{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T12:03:03Z","timestamp":1784894583176,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768780800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1768780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Cape Town"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AIDS Behav"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Adolescent girls in Cameroon face substantial sexual and reproductive health vulnerabilities that heighten their risk of HIV exposure. Using data from 2,586 adolescent girls aged 15\u201319 years from the 2017\u201318 Cameroon Population-based HIV Impact Assessment, we examined factors associated with multiple sexual partnerships, age-disparate sex, inconsistent condom use, transactional sex, and a composite measure of high-risk sex. Overall, 4.31% reported multiple partners, 25.18% engaged in age-disparate sex, 27.06% reported inconsistent condom use, 3.91% engaged in transactional sex, and 19.61% exhibited high-risk sexual behaviours. In multivariable analyses, marriage or cohabitation was strongly associated with age-disparate sex (aOR\u2009=\u20098.57, 95% CI\u2009=\u20095.84\u201312.56;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and inconsistent condom use (aOR\u2009=\u200910.07, 95% CI\u2009=\u20096.98\u201314.53;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Adolescent motherhood was associated with high-risk sex (aOR\u2009=\u20091.71, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.14\u20132.55;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.011). School non-enrolment was associated with inconsistent condom use (aOR\u2009=\u20091.76, 95% CI\u2009=\u20091.31\u20132.37;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.001). Predicted probabilities showed that unmarried, non-mothers who initiated sex later had the lowest probability of high-risk sex (8%), whereas married adolescent mothers with early sexual debut had the highest (72%). These findings underscore the need for combination HIV prevention programming that prioritises married adolescents, adolescent mothers, out-of-school girls, and those initiating sex early. Delaying sexual debut, preventing adolescent motherhood and child marriage, and strengthening age-appropriate, context-specific interventions may substantially reduce HIV exposure among adolescent girls in Cameroon.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-025-05023-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]],"date-time":"2026-01-19T02:09:36Z","timestamp":1768788576000},"page":"1986-1995","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Accelerating HIV Prevention in Cameroon: Factors Associated with Sexual Risk Behaviours and Increased HIV Exposure Among 15\u201319-Year-Old Adolescent Girls"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0776-528X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ololade Julius","family":"Baruwa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elona","family":"Toska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bolad\u00e9 Hamed","family":"Banougnin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Tamambang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dineo","family":"Sekgobela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pertina","family":"Nyamukondiwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jane","family":"Ferguson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Yates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brendan","family":"Maughan-Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"5023_CR1","unstructured":"UNAIDS. Global HIV. & AIDS statistics\u2014Fact sheet | UNAIDS [Internet]. 2023 [cited 2024 Dec 30]. https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/resources\/fact-sheet. Accessed 30 Dec 2024."},{"key":"5023_CR2","unstructured":"UNAIDS. In danger: UNAIDS global AIDS update 2022. 2022 [cited 2025 Aug 25]; http:\/\/www.wipo.int\/amc\/en\/mediation\/rules. Accessed 25 Aug 2025."},{"key":"5023_CR3","unstructured":"Knoema. Cameroon HIV prevalence. 1960\u20132024 - knoema.com [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2025 Aug 25]. https:\/\/knoema.com\/atlas\/Cameroon\/HIV-prevalence. Accessed 25 Aug 2025."},{"key":"5023_CR4","unstructured":"CEIC Data. Cameroon CM: prevalence of HIV: female: % Aged 15\u201324 | Economic Indicators | CEIC [Internet]. 2022 [cited 2025 Aug 25]. https:\/\/www.ceicdata.com\/en\/cameroon\/social-health-statistics\/cm-prevalence-of-hiv-female--aged-1524. Accessed 25 Aug 2025."},{"key":"5023_CR5","unstructured":"UNAIDS. UNAIDS\/WHO working group on Global l HIV\/AIDS and STI surveillance. 2004 [cited 2025 Aug 25]; http:\/\/www.who.int\/hiv. Accessed 25 Aug 2025."