{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T03:25:42Z","timestamp":1787109942086,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771286400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1771286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100019274","name":"National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01MH110158"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH110158"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100019274","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100015750","name":"Key Laboratory Of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01MH110158-05S2 ("],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01MH110158-05S2 ("]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100015750","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AIDS Behav"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Female sex workers (FSWs) are often a mobile population, but the role of mobility in influencing FSW social capital outcomes\u2014defined here as engagement with HIV intervention activities and community mobilization\u2014remains unclear. To date, the evidence is mixed, with mobility both facilitating and hindering community engagement, depending on the context. This study is the first to employ a mixed-methods approach to examine how mobility impacts these outcomes. We combined baseline survey data from 211 FSWs living with HIV with semi-structured interview data from a sub-cohort of 20 FSWs in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic. Contrary to the expectation that mobility would reduce engagement, our quantitative findings indicate that mobile FSWs were more likely to participate in various HIV interventions, such as support groups for people living with HIV, compared to their non-mobile counterparts. Additionally, mobile women were more than twice as likely to engage in community mobilization efforts, such as rallies to promote sex worker rights, even after controlling for sociodemographic variables. Many participants, despite their mobility, shared that they actively engaged in HIV-related and community mobilization activities in Santo Domingo and gained benefits from these activities. Study implications highlight the need for more sex worker-driven activities in and outside of Santo Domingo to offer mobile women greater opportunities to connect and build social cohesion, as well as the development of mobile-friendly service delivery models and apps to facilitate connections when traveling outside the capital.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-026-05053-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]],"date-time":"2026-02-17T04:46:32Z","timestamp":1771303592000},"page":"2281-2294","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Role of Mobility in HIV Intervention Engagement and Community Mobilization among Female Sex Workers Living with HIV in the Dominican Republic"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6757-2746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria","family":"De Jesus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric R.","family":"Schuler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia","family":"Rivara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noya","family":"Galai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clare","family":"Barrington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeycy","family":"Donastorg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martha","family":"Perez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hoisex","family":"Gomez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deanna","family":"Kerrigan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"5053_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.17730\/0018-7259-77.2.146","volume":"77","author":"YJ Yu","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yu YJ, McCarty C, Jones JH. Flexible labors: the work mobility of female sex workers (FSWs) in post-socialist China. Hum Organ. 2018;77(2):146\u201356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17730\/0018-7259-77.2.146.","journal-title":"Hum Organ"},{"issue":"4","key":"5053_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-014-9888-1","volume":"91","author":"SM Goldenberg","year":"2014","unstructured":"Goldenberg SM, Chettiar J, Nguyen P, Dobrer S, Montaner J, Shannon K. Complexities of short-term mobility for sex work and migration among sex workers: violence and sexual risks, barriers to care, and enhanced social and economic opportunities. J Urban Health. 2014;91(4):736\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11524-014-9888-1.","journal-title":"J Urban Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"5053_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-5871.2005.00308.x","volume":"43","author":"CM Hall","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hall CM. Reconsidering the geography of tourism and contemporary mobility. Geogr Res. 2005;43(2):125\u201339. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1745-5871.2005.00308.x.","journal-title":"Geogr Res"},{"key":"5053_CR4","unstructured":"Brennan D. Women at work: sex tourism in Sosua, the Dominican Republic. Crit Matrix. 