{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]],"date-time":"2025-11-30T09:19:33Z","timestamp":1764494373813,"version":"3.44.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747267200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747267200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RMH081763A"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RMH081763A"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AIDS Behav"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-025-04750-7","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T19:48:30Z","timestamp":1747252110000},"page":"2956-2962","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Impact of a Family Economic Empowerment Intervention on Cultural Gender Norm Beliefs Among HIV-Orphaned Adolescents in Southern Uganda"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Portia B.","family":"Nartey","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vicent","family":"Ssentumbwe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9088-5839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Proscovia","family":"Nabunya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Kizito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mitra","family":"Naseh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fred M.","family":"Ssewamala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]]},"reference":[{"unstructured":"Yeboua K. Gender equality matters for Africa\u2019s development. (224)\u00a0https:\/\/futures.issafrica.org\/blog\/2024\/Gender-equality-matters-for-Africas-development Accessed 7 Aug 2024","key":"4750_CR1"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"UNDP, Human development. Report 2023-24: Breaking the gridlock: reimagining cooperation in a polarized world, New York, 2024. https:\/\/hdr.undp.org\/content\/human-development-report-2023-24","key":"4750_CR2","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.4934148"},{"key":"4750_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jrurstud.2020.01.020","volume":"75","author":"AM Rietveld","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rietveld AM, van der Burg M, Groot JC. Bridging youth and gender studies to analyse rural young women and Men\u2019s livelihood pathways in central Uganda. J Rural Stud. 2020;75:152\u201363.","journal-title":"J Rural Stud"},{"unstructured":"Programme UND. Gender equality strategy 2022\u20132025: Uganda Country Office, 2022. https:\/\/www.undp.org\/sites\/g\/files\/zskgke326\/files\/2023-02\/UNDP%20UGANDA%20Gender%20Equality%20Strategy%202022-2025.pdf","key":"4750_CR4"},{"unstructured":"Mugume R, Atwine B, Mpuuga D. Challenges faced by adolescent girls in urban areas of Uganda and the case for targeted social protection programmes [Policy Brief No. 138]. (2021) https:\/\/socialprotection-pfm.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/GEG-programme-Policy-Brief-138-Adolescent-girl-challenges-2021.pdf","key":"4750_CR5"},{"issue":"2","key":"4750_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15020193","volume":"15","author":"AB Ninsiima","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ninsiima AB, Leye E, Michielsen K, Kemigisha E, Nyakato VN, Coene G. Girls have more challenges; they need to be locked up: a qualitative study of gender norms and the sexuality of young adolescents in Uganda. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(2):193.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"11","key":"4750_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1007\/s10964-022-01651-z","volume":"51","author":"R Ullrich","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ullrich R, Becker M, Scharf J. The development of gender role attitudes during adolescence: effects of sex, socioeconomic background, and cognitive abilities. J Youth Adolesc. 2022;51(11):2114\u201329.","journal-title":"J Youth Adolesc"},{"issue":"2","key":"4750_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1080\/00221325.2021.1873727","volume":"182","author":"P Nabunya","year":"2021","unstructured":"Nabunya P, Curley J, Ssewamala FM. Gender norms, beliefs and academic achievement of orphaned adolescent boys and girls in Uganda. J Genet Psychol. 2021;182(2):89\u2013101.","journal-title":"J Genet Psychol"},{"issue":"10189","key":"4750_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2455","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)30765-2","volume":"393","author":"AM Weber","year":"2019","unstructured":"Weber AM, et al. Gender norms and health: insights from global survey data. Lancet. 2019;393(10189):2455\u201368.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4750_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2017.06.022","volume":"62","author":"A Amin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Amin A, K\u00e5gesten A, Adebayo E, Chandra-Mouli V. Addressing gender socialization and masculinity norms among adolescent boys: policy and programmatic implications. J Adolesc Health. 2018;62:S3\u20135.","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"4750_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e541","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(21)00138-9","volume":"6","author":"S Rice","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rice S, et al. Gender norms and the mental health of boys and young men. Lancet Public Health. 