{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T10:30:59Z","timestamp":1792146659079,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761609600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761609600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016145","name":"Ministerio de Sanidad, Consumo y Bienestar Social","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EC11-204"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EC11-204"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016145","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Pacto Social por la No Discriminaci\u00f3n y la Igualdad de Trato Asociada al VIH"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AIDS Behav"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-025-04883-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T14:57:45Z","timestamp":1761663465000},"page":"876-884","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["HIV-Related Public Stigma in Spain: Changes in Beliefs and Attitudes Among the General Population Between 2008 and 2021"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Paule","family":"Gonzalez-Recio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9","family":"Fuster-RuizdeApodaca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Iniesta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"Prats","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Koerting","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reyes","family":"Velayos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"del Amo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"4883_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13033-022-00527-w","volume":"16","author":"B Armoon","year":"2022","unstructured":"Armoon B, Fleury M-J, Bayat A-H, Fakhri Y, Higgs P, Moghaddam LF, et al. Hiv related stigma associated with social support, alcohol use disorders, depression, anxiety, and suicidal ideation among people living with HIV: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Ment Health Syst. 2022;16(1):17. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13033-022-00527-w.","journal-title":"Int J Ment Health Syst"},{"key":"4883_CR2","unstructured":"Azad Y. HIV-related stigma and discrimination: the challenge. Ministry of Health; 2024. www.sanidad.gob.es\/en\/ciudadanos\/enfLesiones\/enfTransmisibles\/sida\/VIHyDerechosHumanos\/docs\/EU_Presidency_Technical_document_HIV_Stima_Discrimination.pdf."},{"issue":"3","key":"4883_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1080\/19317611.2013.853720","volume":"26","author":"RC Berg","year":"2014","unstructured":"Berg RC, Ross MW. The second closet: a qualitative study of HIV stigma among seropositive gay men in a Southern U.S. city. Int J Sex Health. 2014;26(3):186\u201399. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19317611.2013.853720.","journal-title":"Int J Sex Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"4883_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/01973533.2012.746147","volume":"35","author":"AER Bos","year":"2013","unstructured":"Bos AER, Pryor JB, Reeder GD, Stutterheim SE. Stigma: advances in theory and research. Basic Appl Soc Psychol. 2013;35(1):1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/01973533.2012.746147.","journal-title":"Basic Appl Soc Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"4883_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001011","volume":"72","author":"BT Chan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chan BT, Tsai AC. HIV stigma trends in the general population during antiretroviral treatment expansion: analysis of 31 countries in sub-Saharan Africa, 2003\u20132013. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2016;72(5):558\u201364. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001011.","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"2","key":"4883_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.10.020420","volume":"10","author":"BT Chan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chan BT, Chakrapani V, Tsai AC. HIV-related stigma trends in the general population of India during an era of antiretroviral treatment expansion, 2005-16. J Glob Health. 2020;10(2):020420. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7189\/jogh.10.020420.","journal-title":"J Glob Health"},{"issue":"S4","key":"4883_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S335","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2022.306738","volume":"112","author":"SK Dale","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dale SK, Ayala G, Logie CH, Bowleg L. Addressing HIV-Related intersectional stigma and discrimination to improve public health outcomes: an AJPH supplement. Am J Public Health. 2022;112(S4):S335\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2022.306738.