{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T15:48:30Z","timestamp":1782402510201,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769472000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1769472000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005192","name":"California HIV\/AIDS Research Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HD15-LA-061"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HD15-LA-061"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005192","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000025","name":"National Institute of Mental Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F31MH134694"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F31MH134694"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000025","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AIDS Behav"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Young adults experiencing homelessness (YAEH) are significantly more likely to engage in HIV risk-related sexual behavior relative to their stably housed peers, and their social support networks can influence their engagement in these behaviors. However, few studies have investigated HIV risk behaviors among YAEH who are \u201ccouch-surfing,\u201d a highly prevalent network-based survival strategy that involves cycling through temporary, informal housing arrangements. The current study utilizes survey data collected from 461 YAEH accessing drop-in center services in Los Angeles, California, between September 2016 and October 2018. Egocentric network analysis was used to examine associations among couch-surfing, sources of social support, and HIV risk and prevention behaviors. The potential moderating effect of social support on the relationship between couch-surfing and specific sexual risk behaviors was also tested. Compared to street- and shelter-based youth, couch-surfing YAEH reported the highest rates of recent transactional sex (18.0%) and concurrent or serial sexual partners (38.2%). Relative to residing in emergency shelter or transitional housing programs, couch-surfing was associated with over twice the odds of engaging in recent transactional sex (OR\u2009=\u20092.52,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.023, 95% CI 1.13\u20135.62)\u2014as was living unsheltered (OR\u2009=\u20092.06,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.029, 95% CI 1.08\u20133.95). While social support was individually associated with several HIV risk-related sexual behaviors, its effect was ultimately eclipsed by homeless situation in the final model. Findings underscore the need for individual- and structural-level interventions that attend to the unique socioenvironmental contexts of couch-surfing YAEH.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-025-05009-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T13:29:10Z","timestamp":1769520550000},"page":"1834-1848","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Couch-Surfing and HIV Risk Behavior Among Young Adults Experiencing Homelessness"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0671-8799","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Petry","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Onasch-Vera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phebe","family":"Vayanos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Henwood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Rice","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"5009_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-011-0270-1","volume":"43","author":"JP Edidin","year":"2012","unstructured":"Edidin JP, Ganim Z, Hunter SJ, Karnik NS. The mental and physical health of homeless youth: a literature review. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev. 2012;43:354\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10578-011-0270-1.","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum Dev"},{"key":"5009_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-021-01056-2","volume":"47","author":"J Smith-Grant","year":"2022","unstructured":"Smith-Grant J, Kilmer G, Brener N, Robin L, Underwood JM. Risk behaviors and experiences among youth experiencing homelessness\u2014Youth risk behavior survey, 23 US States and 11 local school districts, 2019. J Community Health. 2022;47:324\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10900-021-01056-2.","journal-title":"J Community Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"5009_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000633","volume":"44","author":"A Caccamo","year":"2017","unstructured":"Caccamo A, Kachur R, Williams SP. Narrative review: sexually transmitted diseases and homeless youth\u2014what do we know about sexually transmitted disease prevalence and risk? Sex Transm Dis. 2017;44(8):466\u201376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000633.","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"5009_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1177\/003335491312800305","volume":"128","author":"JL Logan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Logan JL, Frye A, Pursell HO, Anderson-Nathe M, Scholl JE, Korthuis PT. Correlates of HIV risk behaviors among homeless and unstably housed young adults. Public Health Rep. 2013;128(3):153\u201360. