{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,27]],"date-time":"2026-02-27T16:02:47Z","timestamp":1772208167044,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760054400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1760054400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000009","name":"Foundation for the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01DA053168"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA053168"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000009","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000009","name":"Foundation for the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R34MH115798"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R34MH115798"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000009","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000009","name":"Foundation for the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01MH109409"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH109409"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000009","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000009","name":"Foundation for the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32MH074387"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32MH074387"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000009","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000009","name":"Foundation for the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32MH019139"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32MH019139"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000009","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000009","name":"Foundation for the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K01DA047918"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01DA047918"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000009","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AIDS Behav"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Substantial advances have been made in medical technologies to reduce HIV transmission in previous decades. However, disparities regarding HIV transmission continue to persist, with Black sexual minority men (BSMM) disproportionately impacted. These disparities are driven by several different economic and socio-cultural barriers, some of which include the ongoing mistrust or distrust of medicine and science among communities of color. Furthermore, the spread of misinformation has also substantially hampered the ability to effectively communicate the importance and efficacy of a major tool that can be used to reduce HIV transmission: pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Therefore, the goal of this study was to provide an understanding of BSMM\u2019s experiences with and trust in medicine and practitioners, more broadly. The current study utilized interview data to qualitatively analyze the experiences of 32 BSMM in the United States. A thematic analysis was conducted, and we developed three different overarching themes to categorize different aspects of (a)\n                    <jats:italic>medical mistrust<\/jats:italic>\n                    , (b)\n                    <jats:italic>medical distrust<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and (c)\n                    <jats:italic>misinformation<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Results suggest that mistrust, distrust, and the spread of misinformation pertaining to medical institutions, medications (e.g., PrEP, antiretrovirals), and practitioners are present and appear to influence perceptions of HIV\/AIDS and interest, access, or uptake and use of PrEP. Findings can inform ways to effectively rebuild relationships with medical providers and communicate information about PrEP uptake and HIV\/AIDS by addressing medical mistrust and misinformation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-025-04892-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T13:33:10Z","timestamp":1760103190000},"page":"516-525","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["\u201cI Felt Somewhat Cheated and Deceived When that Roadblock Came\u201d: PrEP-Related Medical Mistrust, Distrust, and Misinformation Among Black Sexual Minority Men"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1645-2231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kay A.","family":"Simon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7436-6732","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samantha E.","family":"Lawrence","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7864-8697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alyssa N.","family":"Clark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3486-3990","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veronica","family":"Hanna-Walker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5720-5444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Greyson","family":"Arnold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7699-6321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Redd","family":"Driver","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1637-0455","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jolaade","family":"Kalinowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7824-7714","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryan J.","family":"Watson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lisa A.","family":"Eaton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"4892_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010418-102927","volume":"70","author":"AC Cortopassi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cortopassi AC, Driver R, Eaton LA, Kalichman SC. A new era of HIV risk: it\u2019s not what you know, it\u2019s who you know (and how infectious). Annu Rev Psychol. 2019;70(1):673\u2013701. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-psych-010418-102927.","journal-title":"Annu Rev Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"4892_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1080\/13691058.2018.1470674","volume":"21","author":"J Jaiswal","year":"2019","unstructured":"Jaiswal J, Singer SN, Siegel K, Lekas HM. HIV-related \u2018conspiracy beliefs\u2019: lived experiences of racism and socio-economic exclusion among people living with HIV in New York City. Cult Health Sex. 2019;21(4):373\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13691058.2018.1470674.","journal-title":"Cult Health Sex"},{"key":"4892_CR3","unstructured":"Diagnoses, deaths, and prevalence of HIV in the United States and 6 territories and freely associated states, 2022. CDC. May 2024. http:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hiv-data\/nhss\/hiv-diagnoses-deaths-prevalence.html. Accessed May 2024."