},{"key":"5023_CR6","unstructured":"UNAIDS. HIV and adolescent girls and young women\u2014thematic briefing note\u20142024 global AIDS update The Urgency of Now: AIDS at a Crossroads. 2024 [cited 2025 Jul 9]; https:\/\/aidsinfo.unaids.org\/. Accessed 9 Jul 2025."},{"key":"5023_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.4278\/0890-1171-10.4.282","volume":"10","author":"D Stokols","year":"1996","unstructured":"Stokols D. Translating social ecological theory into guidelines for community health promotion. Am J Health Promot. 1996;10:282\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4278\/0890-1171-10.4.282.","journal-title":"Am J Health Promot"},{"key":"5023_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11604\/PAMJ.2018.31.138.16888","author":"L Donatus","year":"2018","unstructured":"Donatus L, Sama DJ, Tsoka-Gwegweni JM, Cumber SN. Factors associated with adolescent school girl\u2019s pregnancy in Kumbo East Health District North West Region Cameroon. Pan\u00a0Afr Med J. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11604\/PAMJ.2018.31.138.16888.","journal-title":"Pan\u00a0Afr Med J"},{"key":"5023_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1983-1447.2024.2030207.EN","volume":"45","author":"RDS Silva","year":"2024","unstructured":"Silva RDS, Bossonario PA, Ferreira MRL, Andrade RLDP, Bonfim RO, Alencar V, et al. Factors associated with inconsistent condom use among young people: systematic review. Rev Gaucha Enferm. 2024;45: e2030207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1590\/1983-1447.2024.2030207.EN.","journal-title":"Rev Gaucha Enferm"},{"key":"5023_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MD.0000000000042001","volume":"104","author":"M Mapouka","year":"2025","unstructured":"Mapouka M, Kwawa I, M\u2019Bangot MA, Adouaka GR, Adamou AOM, Yano\u00e9 SCRN, et al. Factors associated with HIV infection among women of different marital statuses in Cameroon: a cross-sectional study (2017\u20132018). Medicine. 2025;104:e42001. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MD.0000000000042001.","journal-title":"Medicine"},{"key":"5023_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.9734\/JSRR\/2015\/11334","volume":"4","author":"EE Tarkang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Tarkang EE, Ebomoyi W, Modeste NN, Jara D. Factors influencing consistent condom use among secondary school male students in Limbe Urban City, Cameroon. J Sci Res Rep. 2015;4:101\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.9734\/JSRR\/2015\/11334.","journal-title":"J Sci Res Rep"},{"key":"5023_CR12","unstructured":"Rwenge Mburano J-R. Poverty and sexual risk behaviour among young people in Bamenda, Cameroon. 2003 [cited 2025 Aug 25]. https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/27794170_Poverty_and_Sexual_Risk_Behaviour_Among_Young_People_in_Bamenda_Cameroon. Accessed 25 Aug 2025."},{"key":"5023_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11604\/PAMJ.2018.30.254.15775","author":"EE Tarkang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Tarkang EE, Pencille LB, Dadah E, Nzegge MM, Komesuor J. Highly prevalent at-risk sexual behaviours among out-of-school youths in urban Cameroon. Pan Afr Med J. 2018. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11604\/PAMJ.2018.30.254.15775.","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J"},{"key":"5023_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/S12887-023-03943-0\/TABLES\/2","volume":"23","author":"ABD Djiyou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Djiyou ABD, Penda CI, Madec Y, Ngondi GD, Moukoko A, Varloteaux M, et al. Viral load suppression in HIV-infected adolescents in cameroon: towards achieving the UNAIDS 95% viral suppression target. BMC Pediatr. 2023;23:1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/S12887-023-03943-0\/TABLES\/2.","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"5023_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0187566","volume":"12","author":"J Fokam","year":"2017","unstructured":"Fokam J, Billong SC, Jogue F, Ndiang SMT, Motaze ACN, Paul KN, et al. Immuno-virological response and associated factors amongst HIV-1 vertically infected adolescents in Yaound\u00e9-Cameroon. PLoS One. 2017;12:e0187566. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0187566.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"5023_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11604\/pamj.2021.39.154.27623","author":"MW Lantche","year":"2021","unstructured":"Lantche MW, Fokam J, Cheudjui AJN, Tchatchueng JBM, Noumsi TSJ, Ateba FN, et al. Factors associated with non-adherence to antiretroviral therapy among HIV-infected adolescents aged 15\u201319 years: a snapshot from the mother and child center in Yaounde, Cameroon. Pan Afr Med J [Internet]. 