2021;6(8):e541-2.","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hill JP, Lynch ME. The intensification of gender-related role expectations during early adolescence, In:\u00a0Girls at puberty: biological and psychosocial perspectives.\u00a0New York:Springer; 1983. p. 201\u201328.","key":"4750_CR12","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4899-0354-9_10"},{"issue":"2","key":"4750_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1007\/s12147-020-09262-3","volume":"38","author":"M Halimi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Halimi M, Davis SN, Consuegra E. The power of peers? Early adolescent gender typicality, peer relations, and gender role attitudes in Belgium. Gend Issues. 2021;38(2):210\u201337.","journal-title":"Gend Issues"},{"issue":"2","key":"4750_CR14","first-page":"174","volume":"5","author":"B Abuya","year":"2024","unstructured":"Abuya B, Muhia N, Gueye B, Fall NA. The interconnectedness of poverty, child and early pregnancy: the dilemma of education stakeholders in supporting girls\u2019 education in Senegal. Int J Educational Res Social Sci. 2024;5(2):174\u201385.","journal-title":"Int J Educational Res Social Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"4750_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1007\/s10826-023-02533-z","volume":"33","author":"GA Apatinga","year":"2024","unstructured":"Apatinga GA, Amoah HA, Tenkorang EY. Because of cows\u2019: exploring factors influencing child marriage among women in the Bawku West district, Ghana. J Child Fam Stud. 2024;33(1):190\u2013203.","journal-title":"J Child Fam Stud"},{"issue":"4","key":"4750_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.51594\/ijarss.v6i4.1034","volume":"6","author":"KN Kuteesa","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kuteesa KN, Akpuokwe CU, Udeh CA. Gender equity in education: addressing challenges and promoting opportunities for social empowerment. Int J Appl Res Social Sci. 2024;6(4):631\u201341.","journal-title":"Int J Appl Res Social Sci"},{"issue":"7","key":"4750_CR17","first-page":"14","volume":"25","author":"P Nartey","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nartey P, Bahar OS, Nabunya P. A review of the cultural gender norms contributing to gender inequality in Ghana: an ecological systems perspective. J Int Women\u2019s Stud. 2023;25(7):14.","journal-title":"J Int Women\u2019s Stud"},{"unstructured":"UNICEF. Early marriage: child spouses., vol. Innocenti digest. Italy Piazza: ed. Florence; 2001.","key":"4750_CR18"},{"issue":"1","key":"4750_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"06","DOI":"10.1186\/s12905-019-0823-1","volume":"19","author":"B Ahonsi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ahonsi B, et al. Child marriage in Ghana: evidence from a multi-method study, (in eng). BMC Womens Health. 2019;19(1):06. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12905-019-0823-1.","journal-title":"BMC Womens Health"},{"unstructured":"UNICEF. UNFPA-UNICEF Global Programme to end child marriage: 2020 country profiles - Uganda, 2021. https:\/\/www.unicef.org\/media\/111406\/file\/Child-marriage-country-profile-Uganda-2021.pdf","key":"4750_CR20"},{"unstructured":"WHO. Gender and Health. WHO. https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/gender#tab=tab_1\u00a0","key":"4750_CR21"},{"key":"4750_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315288376","volume-title":"Assets and the poor: New American welfare policy","author":"M Sherraden","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sherraden M. Assets and the poor: New American welfare policy. Oxfordshire: Routledge; 2016."},{"issue":"3","key":"4750_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2012-201601","volume":"67","author":"C-K Han","year":"2013","unstructured":"Han C-K, Ssewamala FM, Wang JS-H. Family economic empowerment and mental health among AIDS-affected children living in AIDS-impacted communities: evidence from a randomised evaluation in Southwestern Uganda. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2013;67(3):225\u201330.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Community Health"},{"key":"4750_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2014.07.018","volume":"44","author":"P Nabunya","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nabunya P, Ssewamala FM, Ilic V. Family economic strengthening and parenting stress among caregivers of AIDS-orphaned children: results from a cluster randomized clinical trial in Uganda. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2014;44:417\u201321.","journal-title":"Child Youth Serv Rev"},{"key":"4750_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1007\/s11121-015-0580-9","volume":"17","author":"FM Ssewamala","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ssewamala FM, et al. Applying a family-level economic strengthening intervention to improve education and health-related outcomes of school-going AIDS-orphaned children: lessons from a randomized experiment in Southern Uganda. Prev Sci. 2016;17:134\u201343.","journal-title":"Prev Sci"},{"key":"4750_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2023.01.002","volume":"72","author":"NT Tutlam","year":"2023","unstructured":"Tutlam NT, et al. The impact of family economic empowerment intervention on psychological difficulties and prosocial behavior among AIDS-orphaned children in Southern Uganda. J Adolesc Health. 