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/003335491312800305.","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"5009_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1521\/aeap.2012.24.4.350","volume":"24","author":"AJ Ober","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ober AJ, Martino SC, Ewing B, Tucker JS. If you provide the test, they will take it: factors associated with HIV\/STI testing in a representative sample of homeless youth in Los Angeles. AIDS Educ Prev. 2012;24(4):350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1521\/aeap.2012.24.4.350.","journal-title":"AIDS Educ Prev"},{"key":"5009_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-016-1624-2","volume":"21","author":"A Barman-Adhikari","year":"2017","unstructured":"Barman-Adhikari A, Hsu HT, Begun S, Portillo AP, Rice E. Condomless sex among homeless youth: the role of multidimensional social norms and gender. AIDS Behav. 2017;21:688\u2013702. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-016-1624-2.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"5009_CR7","first-page":"28","volume":"22","author":"N Lin","year":"1999","unstructured":"Lin N. Building a network theory of social capital. Connections. 1999;22(1):28\u201351.","journal-title":"Connections"},{"key":"5009_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3508","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-018-2133-2","volume":"22","author":"HT Hsu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hsu HT, Fulginiti A, Rice E, Rhoades H, Winetrobe H, Danforth L. But everyone is doing it (sort of)! Perceived sexual risks in the social environment and the impact on homeless youth engagement in concurrent sexual relationships. AIDS Behav. 2018;22:3508\u201318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-018-2133-2.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"5","key":"5009_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2007.10.008","volume":"31","author":"E Rice","year":"2008","unstructured":"Rice E, Stein JA, Milburn N. Countervailing social network influences on problem behaviors among homeless youth. J Adolesc. 2008;31(5):625\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.adolescence.2007.10.008.","journal-title":"J Adolesc"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"5009_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1002\/ajcp.12156","volume":"60","author":"SR Curry","year":"2017","unstructured":"Curry SR, Morton M, Matjasko JL, Dworsky A, Samuels GM, Schlueter D. Youth homelessness and vulnerability: how does couch surfing fit? Am J Community Psychol. 2017;60(1\u20132):17\u201324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ajcp.12156.","journal-title":"Am J Community Psychol"},{"issue":"4","key":"5009_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1080\/13676261.2012.725839","volume":"16","author":"PJ McLoughlin","year":"2013","unstructured":"McLoughlin PJ. Couch surfing on the margins: the reliance on temporary living arrangements as a form of homelessness amongst school-aged home leavers. J Youth Stud. 2013;16(4):521\u201345. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13676261.2012.725839.","journal-title":"J Youth Stud"},{"key":"5009_CR12","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV surveillance report: Diagnoses of HIV infection in the United States and dependent areas, 2021. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2023. https:\/\/stacks.cdc.gov\/view\/cdc\/149071"},{"issue":"5","key":"5009_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2018.06.023","volume":"64","author":"D Santa Maria","year":"2019","unstructured":"Santa Maria D, Flash CA, Narendorf S, Barman-Adhikari A, Petering R, Hsu HT, Shelton J, Bender K, Ferguson K. Knowledge and attitudes about pre-exposure prophylaxis among young adults experiencing homelessness in seven US cities. J Adolesc Health. 2019;64(5):574\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2018.06.023.","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"5009_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-011-0017-9","volume":"16","author":"JS Tucker","year":"2012","unstructured":"Tucker JS, Ryan GW, Golinelli D, Ewing B, Wenzel SL, Kennedy DP, Green HD Jr., Zhou A. Substance use and other risk factors for unprotected sex: results from an event-based study of homeless youth. AIDS Behav. 2012;16:1699\u2013707. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-011-0017-9.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"5","key":"5009_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1080\/00224499.2010.501916","volume":"48","author":"NE Walls","year":"2011","unstructured":"Walls NE, Bell S. Correlates of engaging in survival sex among homeless youth and young adults. J Sex Res. 2011;48(5):423\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00224499.2010.501916.","journal-title":"J Sex Res"},{"issue":"2","key":"5009_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2021.08.002","volume":"70","author":"R Arrington-Sanders","year":"2022","unstructured":"Arrington-Sanders R, Alvarenga A, Galai N, Arscott J, Wirtz A, Carr R, Lopez A, Beyrer C, Nessen R, Celentano D. Social determinants of transactional sex in a sample of young Black and Latinx sexual minority cisgender men and transgender women. J Adolesc Health. 