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11604\/pamj.2021.39.154.27623. [cited 2025 Aug 25];39.","journal-title":"Pan Afr Med J [Internet]"},{"key":"5023_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-616\/TABLES\/5","volume":"13","author":"EM Sidze","year":"2013","unstructured":"Sidze EM, Defo BK. Effects of parenting practices on sexual risk-taking among young people in Cameroon. BMC Public Health. 2013;13:616. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2458-13-616\/TABLES\/5.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"5023_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-348\/TABLES\/4","volume":"11","author":"Z Tsala Dimbuene","year":"2011","unstructured":"Tsala Dimbuene Z, Kuate Defo B. Fostering accurate HIV\/AIDS knowledge among unmarried youths in Cameroon: do family environment and peers matter? BMC Public Health. 2011;11:1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2458-11-348\/TABLES\/4.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"5023_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/S12889-018-5051-3\/FIGURES\/2","volume":"18","author":"M Mabaso","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mabaso M, Sokhela Z, Mohlabane N, Chibi B, Zuma K, Simbayi L. Determinants of HIV infection among adolescent girls and young women aged 15\u201324 years in South Africa: a 2012 population-based national household survey. BMC Public Health. 2018;18:1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/S12889-018-5051-3\/FIGURES\/2.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"5023_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2014.920948","volume":"26","author":"L Morris","year":"2014","unstructured":"Morris L, Kouya F, Kwalar R, Pilapil M, Saito K, Palmer N, et al. Factors associated with inconsistent condom use in adolescents with negative or unknown HIV status in Northwest Cameroon. AIDS Care. 2014;26:1440\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09540121.2014.920948.","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"5023_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.23937\/2474-3658\/1510074","author":"FS Wirsiy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Wirsiy FS, Njajou OT. Prevalence and associated risk factors of HIV among pregnant adolescents and adolescent mothers in the Kumbo West Health District of Cameroon. J Infect Dis Epidemiol. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.23937\/2474-3658\/1510074.","journal-title":"J Infect Dis Epidemiol"},{"key":"5023_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1023\/B:AIBE.0000004733.26053.C8","volume":"7","author":"D Meekers","year":"2003","unstructured":"Meekers D, Klein M, Foyet L. Patterns of HIV risk behavior and condom use among youth in Yaound\u00e9 and Douala, Cameroon. AIDS Behav. 2003;7:413\u201320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/B:AIBE.0000004733.26053.C8.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"5023_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-14-S2-P11","volume":"14","author":"C Nkenfou","year":"2014","unstructured":"Nkenfou C, Kembou JT, Domkam I, Djikeng A, Tchuinkam T. HIV risk behaviors and condom use in west region of Cameroon: need for HIV prevention strategies shifted towards HIV seropositive individuals. BMC Infect Dis. 2014;14:P11. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2334-14-S2-P11.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"5023_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/JIA2.25928","volume":"25","author":"L Cluver","year":"2022","unstructured":"Cluver L, Rudgard WE, Toska E, Orkin M, Ibrahim M, Langwenya N, et al. Food security reduces multiple HIV infection risks for high-vulnerability adolescent mothers and non-mothers in South Africa: a cross-sectional study. J Int AIDS Soc. 2022;25:e25928. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/JIA2.25928.","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"key":"5023_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2444","DOI":"10.1007\/S10461-024-04343-W","volume":"28","author":"J He","year":"2024","unstructured":"He J, Flaxman A, Imai-Eaton JW, Aravkin A, Zheng P, Sorensen R, et al. Association between early sexual debut and new HIV infections among adolescents and young adults in 11 African countries. AIDS Behav. 2024;28:2444\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S10461-024-04343-W.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"5023_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2050312115626432","author":"M Pilapil","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pilapil M, Morris L, Saito K, Kouya F, Maku V, Kwalar R, et al. Retrospective analysis of the prevalence of and factors associated with condom use among young HIV-infected women in Cameroon. SAGE Open Med. 2016. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2050312115626432.","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med"},{"key":"5023_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0172062","volume":"12","author":"J Pinchoff","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pinchoff J, Boyer CB, Mutombo N, Chowdhuri RN, Ngo TD. Why don\u2019t urban youth in Zambia use condoms? The influence of gender and marriage on non-use of male condoms among young adults. PLoS One. 2017;12:e0172062. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0172062.","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"5023_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002037","volume":"33","author":"MCD Stoner","year":"2019","unstructured":"Stoner MCD, Nguyen N, Kilburn K, G\u00f3mez-Oliv\u00e9 FX, Edwards JK, Selin A, et al. Age-disparate partnerships and incident HIV infection in adolescent girls and young women in rural South Africa. AIDS. 2019;33:83\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002037.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"5023_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/S12889-023-16373-5\/FIGURES\/3","volume":"23","author":"WE Rudgard","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rudgard WE, Saminathen MG, Orkin M, Banougnin BH, Shenderovich Y, Toska E. Protective factors for adolescent sexual risk behaviours and experiences linked to HIV infection in South Africa: a three-wave longitudinal analysis of caregiving, education, food security, and social protection. BMC Public Health. 2023;23:1\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/S12889-023-16373-5\/FIGURES\/3.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"5023_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000453","volume":"13","author":"A Pettifor","year":"2018","unstructured":"Pettifor A, Stoner M, Pike C, Bekker LG. Adolescent lives matter: preventing HIV in adolescents. Curr Opin HIV AIDS. 2018;13:265\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/COH.0000000000000453.","journal-title":"Curr Opin HIV AIDS"},{"key":"5023_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1007\/S10461-023-04173-2\/TABLES\/2","volume":"28","author":"LA Sheira","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sheira LA, Izudi J, Gatare E, Packel L, Kayitesi L, Sayinzoga F, et al. Food insecurity and engagement in transactional sex among female secondary students in Rwanda. AIDS Behav. 2024;28:135\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S10461-023-04173-2\/TABLES\/2.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"5023_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/JOURNAL.PGPH.0003317","volume":"4","author":"OJ Baruwa","year":"2024","unstructured":"Baruwa OJ. Associations between lifetime pregnancy and sexual risk behaviors among 15\u201324-year-old adolescent girls and young women in South Africa: secondary analyses of the 2016 Demographic Health Survey. PLOS Global Public Health. 2024;4: e0003317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/JOURNAL.PGPH.0003317.","journal-title":"PLOS Global Public Health"},{"key":"5023_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/27707571.2023.2183561","author":"K Omona","year":"2023","unstructured":"Omona K, Ssuka JK. Early sexual debut and associated factors among adolescents in Kasawo Sub-county, Mukono district, Uganda. Cogent Public Health. 2023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/27707571.2023.2183561.","journal-title":"Cogent Public Health"},{"key":"5023_CR34","unstructured":"Makusha T, Mabaso M, Moyo S, Zungu N, Zuma K, Simbayi L. HIV prevalence and associated factors among men in South Africa 30 years into the epidemic: the fifth nationwide cross-sectional survey."},{"key":"5023_CR35","unstructured":"UNAIDS. UNAIDS data 2020. 2020 [cited 2025 Jul 14]; https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/sites\/default\/files\/media_asset\/2020_aids-data-book_en.pdf. Accessed 14 Jul 2025."},{"key":"5023_CR36","unstructured":"Cameroon Ministry of Health (MOH), Ministry of Health (MOH), Division of Health Operations Research (DROS). Cameroon population-based HIV impact assessment (CAMPHIA) 2017\u20132018: final report. Yaound\u00e9: MOH, DROS; 2020. [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2025 Aug 25]. https:\/\/phia.icap.columbia.edu\/countries\/cameroon\/. Accessed 25 Aug 2025."},{"key":"5023_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1007\/S10461-021-03474-8\/FIGURES\/3","volume":"26","author":"KJ Roberts","year":"2022","unstructured":"Roberts KJ, Smith C, Cluver L, Toska E, Zhou S, Boyes M, et al. Adolescent motherhood and HIV in South Africa: examining prevalence of common mental disorder. AIDS Behav. 