2023;72:S51\u20138.","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"4750_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00288090","volume":"13","author":"NL Galambos","year":"1985","unstructured":"Galambos NL, Petersen AC, Richards M, Gitelson IB. The attitudes toward women scale for adolescents (AWSA): a study of reliability and validity. Sex Roles. 1985;13(5):343\u201356.","journal-title":"Sex Roles"},{"issue":"2","key":"4750_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1177\/001316448604600221","volume":"46","author":"CG Daugherty","year":"1986","unstructured":"Daugherty CG, Dambrot FH. Reliability of the attitudes toward women scale. Educ Psychol Meas. 1986;46(2):449\u201353.","journal-title":"Educ Psychol Meas"},{"key":"4750_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00289898","volume":"8","author":"JD Yoder","year":"1982","unstructured":"Yoder JD, Rice RW, Adams J, Priest RF, Prince HT. Reliability of the attitudes toward women scale (AWS) and the personal attributes questionnaire (PAQ). Sex Roles. 1982;8:651\u20137.","journal-title":"Sex Roles"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nabunya P et al. Family factors and gender norms as protective factors against sexual Risk-Taking behaviors among adolescent girls in Southern Uganda. Global Social Welf, pp. 1\u201311, 2022.","key":"4750_CR30","DOI":"10.1007\/s40609-022-00237-8"},{"issue":"3","key":"4750_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1177\/0265407594113011","volume":"11","author":"WM Bukowski","year":"1994","unstructured":"Bukowski WM, Hoza B, Boivin M. Measuring friendship quality during pre-and early adolescence: the development and psychometric properties of the friendship qualities scale. J Social Personal Relationships. 1994;11(3):471\u201384.","journal-title":"J Social Personal Relationships"},{"unstructured":"Sports MoEa. UNICEF, U JPOGE (UNJPGE), and U. Aid, National Strategy for Girls\u2019 Education (NSGE) in Uganda (2015\u20132019), Kampala, Uganda, 2013. https:\/\/scorecard.prb.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/National-Strategy-for-Girls%E2%80%99-Education-in-Uganda-2015-2019.pdf","key":"4750_CR32"},{"issue":"5","key":"4750_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e014203","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgh-2023-014203","volume":"9","author":"JK Backman-Levy","year":"2024","unstructured":"Backman-Levy JK, Greene ME. Gender-transformative programmes: a framework for demonstrating evidence of social impact. BMJ Global Health. 2024;9(5):e014203.","journal-title":"BMJ Global Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"4750_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774","DOI":"10.1080\/1369118X.2019.1575447","volume":"22","author":"N Dahya","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dahya N, Dryden-Peterson S, Douhaibi D, Arvisais O. Social support networks, instant messaging, and gender equity in refugee education. Inform Commun Soc. 2019;22(6):774\u201390.","journal-title":"Inform Commun Soc"},{"key":"4750_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"671785","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2021.671785","volume":"12","author":"Y Li","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li Y, et al. Gender differences influence gender equality awareness, self-esteem, and subjective well-being among school-age children in China. Front Psychol. 2022;12:671785.","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kort-Butler L. Social support theory, 2018.","key":"4750_CR36","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118524275.ejdj0066"}],"container-title":["AIDS and Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10461-025-04750-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10461-025-04750-7\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10461-025-04750-7.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]],"date-time":"2025-09-12T03:59:29Z","timestamp":1757649569000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10461-025-04750-7"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]}},"alternative-id":["4750"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-025-04750-7","relation":{},"ISSN":["1090-7165","1573-3254"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"1090-7165"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1573-3254"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 April 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 May 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"All participants provided voluntary written consent (caregivers) and assent (adolescents) prior to study participation. If either party declined to give consent or assent, the participant was not included in the study. The study was approved by the Columbia University Institutional Review Board (IRB-AAAD 2525) and the Uganda National Council for Science and Technology (SS 1540), and the study protocol was registered in the Clinical Trials Database (ID# NCT01180114).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}}]}}