{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T15:48:31Z","timestamp":1782402511161,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776211200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1776211200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U01DA036939"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01DA036939"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30AI117943"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30AI117943"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AIDS Behav"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Previous research on the influence of substance use on PrEP uptake and adherence among transgender women has either relied on cross-sectional analyses or on combined samples of cisgender men who have sex with men and a much smaller subsample of transgender women. To the best of our knowledge, no longitudinal study has examined the relationship of substance use and PrEP use\/adherence among young transgender women and nonbinary people assigned male at birth (TNBY). We sought to understand whether substance use (i.e., binge drinking, marijuana use, and illicit drug use) predicts PrEP uptake and adherence for TNBY over time. Using a sample of 242 young and racially\/ethnically diverse TNBY from the RADAR cohort study, we performed bivariate and multivariate generalized estimating equations binary logistic regression to assess whether substance use predicted PrEP use and adherence and latent growth curve modeling to examine trends in self-reported PrEP use over time. There were no significant differences in PrEP use or adherence by race\/ethnicity, gender or educational attainment. In multivariable models, binge drinking (OR 1.37, 95% CI 1.08\u20131.74), number of condomless sex partners (OR 1.08, 95% CI 1.04\u20131.13), and HIV\/STI testing (OR 2.20, 95% CI 1.65\u20132.92) were all significantly positively associated with PrEP use in the past 6\u00a0months. Binge drinking (OR 1.27, 95% CI 0.97\u20131.67), number of condomless sex partners (OR 1.09, 95% CI 1.04\u20131.13), and HIV\/STI testing (OR 1.85, 95% CI 1.35\u20132.53) were significantly positively associated with current PrEP use. Both age (OR 1.25, 95% CI 1.02\u20131.54) and binge drinking (OR 8.66, 95% CI 2.12\u201335.30) were significantly positively associated with PrEP adherence. Cannabis use was significantly negatively associated with PrEP adherence (OR 0.89, 95% CI 0.82\u20130.97). Latent growth curve modeling detailed that the proportion of participants using PrEP significantly increased over time across age, reducing initial differences in PrEP use by age. These findings provide valuable insights into the relationship between substance use and PrEP use and adherence, showing the different effects of binge drinking and problematic cannabis consumption on PrEP outcomes. These findings emphasize the importance of nuanced and intersectional approaches to HIV prevention, considering both demographic variability and behavioral health factors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-025-04986-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]],"date-time":"2026-04-15T10:37:49Z","timestamp":1776249469000},"page":"1748-1760","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Longitudinal Analysis of Substance Use as a Predictor PrEP Use and Adherence Among Young Transgender Women and Nonbinary Individuals"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8030-2775","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alithia","family":"Zamantakis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6350-1908","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Artur A. F. L. N.","family":"Queiroz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"4986_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31065-5","volume":"396","author":"KH Mayer","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mayer KH, Molina J-M, Thompson MA, Anderson PL, Mounzer KC, De Wet JJ, et al. Emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide vs emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil fumarate for HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (DISCOVER): primary results from a randomised, double-blind, multicentre, active-controlled, phase 3, non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2020;396:239\u201354.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"4986_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2101016","volume":"385","author":"RJ Landovitz","year":"2021","unstructured":"Landovitz RJ, Donnell D, Clement ME, Hanscom B, Cottle L, Coelho L, et al. Cabotegravir for HIV prevention in cisgender men and transgender women. N Engl J Med. 2021;385:595\u2013608.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"4986_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e402","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(17)30089-9","volume":"4","author":"J-M Molina","year":"2017","unstructured":"Molina J-M, Charreau I, Spire B, Cotte L, Chas J, Capitant C, et al. Efficacy, safety, and effect on sexual behaviour of on-demand pre-exposure prophylaxis for HIV in men who have sex with men: an observational cohort study. Lancet HIV. 2017;4:e402\u201310.","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"4986_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-020-01313-z","volume":"80","author":"TC Poteat","year":"2020","unstructured":"Poteat TC, Radix A. HIV antiretroviral treatment and pre-exposure prophylaxis in transgender individuals. Drugs. 