2022;70(2):275\u201381. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2021.08.002.","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"5009_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Preble K, Hsu HT, Shelton J, Barman-Adhikari A, Petering R, Santa Maria D, Narendorf S, Bender K, Ferguson K. Understanding survival sex engagement among sexual and gender minority young adults experiencing homelessness: a seven-city study using individual and social network perspectives. J Hum Trafficking. 2025. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/23322705.2025.2457927.","DOI":"10.1080\/23322705.2025.2457927"},{"issue":"5","key":"5009_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1007\/s10935-019-00561-4","volume":"40","author":"A Srivastava","year":"2019","unstructured":"Srivastava A, Rusow JA, Holguin M, Semborski S, Onasch-Vera L, Wilson N, Rice E. Exchange and survival sex, dating apps, gender identity, and sexual orientation among homeless youth in Los Angeles. J Prim Prev. 2019;40(5):561\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10935-019-00561-4.","journal-title":"J Prim Prev"},{"key":"5009_CR19","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV prevention in the United States: mobilizing to end the epidemic. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2022. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/hiv\/policies\/strategic-priorities\/mobilizing\/prevention-priorities.html."},{"issue":"4","key":"5009_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1521\/aeap.2020.32.4.325","volume":"34","author":"RL Myles","year":"2020","unstructured":"Myles RL, Best J, Bautista G, Wright ER, LaBoy A, Demissie Z, Dean HD. Factors associated with HIV testing among Atlanta\u2019s homeless youth. AIDS Educ Prev. 2020;34(4):325\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1521\/aeap.2020.32.4.325.","journal-title":"AIDS Educ Prev"},{"key":"5009_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Milburn NG, Rice E, Petry L. Understanding homelessness among young people to improve outcomes. Ann Rev Clin Psychol. 2024;20. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-080921-081903.","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-clinpsy-080921-081903"},{"key":"5009_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-012-0195-0","volume":"16","author":"DP Kennedy","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kennedy DP, Tucker JS, Green HD, Golinelli D, Ewing B. Unprotected sex of homeless youth: results from a multilevel dyadic analysis of individual, social network, and relationship factors. AIDS Behav. 2012;16:2015\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-012-0195-0.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"5009_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2013.05.016","volume":"53","author":"AM Valente","year":"2013","unstructured":"Valente AM, Auerswald CL. Gender differences in sexual risk and sexually transmitted infections correlate with gender differences in social networks among San Francisco homeless youth. J Adolesc Health. 2013;53(4):486\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2013.05.016.","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"5009_CR24","volume-title":"Health behavior and health education: Theory, research and practice","author":"CA Heaney","year":"2002","unstructured":"Heaney CA, Israel BA. Social networks and social support. In: Glanz K, Rimer BK, Lewis FM, editors. Health behavior and health education: Theory, research and practice. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass; 2002."},{"key":"5009_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-013-0561-6","volume":"18","author":"S Qiao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Qiao S, Li X, Stanton B. Social support and HIV-related risk behaviors: a systematic review of the global literature. AIDS Behav. 2014;18:419\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-013-0561-6.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"5009_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1111\/hsc.12886","volume":"28","author":"SM Brown","year":"2020","unstructured":"Brown SM, Barman-Adhikari A, Combs KM, Rice E. Sociodemographic and substance use characteristics associated with typologies and composition of social support networks among youth experiencing homelessness in Los Angeles, USA. Health Soc Care Commun. 2020;28(2):533\u201343. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/hsc.12886.","journal-title":"Health Soc Care Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"5009_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2017.10.006","volume":"62","author":"M Morton","year":"2018","unstructured":"Morton M, Dworsky A, Matjasko J, Curry S, Schlueter D, Chavez R, Farrell A. Prevalence and correlates of youth homelessness in the united States. J Adolesc Health. 