1999;11(2)."},{"key":"5053_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.06.017","volume":"211","author":"C Davey","year":"2018","unstructured":"Davey C, Cowan F, Hargreaves J. The effect of mobility on HIV-related healthcare access and use for female sex workers: A systematic review. Soc Sci Med. 2018;211:261\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.06.017.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"5053_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-011-9985-z","volume":"16","author":"F Scorgie","year":"2012","unstructured":"Scorgie F, Chersich MF, Ntaganira I, Gerbase A, Lule F, Lo Y-R. Socio-demographic characteristics and behavioral risk factors of female sex workers in Sub-Saharan africa: A systematic review. AIDS Behav. 2012;16(4):920\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-011-9985-z.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"5053_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1080\/146166800363466","volume":"2","author":"M Bell","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bell M, Ward G. Comparing temporary mobility with permanent migration. Tour Geogr. 2000;2(1):87\u2013107. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/146166800363466.","journal-title":"Tour Geogr"},{"key":"5053_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s44263-023-00032-3","volume":"2","author":"M De Jesus","year":"2024","unstructured":"De Jesus M, Hendrickson Z, Rivara J, Barrington C, Donastorg Y, Perez M, et al. Mobility paradoxes: disruptors, benefits, and agency among mobile female sex workers living with HIV in the Dominican Republic and Tanzania. BMC Global Public Health. 2024;2:5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s44263-023-00032-3.","journal-title":"BMC Global Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"5053_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-764","volume":"12","author":"S Ramesh","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ramesh S, Ganju D, Mahapatra B, Mishra RM, Saggurti N. Relationship between mobility, violence and HIV\/STI among female sex workers in Andhra Pradesh, India. BMC Public Health. 2012;12(1):764. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2458-12-764.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"5053_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e46786","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0046786","volume":"7","author":"W Jie","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jie W, Xiaolan Z, Ciyong L, Moyer E, Hui W, Lingyao H, Xueqing D. A qualitative exploration of barriers to condom use among female sex workers in China. PLoS ONE. 2012;7(10):e46786. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0046786.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"5053_CR11","first-page":"26","volume":"14","author":"K Ragsdale","year":"2007","unstructured":"Ragsdale K, Anders JT, Philippakos E. Migrant Latinas and brothel sex work in belize: sexual agency and sexual risk. J Cult Divers. 2007;14(1):26\u201334. https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/19172970\/.","journal-title":"J Cult Divers"},{"issue":"2","key":"5053_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1080\/13548501003623914","volume":"15","author":"H Yi","year":"2010","unstructured":"Yi H, Mantell JE, Wu R, Lu Z, Zeng J, Wan Y. A profile of HIV risk factors in the context of sex work environments among migrant female sex workers in Beijing, China. Psychol Health Med. 2010;15(2):172\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13548501003623914.","journal-title":"Psychol Health Med"},{"key":"5053_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1596\/978-0-8213-9774-9","volume-title":"The global HIV epidemics among sex workers","author":"D Kerrigan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kerrigan D, Wirtz A, Baral S, Decker M, Murray L, Poteat T, et al. The global HIV epidemics among sex workers. Washington D.C: World Bank; 2013a."},{"key":"5053_CR14","unstructured":"UNAIDS Fact sheet: HIV and Sex Work. Human Rights: Fact Sheet Series. 2021. (UNAIDS\/JC3024E) [Internet]. Available from: https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/sites\/default\/files\/media_asset\/05-hiv-human-rights-factsheet-sex-work_en.pdf. [Accessed 15 November 2024]."},{"key":"5053_CR15","unstructured":"UNAIDS AIDSinfo. [Internet]. Available from: https:\/\/aidsinfo.unaids.org\/. [Accessed 15 November 2024]."