2020;80:965\u201372.","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"4986_CR5","first-page":"2304","volume":"320","author":"B Kuehn","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kuehn B. PrEP disparities. JAMA. 2018;320:2304.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"4986_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz896","volume":"71","author":"MA Spinelli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Spinelli MA, Buchbinder SP. Pre-exposure prophylaxis persistence is a critical issue in PrEP implementation. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;71:583\u20135.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"4986_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000002345","volume":"84","author":"E Kamitani","year":"2020","unstructured":"Kamitani E, Johnson WD, Wichser ME, Adegbite AH, Mullins MM, Sipe TA. Growth in proportion and disparities of HIV PrEP use among key populations identified in the United States national goals: systematic review and meta-analysis of published surveys. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2020;84:379\u201386.","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"4986_CR8","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV infection, risk, prevention, and testing behaviors among transgender women\u2014national HIV behavioral surveillance, 7 U.S. Cities, 2019\u20132020. 2021. Report No.: 27."},{"key":"4986_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000003443","volume":"96","author":"J Hallarn","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hallarn J, Scheim AI, Bauer GR. Pre-exposure prophylaxis awareness and use among transgender and nonbinary individuals in Canada. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2024;96:341\u20139.","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"4986_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2193","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-020-01711-0","volume":"49","author":"U Onwubiko","year":"2020","unstructured":"Onwubiko U, Holland D, Ajoku S, Taylor J, Childs A, Wilson D, et al. Using PrEP to #STOPHIVATL: findings from a cross-sectional survey among gay men and transgender women participating in Gay Pride events in Atlanta, Georgia, 2018. Arch Sex Behav. 2020;49:2193\u2013204.","journal-title":"Arch Sex Behav"},{"key":"4986_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.26199","author":"EE Cooney","year":"2023","unstructured":"Cooney EE, Saleem HT, Stevenson M, Aguayo-Romero RA, Althoff KN, Poteat TC, et al. PrEP initiation and discontinuation among transgender women in the United States: a longitudinal, mixed methods cohort study. J Int AIDS Soc. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jia2.26199.","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"key":"4986_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2018.304727","volume":"109","author":"JS Becasen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Becasen JS, Denard CL, Mullins MM, Higa DH, Sipe TA. Estimating the prevalence of HIV and sexual behaviors among the US transgender population: a systematic review and meta-analysis, 2006\u20132017. Am J Public Health. 2019;109:e1-8.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"4986_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s12981-023-00516-0","volume":"20","author":"LM Kuhns","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kuhns LM, Perloff J, Johnson AK, Paul JL, Pleasant K, Evans K, et al. A cross-sectional analysis of psychosocial and structural barriers and facilitators associated with PrEP use among a sample of transgender women in Chicago, IL. AIDS Res Ther. 2023;20:24.","journal-title":"AIDS Res Ther"},{"key":"4986_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000003144","volume":"92","author":"HL Wolfe","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wolfe HL, Drainoni M-L, Klasko-Foster L, Fix GM, Siegel J, Mimiaga MJ, et al. Structural equation modeling of stigma and HIV prevention clinical services among transgender and gender diverse adults: the mediating role of substance use and HIV sexual risk. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2023;92:300.","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"4986_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1428","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-025-04613-1","volume":"29","author":"SR Cluesman","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cluesman SR, Gwadz M, Cleland CM. Intentions to use PrEP among a national sample of transgender and gender-expansive youth and emerging adults: examining gender minority stress, substance use, and gender affirmation. AIDS Behav. 2025;29:1428\u201348.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"4986_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1089\/trgh.2019.0069","volume":"5","author":"MD Connolly","year":"2020","unstructured":"Connolly MD, Dankerlui DN, Eljallad T, Dodard-Friedman I, Tang A, Joseph CLM. Outcomes of a PrEP demonstration project with LGBTQ youth in a community-based clinic setting with integrated gender-affirming care. Transgender Health. 