2022;26:1197\u2013210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S10461-021-03474-8\/FIGURES\/3.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"5023_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2127","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001584","volume":"31","author":"MCD Stoner","year":"2017","unstructured":"Stoner MCD, Pettifor A, Edwards JK, Aiello AE, Halpern CT, Julien A, et al. The effect of school attendance and school dropout on incident HIV and HSV-2 among young women in rural South Africa enrolled in HPTN 068. AIDS. 2017;31:2127\u201334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001584.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"5023_CR39","unstructured":"MOH, DROS. Cameroon population-based HIV impact assessment (CAMPHIA) 2017\u20132018: final report [Internet]. 2020 [cited 2025 Oct 20]. https:\/\/phia.icap.columbia.edu\/cameroon-final-report\/. Accessed 20 Oct 2025."},{"key":"5023_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1093\/ACREFORE\/9780190277734.013.574","volume-title":"The Oxford encyclopedia of African women\u2019s history","author":"H O\u2019Rourke","year":"2020","unstructured":"O\u2019Rourke H. Women in Cameroon. In: The Oxford encyclopedia of African women\u2019s history. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2020. p. 413\u201346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ACREFORE\/9780190277734.013.574."},{"key":"5023_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1136\/ADC.2009.178707","volume":"95","author":"A Raj","year":"2010","unstructured":"Raj A. When the mother is a child: the impact of child marriage on the health and human rights of girls. Arch Dis Child. 2010;95:931\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/ADC.2009.178707.","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"key":"5023_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.22038\/JMRH.2018.31627.1342","volume":"7","author":"M Irani","year":"2019","unstructured":"Irani M, Roudsari RL. Reproductive and sexual health consequences of child marriage: a review of literature. J Midwifery Reprod Health Mashhad Univ Med Sci. 2019;7:1491\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.22038\/JMRH.2018.31627.1342.","journal-title":"J Midwifery Reprod Health Mashhad Univ Med Sci"},{"key":"5023_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/S12978-021-01323-4\/TABLES\/2","volume":"19","author":"JL Sobngwi-Tambekou","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sobngwi-Tambekou JL, Tsague-Agnoux M, Fezeu LK, Ndonko F. Teenage childbearing and school dropout in a sample of 18,791 single mothers in Cameroon. Reprod Health. 2022;19:1\u20139. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/S12978-021-01323-4\/TABLES\/2.","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"key":"5023_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1080\/19317611.2020.1851334","volume":"33","author":"Z Duby","year":"2021","unstructured":"Duby Z, Jonas K, McClinton Appollis T, Maruping K, Dietrich J, Mathews C. \u201cCondoms are boring\u201d: navigating relationship dynamics, gendered power, and motivations for condomless sex amongst adolescents and young people in South Africa. Int J Sex Health. 2021;33:40\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19317611.2020.1851334.","journal-title":"Int J Sex Health"},{"key":"5023_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1080\/17441692.2020.1775867","volume":"15","author":"E Toska","year":"2020","unstructured":"Toska E, Laurenzi CA, Roberts KJ, Cluver L, Sherr L. Adolescent mothers affected by HIV and their children: a scoping review of evidence and experiences from sub-Saharan Africa. Glob Public Health. 2020;15:1655\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17441692.2020.1775867.","journal-title":"Glob Public Health"},{"key":"5023_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/S12978-024-01775-4","author":"F Kyei-Arthur","year":"2024","unstructured":"Kyei-Arthur F, Agyekum MW, Kyei-Gyamfi S. You cannot stay with one person once you begin having sex at a young age: the prevalence, correlates and effects of early sexual debut among children in Ghana. Reprod Health. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/S12978-024-01775-4.","journal-title":"Reprod Health"},{"key":"5023_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/S41182-024-00644-X\/TABLES\/4","volume":"52","author":"D Klu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Klu D, Odame ML, Acquah E, Dansu CA. Age at first sex and other determinants of multiple sexual partnerships among sexually active adolescent girls in Ghana: a regression analysis of the 2022 Ghana demographic and health survey. Trop Med Health. 