{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,21]],"date-time":"2026-01-21T17:18:38Z","timestamp":1769015918671,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]],"date-time":"2025-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757635200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]],"date-time":"2025-09-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1757635200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P01AA029543"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P01AA029543"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K01AA029042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01AA029042"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000027","name":"National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F31AA031440"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F31AA031440"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DA042069"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA042069"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, University of Florida","award":["Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, University of Florida"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Center for Cognitive Aging and Memory, University of Florida"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AIDS Behav"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Prospective memory (PM) deficits are common among people with HIV (PWH) and are linked to poor clinical outcomes. Risk factors for PM deficits in PWH are poorly understood. While cannabis use is associated with worse PM in people without HIV, it is unclear whether this association generalizes to PWH. Three hundred and seven PWH (79% with regular cannabis use) completed the Memory for Intentions Test (MIST). Associations between regular use (vs. no\/minimal lifetime use) and MIST score were evaluated. Among participants with regular use, bivariate associations were evaluated between MIST score and self-reported cumulative 30-day THC dose, use frequency, duration of heaviest lifetime use, age of first use, and use motivation (predominantly-recreational, predominantly-therapeutic, or combined). Confounding was addressed with linear regressions adjusted for age and Wechsler Test of Adult Reading. Cannabis use (vs. non-use) was not significantly associated with MIST score in unadjusted or adjusted models (\u03b2 = \u2212\u00a00.04, 95% CI = \u2212\u00a00.29, 0.21,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.74). After confounder adjustment, no associations between cannabis variables and MIST score reached statistical significance. The largest (albeit nonsignificant) effect in adjusted models was found for use motivation: participants with combined use showed better MIST performance vs. predominantly-recreational use (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.28, 95% \u2212\u00a00.02, 0.57,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.067). Participants reporting predominantly-therapeutic use vs. predominantly-recreational use performed similarly (\u03b2\u2009=\u20090.03, 95% CI = \u2212\u00a00.30, 0.37,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.85). PM was not significantly associated with cannabis use in PWH. Associations between motivation for use and PM in PWH warrant further investigation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-025-04851-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]],"date-time":"2025-09-12T04:04:58Z","timestamp":1757649898000},"page":"107-117","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluating Cross-Sectional Associations Between Cannabis Use and Prospective Memory in People with HIV"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4261-1806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mark K.","family":"Britton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elie","family":"Haddad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yancheng","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric C.","family":"Porges","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalie E.","family":"Chichetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charurut","family":"Somboonwit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gladys E.","family":"Iba\u00f1ez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ronald A.","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert L.","family":"Cook","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"4851_CR1","first-page":"283","volume-title":"Prospective memory: cognitive, neuroscience, developmental, and applied perspectives","author":"M Kliegel","year":"2008","unstructured":"Kliegel M, J\u00e4ger T, Altgassen M, Shum D. Clinical neuropsychology of prospective memory. Prospective memory: cognitive, neuroscience, developmental, and applied perspectives. New York, NY: Taylor & Francis Group\/Lawrence Erlbaum Associates; 2008. pp. 283\u2013308."