2020;5:75\u20139.","journal-title":"Transgender Health"},{"key":"4986_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2131","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-022-03948-3","volume":"27","author":"NM Gebru","year":"2027","unstructured":"Gebru NM, Canidate SS, Liu Y, Schaefer SE, Pavila E, Cook RL, et al. Substance use and adherence to HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis in studies enrolling men who have sex with men and transgender women: a systematic review. AIDS Behav. 2027;27:2131\u201362.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"4986_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0299373","author":"AI Scheim","year":"2024","unstructured":"Scheim AI. Health status of transgender people globally: a systematic review of research on disease burden and correlates. PLoS ONE. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0299373.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"4986_CR19","unstructured":"Caruana EJ, Roman M, Hern\u00e1ndez-S\u00e1nchez J, Solli P. Longitudinal studies. J Thorac Dis. 7."},{"key":"4986_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001886","volume":"80","author":"B Mustanski","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mustanski B, Morgan E, D\u02bcAquila R, Birkett M, Janulis P, Newcomb ME. Individual and network factors associated with racial disparities in HIV among young men who have sex with men: results from the RADAR cohort study. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2019;80:24\u201330.","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"4986_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001620","volume":"77","author":"P Janulis","year":"2018","unstructured":"Janulis P, Phillips G, Birkett M, Mustanski B. Sexual networks of racially diverse young MSM differ in racial homophily but not concurrency. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2018;77:459\u201366.","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"4986_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1080\/00224499.2023.2244926","volume":"61","author":"SL Katz-Wise","year":"2024","unstructured":"Katz-Wise SL, Ranker LR, Kraus AD, Wang Y-C, Xuan Z, Green JG, et al. Fluidity in gender identity and sexual orientation identity in transgender and nonbinary youth. J Sex Res. 2024;61:1367\u201376.","journal-title":"J Sex Res"},{"key":"4986_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02093.x","volume":"88","author":"JB Saunders","year":"1993","unstructured":"Saunders JB, Aasland OG, Babor TF, de la Fuente JR, Grant M. Development of the alcohol use disorders identification test (AUDIT): WHO collaborative project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption\u2014II. Addiction. 1993;88:791\u2013804.","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"4986_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2010.02.017","volume":"110","author":"SJ Adamson","year":"2010","unstructured":"Adamson SJ, Kay-Lambkin FJ, Baker AL, Lewin TJ, Thornton L, Kelly BJ, et al. An improved brief measure of cannabis misuse: the Cannabis Use Disorders Identification Test-Revised (CUDIT-R). Drug Alcohol Depend. 2010;110:137\u201343.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"4986_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1080\/0959523031000154454","volume":"22","author":"SJ Adamson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Adamson SJ, Sellman JD. A prototype screening instrument for cannabis use disorder: the Cannabis Use Disorders Identification Test (CUDIT) in an alcohol-dependent clinical sample. Drug Alcohol Rev. 2003;22:309\u201315.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev"},{"key":"4986_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-017-1033-2","volume":"47","author":"G Swann","year":"2018","unstructured":"Swann G, Newcomb ME, Mustanski B. Validation of the HIV risk assessment of sexual partnerships (H-RASP): comparison to a two month prospective diary study. Arch Sex Behav. 2018;47:121\u201331.","journal-title":"Arch Sex Behav"},{"key":"4986_CR27","unstructured":"Substance Use and Mental Health Services Administration. Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: results from the 2023 National Survey on Drug Use and Health [Internet]. Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, Substance Use, and Mental Health Services Administration; 2024. Report No.: PEP24-07\u2013021. Available from: https:\/\/www.samhsa.gov\/data\/sites\/default\/files\/reports\/rpt47095\/National%20Report\/National%20Report\/2023-nsduh-annual-national.pdf"},{"key":"4986_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-025-04619-9","author":"JP Zapata","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zapata JP, Swann G, Zamantakis A, Madkins K, Danielson ECA, Mustanski B. Substance use classes among YMSM in an HIV digital health intervention program: implications for acceptability, engagement, and health outcomes. AIDS Behav. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-025-04619-9.