2018;62(1):14\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2017.10.006.","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"key":"5009_CR28","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. HUD announces over $3.5 billion to help people experiencing homelessness; 2024. https:\/\/archives.hud.gov\/news\/2024\/pr24-198.cfm"},{"issue":"1","key":"5009_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1007\/s42822-021-00053-3","volume":"30","author":"C Holtschneider","year":"2021","unstructured":"Holtschneider C. But how homeless are you? Toward a more just and effective response to youth homelessness. Behav Soc Issues. 2021;30(1):139\u201347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42822-021-00053-3.","journal-title":"Behav Soc Issues"},{"issue":"2","key":"5009_CR30","first-page":"331","volume":"50","author":"W Metcalf","year":"2020","unstructured":"Metcalf W. Doubled-up: how HUD mistakenly excluded a vulnerable population. Stetson Law Rev. 2020;50(2):331\u201364. https:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=3823206.","journal-title":"Stetson Law Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"5009_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2017.10.013","volume":"62","author":"CL Auerswald","year":"2018","unstructured":"Auerswald CL, Adams S. Counting all homeless youth today so we May no longer need to tomorrow. J Adolesc Health. 2018;62(1):1\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2017.10.013.","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"5009_CR32","first-page":"11","volume":"34","author":"R Beekman","year":"2021","unstructured":"Beekman R, Byrne J, Vichta-Ohlsen R. A couch is not a home: new ways of Understanding and assessing risks with young people who are couchsurfing. Parity. 2021;34(3):11\u20133.","journal-title":"Parity"},{"key":"5009_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1007\/s10560-020-00663-7","volume":"38","author":"SR Curry","year":"2021","unstructured":"Curry SR, VanMeeter M, Tully BA, Ault S, Garst N, Adam K, Nesmith A, White J. Beyond a bed: supportive connections forged between youth who are couch hopping and adult hosts. Child Adolesc Soc Work J. 2021;38:13\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10560-020-00663-7.","journal-title":"Child Adolesc Soc Work J"},{"issue":"1","key":"5009_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1080\/10530789.2021.1967647","volume":"32","author":"K Hail-Jares","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hail-Jares K, Vichta-Ohlsen R, Butler T, Dunne A. Psychological distress among young people who are couchsurfing: an exploratory analysis of correlated factors. J Soc Distress Homelessness. 2023;32(1):174\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10530789.2021.1967647.","journal-title":"J Soc Distress Homelessness"},{"issue":"5","key":"5009_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2021.10.039","volume":"70","author":"L Petry","year":"2022","unstructured":"Petry L, Hill C, Milburn N, Rice E. Who is couch-surfing and who is on the streets? Disparities among racial and sexual minority youth in experiences of homelessness. J Adolesc Health. 2022;70(5):743\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2021.10.039.","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"18","key":"5009_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6873","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17186873","volume":"17","author":"R Suchting","year":"2020","unstructured":"Suchting R, Businelle MS, Hwang SW, Padhye NS, Yang Y, Santa Maria DM. Predicting daily sheltering arrangements among youth experiencing homelessness using diary measurements collected by ecological momentary assessment. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(18):6873. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17186873.","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"5009_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-017-1738-1","volume":"21","author":"J Dickson-Gomez","year":"2017","unstructured":"Dickson-Gomez J, McAuliffe T, Quinn K. The effects of housing status, stability and the social contexts of housing on drug and sexual risk behaviors. AIDS Behav. 2017;21:2079\u201392. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-017-1738-1.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"3","key":"5009_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2008.12.005","volume":"15","author":"BD Marshall","year":"2009","unstructured":"Marshall BD, Kerr T, Shoveller JA, Patterson TL, Buxton JA, Wood E. Homelessness and unstable housing associated with an increased risk of HIV and STI transmission among street-involved youth. Health Place. 2009;15(3):783\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.healthplace.2008.12.005.","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"issue":"1","key":"5009_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1177\/0886109916651904","volume":"32","author":"SK Kattari","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kattari SK, Begun S. On the margins of marginalized: transgender homelessness and survival sex. Affilia. 