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"4883_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1356430","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1356430","volume":"12","author":"ZG Dessie","year":"2024","unstructured":"Dessie ZG, Zewotir T. HIV-related stigma and associated factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Public Health. 2024;12:1356430. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1356430.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"4883_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/sjp.2013.52","volume":"16","author":"MJ Fuster","year":"2013","unstructured":"Fuster MJ, Molero F, de Montes LG, Agirrezabal A, Vitoria A. HIV- and AIDS-related stigma: psychosocial aspects in a representative Spanish sample. Span J Psychol. 2013;16:E30. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/sjp.2013.52.","journal-title":"Span J Psychol"},{"key":"4883_CR10","volume-title":"Experiencia de Estigma de Las personas Con El VIH En Espa\u00f1a","author":"MJ Fuster","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fuster MJ, Prats-Silvestre C, Iniesta C, Koerting A, Velayos R, Del Amo J. Experiencia de Estigma de Las personas Con El VIH En Espa\u00f1a. Madrid: Ministerio de Sanidad, Coordinadora Estatal de VIH y Sida y Universidad de Alcal\u00e1; 2024."},{"issue":"Sup1","key":"4883_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S41","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2014.906557","volume":"26","author":"MJ Fuster-Ruizdeapodaca","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fuster-Ruizdeapodaca MJ, Molero F, Gil de Montes L, Agirrezabal A, Toledo J, Jaen A. Evolution of HIV-related stigma in Spain between 2008 and 2012. AIDS Care. 2014;26(Sup1):S41\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09540121.2014.906557.","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"4883_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1080\/13548500600595327","volume":"11","author":"M Heijnders","year":"2006","unstructured":"Heijnders M, Van Der Meij S. The fight against stigma: an overview of stigma-reduction strategies and interventions. Psychol Health Med. 2006;11(3):353\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13548500600595327.","journal-title":"Psychol Health Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"4883_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e206","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-7568(22)00003-4","volume":"3","author":"E Hsieh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hsieh E, Polo R, Qian H-Z, Fuster-RuizdeApodaca MJ, Amo D, J. Intersectionality of stigmas and health-related quality of life in people ageing with HIV in China, Europe, and Latin America. Lancet Healthy Longev. 2022;3(3):e206\u201315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2666-7568(22)00003-4.","journal-title":"Lancet Healthy Longev"},{"issue":"3","key":"4883_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2013.0247","volume":"28","author":"C N\u00f6stlinger","year":"2014","unstructured":"N\u00f6stlinger C, Rojas Castro D, Platteau T, Dias S, Le Gall J. HIV-Related discrimination in European health care settings. AIDS Patient Care STDs. 2014;28(3):155\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/apc.2013.0247.","journal-title":"AIDS Patient Care STDs"},{"issue":"7","key":"4883_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e011453","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-011453","volume":"6","author":"S Rueda","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rueda S, Mitra S, Chen S, Gogolishvili D, Globerman J, Chambers L, et al. Examining the associations between HIV-related stigma and health outcomes in people living with HIV\/AIDS: a series of meta-analyses. BMJ Open. 2016;6(7):e011453. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-011453.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"4883_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-6905-z","volume":"19","author":"L Sagaon-Teyssier","year":"2019","unstructured":"Sagaon-Teyssier L, Vilotitch A, Mora M, Maradan G, Guagliardo V, Suzan-Monti M, Dray-Spira R, Spire B, Lert F, Spire B, Carrieri MP, Dray-Spira R, Hamelin C, Lorente N, Pr\u00e9au M, Suzan-Monti M, Marcellin F, Duracinsky M, Mora M, VESPA2 study group. A generalized additive model to disentangle age and diagnosis-specific cohort effects in psychological and behavioral outcomes in people living with HIV: the French cross-sectional ANRS-VESPA2 survey. BMC Public Health. 2019;19(1):590. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-019-6905-z.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"4883_CR17","unstructured":"Spanish Ministry of Health. (2023). HIV-related stigma and discrimination: The challenge. https:\/\/www.sanidad.gob.es\/ciudadanos\/enfLesiones\/enfTransmisibles\/sida\/VIHyDerechosHumanos\/docs\/EU_Presidency_Technical_document_HIV_Stima_Discrimination.pdf"},{"issue":"1","key":"4883_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-019-1271-3","volume":"17","author":"AL Stangl","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stangl AL, Earnshaw VA, Logie CH, van Brakel W, Simbayi C, Barr\u00e9 L, et al. The health stigma and discrimination framework: a global, crosscutting framework to inform research, intervention development, and policy on health-related stigmas. BMC Med. 2019;17(1):31. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12916-019-1271-3.","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"4883_CR19","volume-title":"Stata 17 base reference manual","author":"StataCrop","year":"2021","unstructured":"StataCrop. Stata 17 base reference manual. College Station, TX: Stata; 2021."},{"issue":"1","key":"4883_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1521\/aeap.2022.34.1.33","volume":"34","author":"SE Stutterheim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Stutterheim SE, Kuijpers KJR, Wald\u00e9n MI, Finkenfl\u00fcgel RNN, Brokx PAR, Bos AER. Trends in HIV stigma experienced by people living with HIV in the Netherlands: a comparison of cross-sectional surveys over time. AIDS Educ Prevention: Official Publication Int Soc AIDS Educ. 2022;34(1):33\u201352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1521\/aeap.2022.34.1.33.","journal-title":"AIDS Educ Prevention: Official Publication Int Soc AIDS Educ"},{"issue":"1","key":"4883_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-016-1451-5","volume":"21","author":"B Turan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Turan B, Budhwani H, Fazeli PL, Browning WR, Raper JL, Mugavero MJ, Turan JM. How does stigma affect people living with HIV? The mediating roles of internalized and anticipated HIV stigma in the effects of perceived community stigma on health and psychosocial outcomes. AIDS Behav. 2017;21(1):283\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-016-1451-5.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"4883_CR22","unstructured":"UNAIDS. (2017). Confronting discrimination. Overcoming HIV-related stigma and discrimination in health-care settings and beyond. https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/sites\/default\/files\/media_asset\/confronting-discrimination_en.pdf"},{"key":"4883_CR23","unstructured":"UNAIDS. (2021). Global AIDS Strategy 2021\u20132026. End inequalities. End AIDS. https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/sites\/default\/files\/media_asset\/global-AIDS-strategy-2021-2026_en.pdf"},{"key":"4883_CR25","unstructured":"Unidad de vigilancia del VIH y conductas de riesgo. (2019). Estimaci\u00f3n del Continuo de Atenci\u00f3n del VIH en Espa\u00f1a, 2016. Madrid: Centro Nacional de Epidemiolog\u00eda \u2013 Instituto de Salud Carlos III \/ Plan Nacional sobre el Sida \u2013 Direcci\u00f3n General de Salud P\u00fablica, Calidad e Innovaci\u00f3n. https:\/\/www.isciii.es\/QueHacemos\/Servicios\/VigilanciaSaludPublicaRENAVE\/EnfermedadesTransmisibles\/Documents\/VIH\/INFORMES%20ESPECIALES\/ESTIMACION_DEL_CONTINUO_DE_ATENCION_DEL_VIH_EN_ESPANA_2019.pdf"},{"key":"4883_CR24","volume-title":"Actualizaci\u00f3n Del continuo de Atenci\u00f3n Del VIH En Espa\u00f1a, 2021","author":"Unidad de vigilancia del VIH, ITS y hepatitis B y C","year":"2023","unstructured":"Unidad de vigilancia del VIH, ITS y hepatitis B y C. Actualizaci\u00f3n Del continuo de Atenci\u00f3n Del VIH En Espa\u00f1a, 2021. Madrid: Centro Nacional de Epidemiolog\u00eda \u2013 Instituto de Salud Carlos III\/ Divisi\u00f3n de control de VIH, ITS, Hepatitis Virales y Tuberculosis \u2013 Direcci\u00f3n General de Salud P\u00fablica; 2023."},{"issue":"6","key":"4883_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0001144","volume":"78","author":"J Van Assche","year":"2023","unstructured":"Van Assche J, Swart H, Schmid K, Dhont K, Al Ramiah A, Christ O, et al. Intergroup contact is reliably associated with reduced prejudice, even in the face of group threat and discrimination. Am Psychol. 2023;78(6):761\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/amp0001144.","journal-title":"Am Psychol"}],"container-title":["AIDS and Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10461-025-04883-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10461-025-04883-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10461-025-04883-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,14]],"date-time":"2026-03-14T11:50:40Z","timestamp":1773489040000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10461-025-04883-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["4883"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-025-04883-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["1090-7165","1573-3254"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1090-7165","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-3254","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 September 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 October 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflicts of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing Interests"}}]}}