},{"issue":"12","key":"5053_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"814","DOI":"10.1258\/095646203322556147","volume":"14","author":"K Zuma","year":"2003","unstructured":"Zuma K, Gouws E, Williams B, Lurie M. Risk factors for HIV infection among women in Carletonville, South africa: migration, demography and sexually transmitted diseases. Int J STD AIDS. 2003;14(12):814\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1258\/095646203322556147.","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"issue":"6","key":"5053_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2014.0028","volume":"28","author":"BS Taylor","year":"2014","unstructured":"Taylor BS, Reyes E, Levine EA, Khan SZ, Gardu\u00f1o S, et al. Patterns of geographic mobility predict barriers to engagement in HIV care and antiretroviral treatment adherence. AIDS Patient Care STDs. 2014;28(6):284\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/apc.2014.0028.","journal-title":"AIDS Patient Care STDs"},{"issue":"11","key":"5053_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.3390\/tropicalmed8110496","volume":"8","author":"J Ayieko","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ayieko J, Thorp M, Getahun M, Gandhi M, Maeri I, Gutin SA, et al. Geographic mobility and HIV care engagement among people living with HIV in rural Kenya and Uganda. Trop Med Infect Dis. 2023;8(11):496. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/tropicalmed8110496.","journal-title":"Trop Med Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"5053_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e87527","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0087527","volume":"9","author":"VA Fonner","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fonner VA, Kerrigan D, Mnisi Z, Ketende S, Kennedy CE, Baral S. Social Cohesion, social participation, and HIV related risk among female sex workers in Swaziland. PLoS ONE. 2014;9(1):e87527. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0087527.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"1","key":"5053_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-13-234","volume":"13","author":"AK Blanchard","year":"2013","unstructured":"Blanchard AK, Mohan HL, Shahmanesh M, Prakash R, Isac S, Ramesh BM, et al. Community mobilization, empowerment and HIV prevention among female sex workers in South India. BMC Public Health. 2013;13(1):234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1471-2458-13-234.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"5053_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e31823b1937","volume":"39","author":"SA Lippman","year":"2012","unstructured":"Lippman SA, Chinaglia M, Donini AA, Diaz J, Reingold A, Kerrigan DL. Findings from encontros: A multilevel STI\/HIV intervention to increase condom use, reduce STI, and change the social environment among sex workers in Brazil. Sex Transm Dis. 2012;39(3):209\u201316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e31823b1937.","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"5053_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2004.042200","volume":"96","author":"D Kerrigan","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kerrigan D, Moreno L, Rosario S, Gomez B, Jerez H, Barrington C, et al. Environmental\u2013structural interventions to reduce HIV\/STI risk among female sex workers in the Dominican Republic. AJPH. 2006;96(1):120\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/AJPH.2004.042200.","journal-title":"AJPH"},{"issue":"6","key":"5053_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-015-1230-8","volume":"20","author":"E Argento","year":"2016","unstructured":"Argento E, Duff P, Bingham B, Chapman J, Nguyen P, Strathdee SA, et al. Social cohesion among sex workers and client condom refusal in a Canadian setting: implications for structural and community-led interventions. AIDS Behav. 2016;20(6):1275\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-015-1230-8.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"5053_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000002123","volume":"82","author":"D Kerrigan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kerrigan D, Mbwambo J, Likindikoki S, Davis W, Mantsios A, Beckham W, et al. Project shikamana: community empowerment-based combination HIV prevention significantly impacts HIV incidence and care continuum outcomes among female sex workers in Iringa, Tanzania. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2019;82(2):141\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/QAI.0000000000002123.","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"Suppl1","key":"5053_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S60","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001203","volume":"74","author":"D Kerrigan","year":"2017","unstructured":"Kerrigan D, Mbwambo J, Likindikoki S, Beckham S, Mwampashi A, Shembilu C, et al. Project shikamana: baseline findings from a community empowerment-based combination HIV prevention trial among female sex workers in Iringa, Tanzania. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2017;74(Suppl1):S60\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001203.","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"5053_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Kerrigan D, Kennedy C, Morgan-Thomas R, Reza-Paul S, Mwangi P, Win KT et al. (2015). Female, Male and Transgender Sex Workers, Epidemiology of HIV\/AIDS. In T. J. Hope, M. Stevenson, & D. Richman, editors, Encyclopedia of AIDS (pp. 1\u20138). Springer New York. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4614-9610-6_247-1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-9610-6_247-1"},{"issue":"3","key":"5053_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-019-02559-9","volume":"24","author":"C Davey","year":"2020","unstructured":"Davey C, Dirawo J, Hargreaves JR, Cowan FM. Exploring the association between mobility and access to HIV services among female sex workers in Zimbabwe. AIDS Behav. 