2017;32(1):92\u2013103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886109916651904.","journal-title":"Affilia"},{"issue":"S1","key":"5009_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S20","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000002807","volume":"88","author":"E Rice","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rice E, Wilder B, Onasch-Vera L, DiGuiseppi G, Petering R, Hill C, Yadav A, Lee SJ, Tambe M. A peer-led, artificial intelligence\u2013augmented social network intervention to prevent HIV among youth experiencing homelessness. JAIDS J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2021;88(S1):S20\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/QAI.0000000000002807.","journal-title":"JAIDS J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"5009_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.02.011","volume":"138","author":"H Rhoades","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rhoades H, Winetrobe H, Rice E. Prescription drug misuse among homeless youth. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2014;138:229\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.02.011.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"5009_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-019-02417-8","volume":"23","author":"A Yoshioka-Maxwell","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yoshioka-Maxwell A, Rice E. Exploring the relationship between foster care experiences and HIV risk behaviors among a sample of homeless former foster youth. AIDS Behav. 2019;23:792\u2013801. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-019-02417-8.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"5","key":"5009_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.55.5.469","volume":"55","author":"JJ Arnett","year":"2000","unstructured":"Arnett JJ. Emerging adulthood: A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties. Am Psychol. 2000;55(5):469. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/10842426\/.","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"5009_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1086\/229572","volume":"96","author":"B Wellman","year":"1990","unstructured":"Wellman B, Wortley S. Different strokes from different folks: community ties and social support. Am J Sociol. 1990;96(3):558\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/229572.","journal-title":"Am J Sociol"},{"issue":"3","key":"5009_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1086\/682723","volume":"6","author":"E Rice","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rice E, Yoshioka-Maxwell A. Social network analysis as a toolkit for the science of social work. J Soc Social Work Res. 2015;6(3):369\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/682723.","journal-title":"J Soc Social Work Res"},{"key":"5009_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-016-0234-2","volume":"42","author":"CB Boyer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Boyer CB, Greenberg L, Chutuape K, Walker B, Monte D, Kirk J, Ellen JM. Exchange of sex for drugs or money in adolescents and young adults: an examination of sociodemographic factors, HIV-related risk, and community context. J Community Health. 2017;42:90\u2013100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10900-016-0234-2.","journal-title":"J Community Health"},{"key":"5009_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wasserman S, Faust K. Social network analysis: methods and applications. Cambridge University Press; 1994.","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511815478"},{"key":"5009_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Perry BL, Pescosolido BA, Borgatti SP. Egocentric network analysis: Foundations, methods, and models. Volume 44. Cambridge University Press; 2018.","DOI":"10.1017\/9781316443255"},{"issue":"3","key":"5009_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1177\/1557988315609110","volume":"11","author":"JA Bauermeister","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bauermeister JA, Eaton L, Meanley S, Pingel ES, UHIP Partnership. Transactional sex with regular and casual partners among young men who have sex with men in the Detroit metro area. Am J Men\u2019s Health. 2017;11(3):498\u2013507. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1557988315609110.","journal-title":"Am J Men\u2019s Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"5009_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1080\/10538712.2016.1167802","volume":"25","author":"E Ulloa","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ulloa E, Salazar M, Monjaras L. Prevalence and correlates of sex exchange among a nationally representative sample of adolescents and young adults. J Child Sex Abuse. 2016;25(5):524\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10538712.2016.1167802.","journal-title":"J Child Sex Abuse"},{"issue":"9","key":"5009_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.89.9.1406","volume":"89","author":"JM Greene","year":"1999","unstructured":"Greene JM, Ennett ST, Ringwalt CL. Prevalence and correlates of survival sex among runaway and homeless youth. Am J Public Health. 