},{"key":"4892_CR4","unstructured":"Estimated HIV incidence and prevalence in the United States. 2018\u20132022. May 2024. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hiv-data\/nhss\/estimated-hiv-incidence-and-prevalence.html"},{"issue":"2","key":"4892_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-021-00277-z","volume":"45","author":"L Dong","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dong L, Bogart LM, Mutchler MG, et al. Perceived discrimination, adherence to antiretroviral therapy, and HIV care engagement among HIV-positive black adults: the mediating role of medical mistrust. J Behav Med. 2022;45(2):285\u201396. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10865-021-00277-z.","journal-title":"J Behav Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"4892_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1843","DOI":"10.1177\/1557988318797437","volume":"12","author":"A Dubov","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dubov A, Galbo P, Altice FL, Fraenkel L. Stigma and shame experiences by MSM who take PrEP for HIV prevention: a qualitative study. Am J Mens Health. 2018;12(6):1843\u201354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1557988318797437.","journal-title":"Am J Mens Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"4892_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2019.305503","volume":"110","author":"CA Boone","year":"2020","unstructured":"Boone CA, Bowleg L. Structuring sexual pleasure: equitable access to biomedical HIV prevention for black men who have sex with men. Am J Public Health. 2020;110(2):157\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2019.305503.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"4892_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/S0027-9684(15)30600-3","volume":"102","author":"WP Hammond","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hammond WP, Matthews D, Corbie-Smith G. Psychosocial factors associated with routine health examination scheduling and receipt among African American men. J Natl Med Assoc. 2010;102(4):276\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0027-9684(15)30600-3.","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"},{"issue":"3","key":"4892_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.0.0323","volume":"21","author":"DP Scharff","year":"2010","unstructured":"Scharff DP, Mathews KJ, Jackson P, Hoffsuemmer J, Martin E, Edwards D. More than tuskegee: understanding mistrust about research participation. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2010;21(3):879\u201397. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1353\/hpu.0.0323.","journal-title":"J Health Care Poor Underserved"},{"key":"4892_CR10","unstructured":"AIDSVu Releases New Data Highlighting Ongoing Inequities in PrEP Use among Black and Hispanic People and across Regions of the Country. AIDSvu. June 21. 2023. https:\/\/aidsvu.org\/news-updates-aidsvu-releases-new-data-highlighting-ongoing-inequities-in-prep-use-among-black-and-hispanic-people-and-across-regions-of-the-county\/#:~:text=AIDSVu%20has%20released%20PrEP%20use,Southern%20region%20of%20the%20country"},{"key":"4892_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100738","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lana.2024.100738","volume":"33","author":"PS Sullivan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sullivan PS, DuBose SN, Castel AD, et al. Equity of PrEP uptake by race, ethnicity, sex and region in the United States in the first decade of prep: a population-based analysis. Lancet Reg Health. 2024;33:100738\u2013100738. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.lana.2024.100738.","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health"},{"key":"4892_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.03.028","volume":"164","author":"LM Bogart","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bogart LM, Wagner GJ, Green HD, et al. Medical mistrust among social network members may contribute to antiretroviral treatment nonadherence in African Americans living with HIV. Soc Sci Med. 2016;164:133\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.03.028.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"4892_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1007\/s12160-010-9200-x","volume":"40","author":"LM Bogart","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bogart LM, Wagner GJ, Galvan FH, Klein DJ. Longitudinal relationships between antiretroviral treatment adherence and discrimination due to HIV-serostatus, race, and sexual orientation among African\u2013American men with HIV. Ann Behav Med. 2010;40(2):184\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12160-010-9200-x.","journal-title":"Ann Behav Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"4892_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1080\/08964289.2019.1585324","volume":"45","author":"LM Bogart","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bogart LM, Ransome Y, Allen W, Higgins-Biddle M, Ojikutu BO. HIV-related medical mistrust, HIV testing, and HIV risk in the national survey on HIV in the Black community. Behav Med. 2019;45(2):134\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08964289.2019.1585324.","journal-title":"Behav Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"4892_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1159","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2012.752783","volume":"25","author":"GB Gaston","year":"2013","unstructured":"Gaston GB. African-Americans\u2019 perceptions of health care provider cultural competence that promote HIV medical self-care and antiretroviral medication adherence. AIDS Care. 2013;25(9):1159\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09540121.2012.752783.","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"4892_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3181845589","volume":"49","author":"AD Thrasher","year":"2008","unstructured":"Thrasher AD, Earp JAL, Golin CE, Zimmer CR. Discrimination, distrust, and racial\/ethnic disparities in antiretroviral therapy adherence among a national sample of HIV-infected patients. JAIDS J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2008;49(1):84\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3181845589.","journal-title":"JAIDS J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"6","key":"4892_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-010-9796-7","volume":"15","author":"LM Bogart","year":"2011","unstructured":"Bogart LM, Galvan FH, Wagner GJ, Klein DJ. Longitudinal association of HIV conspiracy beliefs with sexual risk among black males living with HIV. AIDS Behav. 