},{"key":"4851_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1038\/s41582-021-00472-1","volume":"17","author":"JD Henry","year":"2021","unstructured":"Henry JD. Prospective memory impairment in neurological disorders: implications and management. Nat Rev Neurol. 2021;17:297\u2013307.","journal-title":"Nat Rev Neurol"},{"key":"4851_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"858","DOI":"10.1080\/13854046.2017.1373860","volume":"32","author":"G Avci","year":"2018","unstructured":"Avci G, Sheppard DP, Tierney SM, Kordovski VM, Sullivan KL, Woods SP. A systematic review of prospective memory in HIV disease: from the laboratory to daily life. Clin Neuropsychol. 2018;32:858\u201390.","journal-title":"Clin Neuropsychol"},{"key":"4851_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acp046","volume":"24","author":"C Contardo","year":"2009","unstructured":"Contardo C, Black AC, Beauvais J, Dieckhaus K, Rosen MI. Relationship of prospective memory to neuropsychological function and antiretroviral adherence. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2009;24:547\u201354.","journal-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsychol"},{"key":"4851_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jana.2016.03.006","volume":"27","author":"DP Sheppard","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sheppard DP, Weber E, Casaletto KB, Avci G, Woods SP, Grant I, et al. Pill burden influences the association between Time-Based prospective memory and antiretroviral therapy adherence in younger but not older HIV-Infected adults. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care. 2016;27:595\u2013607.","journal-title":"J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care"},{"key":"4851_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617712001051","volume":"19","author":"AJ Poquette","year":"2013","unstructured":"Poquette AJ, Moore DJ, Gouaux B, Morgan EE, Grant I, Woods SP, et al. Prospective memory and antiretroviral medication non-adherence in HIV: an analysis of ongoing task delay length using the memory for intentions screening test. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2013;19:155\u201361.","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"key":"4851_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617708090012","volume":"15","author":"SP Woods","year":"2009","unstructured":"Woods SP, Dawson MS, Weber E, Gibson S, Grant I, Atkinson JH, et al. Timing is everything: antiretroviral nonadherence is associated with impairment in time-based prospective memory. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2009;15:42\u201352.","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"key":"4851_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.1080\/13803390903130737","volume":"32","author":"SP Woods","year":"2010","unstructured":"Woods SP, Dawson MS, Weber E, Grant I, The Hiv Neurobehavioral Research Ce. The semantic relatedness of cue\u2013intention pairings influences event-based prospective memory failures in older adults with HIV infection. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2010;32:398\u2013407.","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol"},{"key":"4851_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1037\/0894-4105.22.1.110","volume":"22","author":"SP Woods","year":"2008","unstructured":"Woods SP, Iudicello JE, Moran LM, Carey CL, Dawson MS, Grant I, et al. HIV-associated prospective memory impairment increases risk of dependence in everyday functioning. Neuropsychology. 2008;22:110\u20137.","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"4851_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"909","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000180","volume":"29","author":"KL Doyle","year":"2015","unstructured":"Doyle KL, Weber E, Morgan EE, Loft S, Cushman C, Villalobos J, et al. Habitual prospective memory in HIV disease. Neuropsychology. 2015;29:909\u201318.","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"4851_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2309","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-011-0121-x","volume":"16","author":"K Doyle","year":"2012","unstructured":"Doyle K, Weber E, Atkinson JH, Grant I, Woods SP, Aging. Prospective memory, and Health-Related quality of life in HIV infection. AIDS Behav. 2012;16:2309\u201318.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"4851_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990.2017.1306746","volume":"44","author":"DA Nader","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nader DA, Sanchez ZM. Effects of regular cannabis use on neurocognition, brain structure, and function: a systematic review of findings in adults. Am J Drug Alcohol Abus. 2018;44:4\u201318.","journal-title":"Am J Drug Alcohol Abus"},{"key":"4851_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.2174\/1874473710801010081","volume":"1","author":"N Solowij","year":"2008","unstructured":"Solowij N, Battisti R. The chronic effects of cannabis on memory in humans: a review. CDAR. 2008;1:81\u201398.","journal-title":"CDAR"},{"key":"4851_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881109106909","volume":"24","author":"J Bartholomew","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bartholomew J, Holroyd S, Heffernan TM. Does cannabis use affect prospective memory in young adults? J Psychopharmacol. 