1999;89(9):1406\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.89.9.1406.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"5009_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ennett ST, Bailey SL, Federman EB. Social network characteristics associated with risky behaviors among runaway and homeless youth. J Health Soc Behav. 1999;63\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/2676379.","DOI":"10.2307\/2676379"},{"issue":"5","key":"5009_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.12.030","volume":"68","author":"B Hickler","year":"2009","unstructured":"Hickler B, Auerswald CL. The worlds of homeless white and African American youth in San Francisco, california: A cultural epidemiological comparison. Soc Sci Med. 2009;68(5):824\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.12.030.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"5009_CR54","first-page":"159","volume":"23","author":"M Chinchilla","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chinchilla M, Gabrielian S. Factors associated with unsheltered Latinx homelessness in Los Angeles County. Cityscape. 2021;23(2):159\u201380. https:\/\/www.jstor.org\/stable\/27039956.","journal-title":"Cityscape"},{"issue":"23\u201324","key":"5009_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11236","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260519898434","volume":"36","author":"EJ Alessi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Alessi EJ, Greenfield B, Manning D, Dank M. Victimization and resilience among sexual and gender minority homeless youth engaging in survival sex. J Interpers Violence. 2021;36(23\u201324):11236\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260519898434.","journal-title":"J Interpers Violence"},{"issue":"5","key":"5009_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1891\/0886-6708.23.5.586","volume":"23","author":"KA Tyler","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tyler KA. A comparison of risk factors for sexual victimization among gay, lesbian, bisexual, and heterosexual homeless young adults. Violence Vict. 2008;23(5):586. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1891\/0886-6708.23.5.586.","journal-title":"Violence Vict"},{"issue":"2","key":"5009_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.adolescence.2008.01.004","volume":"32","author":"MV Gwadz","year":"2009","unstructured":"Gwadz MV, Gostnell K, Smolenski C, Willis B, Nish D, Nolan TC, Tharaken M, Ritchie AS. The initiation of homeless youth into the street economy. J Adolesc. 2009;32(2):357\u201377. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.adolescence.2008.01.004.","journal-title":"J Adolesc"},{"issue":"3","key":"5009_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1007\/s10935-023-00728-0","volume":"44","author":"ER Rice","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rice ER, DiGuiseppi G, Onasch-Vera L, Casey E, Cooper T, DiBattiste M. A longitudinal exploration of how connections to staff facilitate efficacy and service use in drop-in centers serving youth experiencing homelessness. J Prev. 2023;44(3):359\u201371. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10935-023-00728-0.","journal-title":"J Prev"},{"issue":"11","key":"5009_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2019.1699643","volume":"32","author":"BF Henwood","year":"2020","unstructured":"Henwood BF, Rhoades H, Redline B, Dzubur E, Wenzel S. Risk behaviour and access to HIV\/AIDS prevention services among formerly homeless young adults living in housing programmes. AIDS Care. 2020;32(11):1457\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09540121.2019.1699643.","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"5009_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socnet.2005.10.001","volume":"28","author":"F Agneessens","year":"2006","unstructured":"Agneessens F, Waege H, Lievens J. Diversity in social support by role relations: A typology. Social Networks. 2006;28(4):427\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socnet.2005.10.001.","journal-title":"Social Networks"},{"issue":"1","key":"5009_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"666","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4636-6","volume":"17","author":"M Ranganathan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ranganathan M, MacPhail C, Pettifor A, Kahn K, Khoza N, Twine R, Watts C, Heise L. Young women\u2019s perceptions of transactional sex and sexual agency: A qualitative study in the context of rural South Africa. BMC Public Health. 2017;17(1):666. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12889-017-4636-6.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"5009_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-139X(99)00043-9","volume":"25","author":"ST Ennett","year":"1999","unstructured":"Ennett ST, Federman EB, Bailey SL, Ringwalt CL, Hubbard ML. HIV-risk behaviors associated with homelessness characteristics in youth. J Adolesc Health. 