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"4986_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1080\/07370016.2022.2073791","volume":"39","author":"K Hamilton","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hamilton K, Hasney L, Cohn T, Posnak JP. PrEP demographics and disparity: the race, ethnicity, gender identity, sex assigned at birth, sexual orientation and age of current PrEP use. J Community Health Nurs. 2022;39:213\u201326.","journal-title":"J Community Health Nurs"},{"key":"4986_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2021.01119","volume":"41","author":"NT Harawa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Harawa NT, Tan D, Leibowitz AA. Disparities in uptake of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis among California Medicaid recipients. Health Aff (Millwood). 2022;41:360\u20137.","journal-title":"Health Aff (Millwood)"},{"key":"4986_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e25896","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25896","volume":"25","author":"EM Jalil","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jalil EM, Torres TS, Luz PM, Monteiro L, Moreira RI, de Castro CRV, et al. Low PrEP adherence despite high retention among transgender women in Brazil: the PrEParadas study. J Int AIDS Soc. 2022;25:e25896.","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"key":"4986_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.12.016","volume":"185","author":"RB De Boni","year":"2018","unstructured":"De Boni RB, Machado IK, De Vasconcellos MTL, Hoagland B, Kallas EG, Madruga JV, et al. Syndemics among individuals enrolled in the PrEP Brasil study. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2018;185:168\u201372.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"4986_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-018-2260-9","volume":"23","author":"O Ogbuagu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ogbuagu O, Marshall BDL, Tiberio P, Ogunbajo A, Barakat L, Montgomery M, et al. Prevalence and correlates of unhealthy alcohol and drug use among men who have sex with men prescribed HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis in real-world clinical settings. AIDS Behav. 2019;23:190\u2013200.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"4986_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1875","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-14279-2","volume":"22","author":"PA Shuper","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shuper PA, Varatharajan T, Kinitz DJ, Gesink D, Joharchi N, Bogoch II, et al. Perceived influence of alcohol consumption, substance use, and mental health on PrEP adherence and condom use among PrEP-prescribed gay, bisexual, and other men-who-have-sex-with-men: a qualitative investigation. BMC Public Health. 2022;22:1875.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"4986_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-024-04584-9","volume":"29","author":"SN Levintow","year":"2025","unstructured":"Levintow SN, Serrano PA, Maierhofer CN, French AL, Hosek S, Powers KA. The impacts of substance use and depression on HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis use and adherence among sexual and gender minority adolescents and young adults in the keeping it LITE cohort. AIDS Behav. 2025;29:1028\u201337.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"4986_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12822","DOI":"10.2196\/12822","volume":"5","author":"JM Dehlin","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dehlin JM, Stillwagon R, Pickett J, Keene L, Schneider JA. #PrEP4Love: an evaluation of a sex-positive HIV prevention campaign. JMIR Public Health Surveill. 2019;5:e12822.","journal-title":"JMIR Public Health Surveill"},{"key":"4986_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3637","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-018-2122-5","volume":"22","author":"E Morgan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Morgan E, Moran K, Ryan DT, Mustanski B, Newcomb ME. Three-fold increase in PrEP uptake over time with high adherence among young men who have sex with men in Chicago. AIDS Behav. 2018;22:3637\u201344.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav."},{"issue":"2","key":"4986_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-021-03417-3","volume":"26","author":"EC Wilson","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wilson EC, Hernandez CJ, Scheer S, Trujillo D, Arayasirikul S, Sicro S, et al. Improved PrEP awareness and use among trans women in San Francisco, California. AIDS Behav. 2022;26(2):596\u2013603. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-021-03417-3.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"4986_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2021.0236","volume":"36","author":"M Dang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dang M, Scheim AI, Teti M, Quinn KG, Zarwell M, Petroll AE, et al. Barriers and facilitators to HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis uptake, adherence, and persistence among transgender populations in the United States: a systematic review. AIDS Patient Care STDs. 2022;36:236\u201348.","journal-title":"AIDS Patient Care STDs"},{"key":"4986_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-019-01533-9","volume":"49","author":"ME Newcomb","year":"2020","unstructured":"Newcomb ME, Hill R, Buehler K, Ryan DT, Whitton SW, Mustanski B. High burden of mental health problems, substance use, violence, and related psychosocial factors in transgender, non-binary, and gender diverse youth and young adults. Arch Sex Behav. 