2010;24:241\u20136.","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"4851_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881109359101","volume":"25","author":"F Hadjiefthyvoulou","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hadjiefthyvoulou F, Fisk JE, Montgomery C, Bridges N. Everyday and prospective memory deficits in ecstasy\/polydrug users. J Psychopharmacol. 2011;25:453\u201364.","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"4851_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881107084000","volume":"22","author":"J Fisk","year":"2008","unstructured":"Fisk J, Montgomery C. Real-world memory and executive processes in cannabis users and non-users. J Psychopharmacol. 2008;22:727\u201336.","journal-title":"J Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"4851_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.1273","volume":"27","author":"C Montgomery","year":"2012","unstructured":"Montgomery C, Seddon AL, Fisk JE, Murphy PN, Jansari A. Cannabis-related deficits in real\u2010world memory. Human Psychopharmacol. 2012;27:217\u201325.","journal-title":"Human Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"4851_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-9536.2011.00011.x","volume":"63","author":"J Ciorciari","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ciorciari J, Marotte A. Implications of MDMA use for prospective memory function and substance use patterns in an Australian sample: A web-based pilot study. Australian J Psychol. 2011;63:142\u20139.","journal-title":"Australian J Psychol"},{"key":"4851_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1002\/hup.941","volume":"23","author":"S McHale","year":"2008","unstructured":"McHale S, Hunt N. Executive function deficits in short-term abstinent cannabis users. Human Psychopharmacol. 2008;23:409\u201315.","journal-title":"Human Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"4851_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1252","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awg143","volume":"126","author":"L Iversen","year":"2003","unstructured":"Iversen L. Cannabis and the brain. Brain. 2003;126:1252\u201370.","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"4851_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2011.82","volume":"17","author":"J Hirvonen","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hirvonen J, Goodwin RS, Li C-T, Terry GE, Zoghbi SS, Morse C, et al. Reversible and regionally selective downregulation of brain cannabinoid CB1 receptors in chronic daily cannabis smokers. Mol Psychiatry. 2012;17:642\u20139.","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"key":"4851_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000004","volume":"28","author":"DT Gallagher","year":"2014","unstructured":"Gallagher DT, Hadjiefthyvoulou F, Fisk JE, Montgomery C, Robinson SJ, Judge J. Prospective memory deficits in illicit polydrug users are associated with the average long-term typical dose of ecstasy typically consumed in a single session. Neuropsychology. 2014;28:43\u201354.","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"4851_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e36820","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0036820","volume":"7","author":"C Cuttler","year":"2012","unstructured":"Cuttler C, McLaughlin RJ, Graf P. Mechanisms underlying the link between cannabis use and prospective memory. PLoS ONE. 2012;7:e36820.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"4851_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2018.00097","volume":"9","author":"R Braidwood","year":"2018","unstructured":"Braidwood R, Mansell S, Waldron J, Rendell PG, Kamboj SK, Curran HV. Non-Dependent and dependent daily cannabis users differ in mental health but not prospective memory ability. Front Psychiatry. 2018;9:97.","journal-title":"Front Psychiatry"},{"key":"4851_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291715001646","volume":"46","author":"T Schoeler","year":"2016","unstructured":"Schoeler T, Kambeitz J, Behlke I, Murray R, Bhattacharyya S. The effects of cannabis on memory function in users with and without a psychotic disorder: findings from a combined meta-analysis. Psychol Med. 2016;46:177\u201388.","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"key":"4851_CR26","first-page":"229","volume":"43","author":"JM Arana","year":"2011","unstructured":"Arana JM, Blanco C, Meil\u00e1n JJG, P\u00e9rez E, Carro J, Gordillo F. The impact of Poly drug use on several prospective memory measures in a sample of university students. Revista Latinoam De Psicolog\u00eda. 2011;43:229\u201340.","journal-title":"Revista Latinoam De Psicolog\u00eda"},{"key":"4851_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8068","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-35217-1","volume":"13","author":"C Cuttler","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cuttler C, Petrucci AS, LaFrance EM. Cognitive test performance in chronic cannabis flower users, concentrate users, and non-users. Sci Rep. 2023;13:8068.","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"4851_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1172","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.9.1172","volume":"287","author":"HG Pope","year":"2002","unstructured":"Pope HG. Cannabis, cognition, and residual confounding. JAMA. 2002;287:1172.