1999;25(5):344\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S1054-139X(99)00043-9.","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"5009_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1071\/SH06045","volume":"4","author":"KA Tyler","year":"2007","unstructured":"Tyler KA, Whitbeck LB, Chen X, Johnson K. Sexual health of homeless youth: prevalence and correlates of sexually transmissible infections. Sex Health. 2007;4(1):57\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/SH06045.","journal-title":"Sex Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"5009_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.3390\/youth3010014","volume":"3","author":"K Hail-Jares","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hail-Jares K. Queer young people and couchsurfing: entry pathways, service provision, and maintenance strategies. Youth. 2023;3(1):199\u2013216. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/youth3010014.","journal-title":"Youth"},{"key":"5009_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Boyer CB, Greenberg L, Korelitz J, Harper GW, Stewart-Campbell R, Straub D, Sanders R, Reid LH, Futterman D, Lee S, Ellen JM, The Adolescent Medicine Trials Network for HIV\/AIDS Interventions. Sexual partner characteristics, relationship type, and HIV risk among a community venue\u2013based sample of urban adolescent and young adult men who have sex with men. Youth Soc. 2019;51(2):219\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0044118X16669259","DOI":"10.1177\/0044118X16669259"},{"issue":"1","key":"5009_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2022.02.004","volume":"71","author":"DJ Hensel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hensel DJ, O\u2019Sullivan LF. Sexual concurrency among adolescent women with multiple partners: A daily diary study. J Adolesc Health. 2022;71(1):70\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2022.02.004.","journal-title":"J Adolesc Health"},{"issue":"4","key":"5009_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000252","volume":"42","author":"JT Warren","year":"2015","unstructured":"Warren JT, Harvey SM, Washburn IJ, Sanchez DM, Schoenbach VJ, Agnew CR. Concurrent sexual partnerships among young heterosexual adults at increased HIV risk: types and characteristics. Sex Transm Dis. 2015;42(4):180\u20134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000252.","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"5009_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838015584371","volume":"17","author":"JA Heerde","year":"2016","unstructured":"Heerde JA, Hemphill SA. Sexual risk behaviors, sexual offenses, and sexual victimization among homeless youth: a systematic review of associations with substance use. Trauma Violence Abuse. 2016;17(5):468\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1524838015584371.","journal-title":"Trauma Violence Abuse"},{"issue":"1","key":"5009_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1097\/JAN.0000000000000206","volume":"29","author":"DM Santa Maria","year":"2018","unstructured":"Santa Maria DM, Narendorf SC, Cross MB. Prevalence and correlates of substance use in homeless youth and young adults. J Addictions Nurs. 2018;29(1):23\u201331. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/JAN.0000000000000206.","journal-title":"J Addictions Nurs"},{"key":"5009_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.childyouth.2023.107125","volume":"154","author":"E Rice","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rice E, Thompson N, Onasch-Vera L, Petry L, Petering R, Casey E, Cooper T, DiBattiste M, McAlpin F. Ending youth homelessness is about relationships: the importance of drop-in centers and staff to youth experiencing homelessness. Child Youth Serv Rev. 2023;154:107125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.childyouth.2023.107125.","journal-title":"Child Youth Serv Rev"},{"key":"5009_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Hail-Jares K, Vichta-Ohlsen R, Nash C. Safer inside? Comparing the experiences and risks faced by young people who couch-surf and sleep rough. J Youth Stud. 2021;3(24):305\u2013322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13676261.2020.1727425.","DOI":"10.1080\/13676261.2020.1727425"}],"container-title":["AIDS and Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10461-025-05009-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10461-025-05009-x","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10461-025-05009-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T15:17:25Z","timestamp":1782400645000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10461-025-05009-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]]},"references-count":71,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]}},"alternative-id":["5009"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-025-05009-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["1090-7165","1573-3254"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1090-7165","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-3254","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"13 December 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 January 2026","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no other relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}