2020;49:645\u201359.","journal-title":"Arch Sex Behav"},{"key":"4986_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.3122\/jabfm.2022.220186R1","volume":"35","author":"S Levine","year":"2022","unstructured":"Levine S, Heiden-Rootes K, Salas J. Associations between healthcare experiences, mental health outcomes, and substance use among transgender adults. J Am Board Fam Med. 2022;35:1092\u2013102.","journal-title":"J Am Board Fam Med"},{"key":"4986_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2017.10.004","volume":"62","author":"RWS Coulter","year":"2018","unstructured":"Coulter RWS, Bersamin M, Russell ST, Mair C. The effects of gender- and sexuality-based harassment on lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender substance use. J Adolesc Health Off Publ Soc Adolesc Med. 2018;62:688\u2013700.","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health Off Publ Soc Adolesc Med"},{"key":"4986_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2017.06.024","volume":"61","author":"JK Day","year":"2017","unstructured":"Day JK, Fish JN, Perez-Brumer A, Hatzenbuehler ML, Russell ST. Transgender youth substance use disparities: results from a population-based sample. J Adolesc Health. 2017;61:729.","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"4986_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1093\/hsw\/hlad021","volume":"48","author":"G Lee","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lee G, Hicks DL, Sabol BM, Ellis JD, Brown S, Kcomt L, et al. Binge drinking and cannabis use among transgender and gender-diverse young adults in Michigan. Health Soc Work. 2023;48:231\u20139.","journal-title":"Health Soc Work"},{"key":"4986_CR45","unstructured":"Zamantakis A. Gender affirming care as a predictor of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis use and adherence among young trans feminine adults: an original article. Under Review"},{"key":"4986_CR46","unstructured":"The White House. Protecting children from chemical and surgical mutiliation. 2025 Jan 28 [cited 2025 Mar 28]. Available from: https:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/presidential-actions\/2025\/01\/protecting-children-from-chemical-and-surgical-mutilation\/"},{"key":"4986_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.0978","author":"DM Tordoff","year":"2022","unstructured":"Tordoff DM, Wanta JW, Collin A, Stepney C, Inwards-Breland DJ, Ahrens K. Mental health outcomes in transgender and nonbinary youths receiving gender-affirming care. JAMA Netw Open. 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.0978.","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"4986_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2021.10.036","volume":"70","author":"AE Green","year":"2022","unstructured":"Green AE, DeChants JP, Price MN, Davis CK. Association of gender-affirming hormone therapy with depression, thoughts of suicide, and attempted suicide among transgender and nonbinary youth. J Adolesc Health. 2022;70:643\u20139.","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health."},{"key":"4986_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000003988","volume":"38","author":"K Zewdie","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zewdie K, Muwonge T, Ssebuliba T, Bambia F, Nampewo O, Stein G, et al. A point-of-care tenofovir urine test improves accuracy of self-reported preexposure prophylaxis adherence and increases condomless sex reporting among young women. AIDS. 2024;38:1965\u201371.","journal-title":"AIDS"}],"container-title":["AIDS and Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10461-025-04986-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10461-025-04986-3","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10461-025-04986-3.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T15:16:40Z","timestamp":1782400600000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10461-025-04986-3"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["4986"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-025-04986-3","relation":{},"ISSN":["1090-7165","1573-3254"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1090-7165","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-3254","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,15]]},"assertion":[{"value":"3 November 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"15 April 2026","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no conflicts to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Competing interests"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed Consent"}},{"value":"All procedures involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional review board at Northwestern University and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Research Involving Human Participants"}}]}}