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"4851_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2021.1874274","volume":"33","author":"HM Crane","year":"2021","unstructured":"Crane HM, Nance RM, Whitney BM, Ruderman S, Tsui JI, Chander G, et al. Drug and alcohol use among people living with HIV in care in the United States by geographic region. AIDS Care. 2021;33:1569\u201376.","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"4851_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1521\/aeap.2018.30.2.169","volume":"30","author":"LR Pacek","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pacek LR, Towe SL, Hobkirk AL, Nash D, Goodwin RD. Frequency of cannabis use and medical cannabis use among persons living with HIV in the united states: findings from a nationally representative sample. AIDS Educ Prev. 2018;30:169\u201381.","journal-title":"AIDS Educ Prev"},{"key":"4851_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1007\/s11904-024-00698-w","volume":"21","author":"SM Ayoub","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ayoub SM, Holloway BM, Miranda AH, Roberts BZ, Young JW, Minassian A, et al. The impact of cannabis use on cognition in people with HIV: evidence of function-dependent effects and mechanisms from clinical and preclinical studies. Curr HIV AIDS Rep. 2024;21:87\u2013115.","journal-title":"Curr HIV AIDS Rep"},{"key":"4851_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1007\/s11481-020-09921-y","volume":"15","author":"SL Towe","year":"2020","unstructured":"Towe SL, Meade CS, Cloak CC, Bell RP, Baptiste J, Chang L. Reciprocal influences of HIV and cannabinoids on the brain and cognitive function. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 2020;15:765\u201379.","journal-title":"J Neuroimmune Pharmacol"},{"key":"4851_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3401","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-023-04056-6","volume":"27","author":"CW-M Watson","year":"2023","unstructured":"Watson CW-M, Sundermann E, Helm J, Paolillo EW, Hong S, Ellis RJ, et al. A longitudinal study of cannabis use and risk for cognitive and functional decline among older adults with HIV. AIDS Behav. 2023;27:3401\u201313.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"4851_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617714000435","volume":"20","author":"SP Woods","year":"2014","unstructured":"Woods SP, Doyle KL, Morgan EE, Naar-King S, Outlaw AY, Nichols SL, et al. Task importance affects Event-Based prospective memory performance in adults with HIV-Associated neurocognitive disorders and HIV-Infected young adults with problematic substance use. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2014;20:652\u201362.","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"key":"4851_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2022.0144","volume":"40","author":"S Laper","year":"2024","unstructured":"Laper S, Hileman CO, Block G, Erlandson KM, Krsak M. Perceived risks and benefits and frequency of cannabis use among people with HIV in different legal environments. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses. 2024;40:293\u2013300.","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"key":"4851_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e37153","DOI":"10.2196\/37153","volume":"11","author":"AB Algarin","year":"2022","unstructured":"Algarin AB, Plazarte GN, Sovich KR, Seeger SD, Li Y, Cohen RA, et al. Marijuana use and health outcomes in persons living with HIV: protocol for the marijuana associated planning and long-term effects (MAPLE) longitudinal cohort study. JMIR Res Protoc. 2022;11:e37153.","journal-title":"JMIR Res Protoc"},{"key":"4851_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-020-02687-z","volume":"30","author":"AB Algarin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Algarin AB, Li Y, Cohen RA, Cook CL, Brumback B, Cook RL, et al. HIV-related stigma and life goals among people living with HIV (PLWH) in Florida. Qual Life Res. 2021;30:781\u20139.","journal-title":"Qual Life Res"},{"key":"4851_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2024.111354","volume":"261","author":"MK Britton","year":"2024","unstructured":"Britton MK, DeFelice J, Porges EC, Cohen R, Li Y, Wang Y, et al. Association between cannabis use disorder and greater apathy in adults with HIV. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2024;261:111354.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"4851_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-024-04508-7","volume":"29","author":"MK Britton","year":"2025","unstructured":"Britton MK, Lembo M, Li Y, Porges EC, Cook RL, Cohen RA, et al. HIV stigma is associated with two-year decline in cognitive performance among people with HIV. AIDS Behav. 2025;29:90\u2013100.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"4851_CR40","first-page":"100374","volume":"14","author":"Y Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu Y, Richards VL, Gebru NM, Spencer EC, Cook RL. Associations amongst form of cocaine used (powder vs crack vs both) and HIV-related outcomes. Addict Behav Rep. 2021;14:100374.","journal-title":"Addict Behav Rep"},{"key":"4851_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104746","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104746","volume":"27","author":"JB Moran","year":"2025","unstructured":"Moran JB, Arnold-Tolbert M, Cook RL, Boissoneault J, Varma DS, Wang Y, et al. Mixed evidence for the relationship between HIV stigma and pain in two studies of people with HIV in Florida. J Pain. 2025;27:104746.","journal-title":"J Pain"},{"key":"4851_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990.2023.2176234","volume":"49","author":"CE Parisi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Parisi CE, Wang Y, Varma DS, Vaddiparti K, Iba\u00f1ez GE, Cruz Carrillo L, et al. Changes in frequency of cannabis use among people with HIV during the COVID-19 pandemic: a multi-methods study to explore the underlying reasons for change. Am J Drug Alcohol Abus. 2023;49:470\u201380.","journal-title":"Am J Drug Alcohol Abus"},{"key":"4851_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.26828\/cannabis\/2021.01.002","volume":"4","author":"R Sajdeya","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sajdeya R, Joseph V, Setten N, Iba\u00f1ez G, Wang Y, Powell L, et al. Reasons for marijuana use and its perceived effectiveness in therapeutic and recreational marijuana users among people living with HIV in Florida. Cannabis. 2021;4:40\u201352.","journal-title":"Cannabis"},{"key":"4851_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"108770","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2021.108770","volume":"225","author":"Y Wang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wang Y, Iba\u00f1ez GE, Vaddiparti K, Stetten NE, Sajdeya R, Porges EC, et al. Change in marijuana use and its associated factors among persons living with HIV (PLWH) during the COVID-19 pandemic: findings from a prospective cohort. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2021;225:108770.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"4851_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.03.14.25323993","author":"DD Porchia","year":"2025","unstructured":"Porchia DD, Li Y, Iba\u00f1ez G, Plazarte G, Joseph V, Porges EC, et al. Assessing the frequency, quantity, and heavy use patterns of marijuana flower among adults with HIV in Florida. medRxiv. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2025.03.14.25323993.","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"4851_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/2025.03.14.25323995","author":"DD Porchia","year":"2025","unstructured":"Porchia DD, Li Y, Truver M, Goldberger B, Porges EC, Wang Y, et al. Gender differences in correlations of self-reported marijuana use with a creatinine-normalized urine biomarker among persons with HIV. MedRxiv. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2025.03.14.25323995","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"key":"4851_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-1781(89)90047-4","volume":"28","author":"DJ Buysse","year":"1989","unstructured":"Buysse DJ, Reynolds CF, Monk TH, Berman SR, Kupfer DJ. The Pittsburgh sleep quality index: a new instrument for psychiatric practice and research. Psychiatry Res. 1989;28:193\u2013213.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res"},{"key":"4851_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2008.06.026","volume":"114","author":"K Kroenke","year":"2009","unstructured":"Kroenke K, Strine TW, Spitzer RL, Williams JBW, Berry JT, Mokdad AH. The PHQ-8 as a measure of current depression in the general population. J Affect Disord. 2009;114:163\u201373.","journal-title":"J Affect Disord"},{"key":"4851_CR49","volume-title":"AUDIT: the alcohol use disorders identification test","author":"TF Babor","year":"2001","unstructured":"Babor TF, Higgins-Biddle JC, Saunders JB, Monteiro MG. AUDIT: the alcohol use disorders identification test. 2nd ed. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2001.","edition":"2"},{"key":"4851_CR50","first-page":"109","volume":"3","author":"LB Cottler","year":"1993","unstructured":"Cottler LB, Compton WM. Advantages of the CIDI family of instruments in epidemiological research of substance use disorders. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res. 1993;3:109\u201319.","journal-title":"Int J Methods Psychiatr Res"},{"key":"4851_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4612-0357-5_3","volume-title":"Measuring alcohol consumption","author":"LC Sobell","year":"1992","unstructured":"Sobell LC, Sobell MB. Timeline Follow-Back. In: Litten RZ, Allen JP, editors. Measuring alcohol consumption. Totowa, NJ: Humana; 1992. pp. 41\u201372."},{"key":"4851_CR52","first-page":"603","volume":"6","author":"MA ElSohly","year":"2021","unstructured":"ElSohly MA, Chandra S, Radwan M, Majumdar CG, Church JC. A comprehensive review of cannabis potency in the united States in the last decade. Biol Psychiatry: Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging. 2021;6:603\u20136.","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry: Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging"},{"key":"4851_CR53","unstructured":"National Institute on Drug Abuse. Cannabis potency data [Internet]. 2024.\u00a0https:\/\/nida.nih.gov\/research\/research-data-measures-resources\/cannabis-potency-data"},{"key":"4851_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1375\/brim.10.1.23","volume":"10","author":"SA Raskin","year":"2009","unstructured":"Raskin SA. Memory for intentions screening test: psychometric properties and clinical evidence. Brain Impair. 2009;10:23\u201333.","journal-title":"Brain Impair"},{"key":"4851_CR55","volume-title":"Memory for intentions test professional manual","author":"SA Raskin","year":"2010","unstructured":"Raskin SA, Buckheit C, Sherrod C. Memory for intentions test professional manual. Lutz, Florida: Psychological Assessment Resources; 2010."},{"key":"4851_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acz009","volume":"34","author":"MA Babicz","year":"2019","unstructured":"Babicz MA, Sullivan KL, Weinborn M, Bucks RS, Ng A, Hodgson E, et al. Does the key task measure prospective memory?? Cautionary findings from parallel studies in HIV disease and older adults. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2019;34:1438\u201344.","journal-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsychol"},{"key":"4851_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1080\/13854040701595999","volume":"22","author":"SP Woods","year":"2008","unstructured":"Woods SP, Moran LM, Dawson MS, Carey CL, Grant I. Hiv neurobehavioral research center T. Psychometric characteristics of the memory for intentions screening test. Clin Neuropsychol. 2008;22:864\u201378.","journal-title":"Clin Neuropsychol"},{"key":"4851_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1080\/13803395.2017.1371280","volume":"40","author":"SA Raskin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Raskin SA, Shum DHK, Ellis J, Pereira A, Mills G. A comparison of laboratory, clinical, and self-report measures of prospective memory in healthy adults and individuals with brain injury. J Clin Exp Neuropsychol. 2018;40:423\u201336.","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Neuropsychol"},{"key":"4851_CR59","unstructured":"Wechsler D. Wechsler test of adult reading. Psychological Corporation; 2001."},{"key":"4851_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355617702813157","volume":"8","author":"JJ Manly","year":"2002","unstructured":"Manly JJ, Jacobs DM, Touradji P, Small SA, Stern Y. Reading level attenuates differences in neuropsychological test performance between African American and white elders. J Int Neuropsychol Soc. 2002;8:341\u20138.","journal-title":"J Int Neuropsychol Soc"},{"key":"4851_CR61","unstructured":"R Core Team. R: a language and environment for statistical computing. [Programming language]. Vienna, Austria: R foundation for statistical computing. 2022.\u00a0https:\/\/www.R-project.org"},{"key":"4851_CR62","unstructured":"Greifer Ncobalt. Covariate balance tables and plots [R package]. 2023.\u00a0https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=cobalt"},{"key":"4851_CR63","unstructured":"Revelle W. psych: procedures for psychological, psychometric, and personality research [R package]. Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University; 2025. https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=psych"},{"key":"4851_CR64","unstructured":"Kassambara A. rstatix. Pipe-friendly framework for basic statistical tests [R package]. 