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In all cohorts, participants provided informed consent to participate. In CohMSM and Anza Mapema, participants provided written consent. In HPTN 075, written consent was provided at three sites, and verbal consent at one site to avoid documentation of study participation that could lead to unintended disclosure. Ethics approval for CohMSM was obtained from the National Ethics Committees of Mali (N\u00b02015\/32\/CE\/FMPOS), Burkina Faso (N\u00b02015-3-037), C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire (N\u00b0021\/MSLS\/CNER-dkn) and Togo (N\u00b0008\/2016\/MSPSCAB\/SG\/DPML\/ CBRS). Ethics approval for HPTN 075 was provided by Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI; #2994; Nairobi, Kenya); College of Medicine Research Ethics Committee (COMREC; 07\/15\/1762; Blantyre, Malawi) and Institutional Review Board, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health (00006252; Baltimore, USA); Human Research Ethics Committee, University of Cape Town, Faculty of Health Sciences (#795\/2014; Cape Town, South Africa); Research Ethics Committee (Medical), University of the Witwatersrand Human (Wits HREC Medical; #141105; Johannesburg, South Africa). Additional approval for HPTN 075 was received from the Institutional Review Board, New York State Psychiatric Institute (#6868; New York, USA). Anza Mapema was approved by the Maseno University Ethics Review Committee (MsU\/DrPc\/MUerc\/00104\/14), the Institutional Review Board of the University of Illinois at Chicago (2014\u20130778), and the Human Subjects Division of the University of Washington (48148). All analyses were performed on de-identified data. Ethics approval for this secondary data analysis was obtained from McGill University\u2019s Faculty of Medicine Institutional Review Board (A02-B19-21\u00a0A).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}