2024;52:1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/S41182-024-00644-X\/TABLES\/4.","journal-title":"Trop Med Health"},{"key":"5023_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000002995","volume":"90","author":"A Khalifa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Khalifa A, Findley S, Gummerson E, Mantell JE, Hakim AJ, Philip NM, et al. Associations between mobility, food insecurity, and transactional sex among women in cohabitating partnerships: an analysis from 6 African Countries 2016\u20132017. JAIDS J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2022;90:388\u201398. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/QAI.0000000000002995.","journal-title":"JAIDS J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"2","key":"5023_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.2307\/3583361","volume":"3","author":"D Meekers","year":"1999","unstructured":"Meekers D, Calv\u00e8s A-E, Calves A-E. Gender differentials in adolescent sexual activity and reproductive health risks in Cameroon. Afr J Reprod Health. 1999;3(2):51\u201367. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/3583361.","journal-title":"Afr J Reprod Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"5023_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.11648\/J.AJHR.20130103.12","volume":"1","author":"EE Tarkang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tarkang EE. Perceived barriers to condom use among out-of-school adolescents in Kumba, Southwest Region of Cameroon. Am J Health Res. 2013;1(3):42\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.11648\/J.AJHR.20130103.12.","journal-title":"Am J Health Res"},{"key":"5023_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/S44197-025-00409-7\/TABLES\/5","volume":"15","author":"M Jejaw","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jejaw M, Demissie KA, Tafere TZ, Tiruneh MG, Hagos A, Teshale G, et al. Prevalence and determinants of early adolescent childbearing in high maternal mortality sub-Saharan Africa: a multilevel analysis of DHS data. J Epidemiol Glob Health. 2025;15:1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S44197-025-00409-7\/TABLES\/5.","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Glob Health"},{"key":"5023_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1080\/17441692.2019.1594331","volume":"14","author":"B Cislaghi","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cislaghi B, Mackie G, Nkwi P, Shakya H. Social norms and child marriage in Cameroon: an application of the theory of normative spectrum. Glob Public Health. 2019;14:1479\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17441692.2019.1594331.","journal-title":"Glob Public Health"},{"key":"5023_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/RAF-24-0008","author":"M Mhlanga","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mhlanga M, Mangombe A, Karumazondo JJ, Yohannes T. Improving access to sexual and reproductive health services among adolescent women in Zimbabwe. Reprod Fertil. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1530\/RAF-24-0008.","journal-title":"Reprod Fertil"},{"key":"5023_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/S12889-022-13394-4\/TABLES\/3","volume":"22","author":"G George","year":"2022","unstructured":"George G, Beckett S, Reddy T, Govender K, Cawood C, Khanyile D, et al. Determining HIV risk for adolescent girls and young women (AGYW) in relationships with \u201cblessers\u201d and age-disparate partners: a cross-sectional survey in four districts in South Africa. BMC Public Health. 2022;22:1\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/S12889-022-13394-4\/TABLES\/3.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"}],"container-title":["AIDS and Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10461-025-05023-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10461-025-05023-z","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10461-025-05023-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T11:32:35Z","timestamp":1784892755000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10461-025-05023-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]}},"alternative-id":["5023"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-025-05023-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["1090-7165","1573-3254"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1090-7165","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-3254","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,19]]},"assertion":[{"value":"20 December 2025","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 January 2026","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent for Publication","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}