2023. https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=rstatix"},{"key":"4851_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.32614\/RJ-2021-053","volume":"13","author":"DD Sjoberg","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sjoberg DD, Whiting K, Curry M, Lavery JA, Larmarange J. Reproducible summary tables with the Gtsummary package. R J. 2021;13:570.","journal-title":"R J"},{"key":"4851_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2445","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.02445","volume":"5","author":"D L\u00fcdecke","year":"2020","unstructured":"L\u00fcdecke D, Ben-Shachar M, Patil I, Makowski D, Extracting. Computing and exploring the parameters of statistical models using R. JOSS. 2020;5:2445.","journal-title":"JOSS"},{"key":"4851_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-985X.2007.00527.x","volume":"171","author":"K Imai","year":"2008","unstructured":"Imai K, King G, Stuart EA. Misunderstandings between experimentalists and observationalists about causal inference. J Royal Stat Soc Ser A: Stat Soc. 2008;171:481\u2013502.","journal-title":"J Royal Stat Soc Ser A: Stat Soc"},{"key":"4851_CR68","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"J Cohen","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cohen J. Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Routledge; 1988.","edition":"2"},{"key":"4851_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1080\/17470218.2015.1023734","volume":"69","author":"L Palermo","year":"2016","unstructured":"Palermo L, Cinelli MC, Piccardi L, Ciurli P, Incoccia C, Zompanti L, et al. Women outperform men in remembering to remember. Q J Experimental Psychol. 2016;69:65\u201374.","journal-title":"Q J Experimental Psychol"},{"key":"4851_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1007\/s11011-012-9311-0","volume":"27","author":"J Hoare","year":"2012","unstructured":"Hoare J, Westgarth-Taylor J, Fouche J-P, Spottiswoode B, Robert P, Thomas K, et al. A diffusion tensor imaging and neuropsychological study of prospective memory impairment in South African HIV positive individuals. Metab Brain Dis. 2012;27:289\u201397.","journal-title":"Metab Brain Dis"},{"key":"4851_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2016.77.515","volume":"77","author":"NL Cohen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cohen NL, Heinz AJ, Ilgen M, Bonn-Miller MO, Pain. Cannabis species, and cannabis use disorders. J Stud Alcohol Drugs. 2016;77:515\u201320.","journal-title":"J Stud Alcohol Drugs"},{"key":"4851_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.10.025","volume":"170","author":"SE Lankenau","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lankenau SE, Fedorova EV, Reed M, Schrager SM, Iverson E, Wong CF. Marijuana practices and patterns of use among young adult medical marijuana patients and non-patient marijuana users. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2017;170:181\u20138.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"4851_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1093\/arclin\/acu061","volume":"29","author":"KB Casaletto","year":"2014","unstructured":"Casaletto KB, Doyle KL, Weber E, Woods SP, Heaton RK, Grant I, et al. Self-Predictions of prospective memory in HIV-Associated neurocognitive disorders: evidence of a metamemory deficit. Arch Clin Neuropsychol. 2014;29:818\u201327.","journal-title":"Arch Clin Neuropsychol"},{"key":"4851_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e2220","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.2220","volume":"11","author":"A Feinstein","year":"2021","unstructured":"Feinstein A, Meza C, Stefan C, Staines WR. Impaired awareness: why people with multiple sclerosis continue using cannabis despite evidence to the contrary. Brain Behav. 2021;11:e2220.","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"key":"4851_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2009.06.004","volume":"13","author":"RZ Goldstein","year":"2009","unstructured":"Goldstein RZ, Craig AD, Bechara A, Garavan H, Childress AR, Paulus MP, et al. The neurocircuitry of impaired insight in drug addiction. Trends Cognit Sci. 2009;13:372\u201380.","journal-title":"Trends Cognit Sci"}],"container-title":["AIDS and Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10461-025-04851-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10461-025-04851-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10461-025-04851-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T12:02:22Z","timestamp":1768824142000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10461-025-04851-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["4851"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-025-04851-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1090-7165","1573-3254"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1090-7165","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-3254","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"23 July 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 September 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors report no financial or non-financial competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"The study was approved by the Institutional Review Boards of the University of Florida (201702654), Florida International University (201702654-IAA), and Florida Department of Health (2018-12UF-UF). All procedures conformed to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}},{"value":"All participants provided written informed consent.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed\u00a0Consent"}}]}}