited 2024 May 27]. Available from: https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w18772","DOI":"10.3386\/w18772"},{"key":"4722_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chetty R, Hendren N, Katz LF. The Effects of Exposure to Better Neighborhoods on Children: New Evidence from the Moving to Opportunity Experiment [Internet]. National Bureau of Economic Research; 2015 [cited 2024 May 27]. Available from: https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w21156","DOI":"10.3386\/w21156"},{"key":"4722_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chetty R, Friedman JN, Hendren N, Jones MR, Porter SR. The Opportunity Atlas: Mapping the Childhood Roots of Social Mobility [Internet]. National Bureau of Economic Research; 2018 [cited 2024 May 27]. Available from: https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w25147","DOI":"10.3386\/w25147"},{"key":"4722_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Harding DJ, Gennetian L, Winship C, Sanbonmatsu L, Kling JR. Unpacking Neighborhood Influences on Education Outcomes: Setting the Stage for Future Research [Internet]. National Bureau of Economic Research; 2010 [cited 2024 May 27]. Available from: https:\/\/www.nber.org\/papers\/w16055","DOI":"10.3386\/w16055"}],"container-title":["AIDS and Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10461-025-04722-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10461-025-04722-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10461-025-04722-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,6]],"date-time":"2025-09-06T14:19:43Z","timestamp":1757168383000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10461-025-04722-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]]},"references-count":93,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]}},"alternative-id":["4722"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-025-04722-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1090-7165","1573-3254"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1090-7165","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-3254","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 April 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 May 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}