2011;15(6):1180\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-010-9796-7.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"4892_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e75","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2014.302322","volume":"105","author":"LA Eaton","year":"2015","unstructured":"Eaton LA, Driffin DD, Kegler C, et al. The role of stigma and medical mistrust in the routine health care engagement of black men who have sex with men. Am J Public Health. 2015;105(2):e75\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2014.302322.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"4892_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-015-9961-4","volume":"92","author":"K Underhill","year":"2015","unstructured":"Underhill K, Morrow KM, Colleran C, et al. A qualitative study of medical mistrust, perceived discrimination, and risk behavior disclosure to clinicians by U.S. male sex workers and other men who have sex with men: implications for biomedical HIV prevention. J Urban Health. 2015;92(4):667\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11524-015-9961-4.","journal-title":"J Urban Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"4892_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1080\/00918369.2018.1557953","volume":"67","author":"E Olansky","year":"2020","unstructured":"Olansky E, Mansergh G, Pitts N, et al. PrEP awareness in the context of HIV\/AIDS conspiracy beliefs among Black\/African American and Hispanic\/Latino MSM in three urban US cities. J Homosex. 2020;67(6):833\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00918369.2018.1557953.","journal-title":"J Homosex"},{"issue":"4","key":"4892_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462417727691","volume":"29","author":"RA Brooks","year":"2018","unstructured":"Brooks RA, Allen VC, Regan R, Mutchler MG, Cervantes-Tadeo R, Lee SJ. HIV\/AIDS conspiracy beliefs and intention to adopt preexposure prophylaxis among black men who have sex with men in Los Angeles. Int J STD AIDS. 2018;29(4):375\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0956462417727691.","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"issue":"3","key":"4892_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"442","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2020.08.019","volume":"60","author":"DM Griffith","year":"2021","unstructured":"Griffith DM, Bergner EM, Fair AS, Wilkins CH. Using mistrust, distrust, and low trust precisely in medical care and medical research advances health equity. Am J Prev Med. 2021;60(3):442\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.amepre.2020.08.019.","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"issue":"10","key":"4892_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2776","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-020-02925-y","volume":"24","author":"J Jaiswal","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jaiswal J, LoSchiavo C, Perlman DC. Disinformation, misinformation and inequality-driven mistrust in the time of COVID-19: lessons unlearned from AIDS denialism. AIDS Behav. 2020;24(10):2776\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-020-02925-y.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"3","key":"4892_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.92.3.371","volume":"92","author":"GM Herek","year":"2002","unstructured":"Herek GM, Capitanio JP, Widaman KF. HIV-related stigma and knowledge in the United States: prevalence and trends, 1991\u20131999. Am J Public Health. 2002;92(3):371\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.92.3.371.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"4892_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1097\/JNC.0000000000000298","volume":"33","author":"R Garett","year":"2022","unstructured":"Garett R, Young SD. The impact of misinformation and health literacy on HIV prevention and service usage. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care. 2022;33(1):e1\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JNC.0000000000000298.","journal-title":"J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care"},{"key":"4892_CR26","unstructured":"Romm T. Facebook ads push misinformation about HIV prevention drugs, LGBT activists say, harming public health.\u00a0https:\/\/www.washingtonpost.com\/technology\/2019\/12\/09\/facebook-ads-are-pushing-misinformation-about-hivprevention-drugs-lgbt-activists-say-harming-public-health\/.\u00a0Accessed 9 Dec 2019."},{"issue":"1","key":"4892_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1037\/amp0000151","volume":"73","author":"HM Levitt","year":"2018","unstructured":"Levitt HM, Bamberg M, Creswell JW, Frost DM, Josselson R, Su\u00e1rez-Orozco C. Journal article reporting standards for qualitative primary, qualitative meta-analytic, and mixed methods research in psychology: the APA publications and communications board task force report. Am Psychol. 2018;73(1):26\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/amp0000151.","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"key":"4892_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.46743\/2160-3715\/2021.5010","author":"K Campbell","year":"2021","unstructured":"Campbell K, Orr E, Durepos P, et al. Reflexive thematic analysis for applied qualitative health research. Qual Rep. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.46743\/2160-3715\/2021.5010.","journal-title":"Qual Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"4892_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865-023-00417-7","volume":"46","author":"R El-Krab","year":"2023","unstructured":"El-Krab R, Brousseau N, Kalichman SC. Medical mistrust as a barrier to HIV prevention and care. J Behav Med. 2023;46(6):897\u2013911. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10865-023-00417-7.","journal-title":"J Behav Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"4892_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1002\/capr.12360","volume":"21","author":"V Braun","year":"2021","unstructured":"Braun V, Clarke V. Can I use TA? Should I use TA? Should I not use TA? Comparing reflexive thematic analysis and other pattern-based qualitative analytic approaches. Couns Psychother Res. 2021;21(1):37\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/capr.12360.","journal-title":"Couns Psychother Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"4892_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1111\/jomf.12153","volume":"77","author":"AE Goldberg","year":"2015","unstructured":"Goldberg AE, Allen KR. Communicating qualitative research: some practical guideposts for scholars. J Marriage Fam. 2015;77(1):3\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jomf.12153.","journal-title":"J Marriage Fam"},{"issue":"1","key":"4892_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1080\/19312450709336664","volume":"1","author":"AF Hayes","year":"2007","unstructured":"Hayes AF, Krippendorff K. Answering the call for a standard reliability measure for coding data. Commun Methods Meas. 2007;1(1):77\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19312450709336664.","journal-title":"Commun Methods Meas"},{"issue":"3","key":"4892_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2012.031","volume":"22","author":"ML McHugh","year":"2012","unstructured":"McHugh ML. Interrater reliability: the kappa statistic. Biochem Med. 2012;22(3):276\u201382.","journal-title":"Biochem Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"4892_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1177\/2167696815587648","volume":"3","author":"M Syed","year":"2015","unstructured":"Syed M, Nelson SC. Guidelines for establishing reliability when coding narrative data. Emerg Adulthood. 2015;3(6):375\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2167696815587648.","journal-title":"Emerg Adulthood"},{"issue":"5","key":"4892_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1080\/00224499.2022.2131704","volume":"60","author":"KA Simon","year":"2023","unstructured":"Simon KA, Hanna-Walker V, Clark AN, et al. This is to help me move forward: the role of PrEP in harnessing sex positivity and empowerment among black sexual minority men in the Southern United States. J Sex Res. 2023;60(5):741\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00224499.2022.2131704.","journal-title":"J Sex Res"},{"key":"4892_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.acdb.2016.05.001","volume-title":"Advances in child development and behavior","author":"DL Hughes","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hughes DL, Watford JA, Del Toro J. A transactional\/ecological perspective on ethnic\u2013racial identity, socialization, and discrimination. In: Advances in child development and behavior, vol. 51. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2016. p. 1\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/bs.acdb.2016.05.001."},{"key":"4892_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.04.042","volume":"232","author":"K Quinn","year":"2019","unstructured":"Quinn K, Bowleg L, Dickson-Gomez J. The fear of being black plus the fear of being gay: the effects of intersectional stigma on PrEP use among young black gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men. Soc Sci Med. 2019;232:86\u201393. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2019.04.042.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"4892_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1080\/08964289.2019.1585327","volume":"45","author":"W Powell","year":"2019","unstructured":"Powell W, Richmond J, Mohottige D, et al. Medical mistrust, racism, and delays in preventive health screening among African-American men. Behav Med. 2019;45(2):102\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/08964289.2019.1585327.","journal-title":"Behav Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"4892_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1089\/lgbt.2022.0118","volume":"10","author":"V Hanna-Walker","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hanna-Walker V, Simon KA, Lawrence SE, et al. Black sexual minority men\u2019s stigma-based experiences surrounding pre-exposure prophylaxis in the Southern United States. LGBT Health. 2023;10(3):245\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/lgbt.2022.0118.","journal-title":"LGBT Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"4892_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1521\/aeap.2023.35.2.114","volume":"35","author":"NM Brousseau","year":"2023","unstructured":"Brousseau NM, Driver R, Simon K, et al. PrEP-related interactive toxicity beliefs: associations with stigma, substance use, and PrEP uptake. AIDS Educ Prev. 2023;35(2):114\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1521\/aeap.2023.35.2.114.","journal-title":"AIDS Educ Prev"},{"issue":"10","key":"4892_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.1016\/S0027-9684(15)31479-6","volume":"100","author":"JE Ravenell","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ravenell JE, Whitaker EE, Johnson WE Jr. According to him: barriers to healthcare among African-American men. J Natl Med Assoc. 2008;100(10):1153\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0027-9684(15)31479-6.","journal-title":"J Natl Med Assoc"},{"issue":"2","key":"4892_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.2020.1757679","volume":"70","author":"LA Stutts","year":"2022","unstructured":"Stutts LA, Robinson PA, Witt B, Terrell DF. Lost in translation: college students\u2019 knowledge of HIV and PrEP in relation to their sexual health behaviors. J Am Coll Health. 2022;70(2):561\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07448481.2020.1757679.","journal-title":"J Am Coll Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"4892_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1080\/15381501.2019.1655512","volume":"18","author":"K Vaughn","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vaughn K, Dillon PJ, Kedia SK. Barriers to PrEP uptake: perspectives of community health workers in the Mid-South region of the United States. J HIV AIDS Soc Serv. 2019;18(4):295\u2013312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/15381501.2019.1655512.","journal-title":"J HIV AIDS Soc Serv"}],"container-title":["AIDS and Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10461-025-04892-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10461-025-04892-8","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10461-025-04892-8.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,24]],"date-time":"2026-02-24T15:03:50Z","timestamp":1771945430000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10461-025-04892-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,2]]}},"alternative-id":["4892"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-025-04892-8","relation":{},"ISSN":["1090-7165","1573-3254"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1090-7165","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-3254","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 September 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"10 October 2025","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflicts of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}