2020;24(3):746\u201361. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-019-02559-9.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"5053_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S198","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000463","volume":"68","author":"M Dugas","year":"2015","unstructured":"Dugas M, B\u00e9dard E, Batona G, Kpatchavi AC, Gu\u00e9dou FA, Dub\u00e9 E, et al. Outreach strategies for the promotion of HIV testing and care: closing the gap between health services and female sex workers in Benin. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2015;68(2):S198\u2013205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000463.","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"4","key":"5053_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.5539\/gjhs.v7n4p83","volume":"7","author":"V Sharma","year":"2015","unstructured":"Sharma V, Saggurti N, Bharat S. Association between system reach and exposure to interventions and characteristics of mobile female sex workers in four high HIV prevalence States in India. Glob J Health Sci. 2015;7(4):83\u201395. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5539\/gjhs.v7n4p83.","journal-title":"Glob J Health Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"5053_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0190787","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0190787","volume":"13","author":"B Febres-Cordero","year":"2018","unstructured":"Febres-Cordero B, Brouwer KC, Rocha-Jimenez T, Fernandez-Casanueva C, Morales-Miranda S, Goldenberg SM. Influence of peer support on HIV\/STI prevention and safety amongst international migrant sex workers: A qualitative study at the Mexico-Guatemala border. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(1):e0190787. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0190787.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"5053_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e26058","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.26058","volume":"26","author":"M Thorp","year":"2023","unstructured":"Thorp M, Ayieko J, Hoffman RM, Balakasi K, Camlin CS, Dovel K. Mobility and HIV care engagement: a research agenda. J Int AIDS Soc. 2023;26(3):e26058. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jia2.26058.","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"issue":"7","key":"5053_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0003355","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0003355","volume":"5","author":"ZM Hendrickson","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hendrickson ZM, De Jesus M, Barrington C, Cole SW, Kennedy CE, Sisson LN, et al. You know that we travel a lot: mobility narratives among female sex workers living with HIV in Tanzania and the Dominican Republic. PLOS Glob Public Health. 2024;5(7):e0003355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pgph.0003355.","journal-title":"PLOS Glob Public Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"5053_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1656","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732309353909","volume":"19","author":"C Infante","year":"2009","unstructured":"Infante C, Aggleton P, Pridmore P. Forms and determinants of migration and HIV\/AIDS-related stigma on the Mexican-Guatemalan border. Qual Health Res. 2009;19(12):1656\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1049732309353909.","journal-title":"Qual Health Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"5053_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1016\/s0277-9536(00)00067-8","volume":"51","author":"P Hawe","year":"2000","unstructured":"Hawe P, Shiell A. Social capital and health promotion: a review. Soc Sci Med. 2000;51(6):871\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0277-9536(00)00067-8.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"key":"5053_CR35","unstructured":"Bourdieu P, Wacquant LJD. An invitation to reflexive sociology. University of Chicago Press; 1992."},{"key":"5053_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Putnam RD. Bowling alone: the collapse and revival of American community. Simon & Schuster; 2000.","DOI":"10.1145\/358916.361990"},{"issue":"9963","key":"5053_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60973-9","volume":"385","author":"D Kerrigan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kerrigan D, Kennedy CE, Morgan-Thomas R, Reza-Paul S, Mwangi P, Win KT, et al. A community empowerment approach to the HIV response among sex workers: effectiveness, challenges, and considerations for implementation and scale-up. Lancet. 2015b;385(9963):172\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60973-9.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"5053_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1136\/sti.2009.037846","volume":"86","author":"MR Decker","year":"2010","unstructured":"Decker MR, McCauley HL, Phuengsamran D, Janyam S, Seage GR, Silverman JG. Violence victimisation, sexual risk and sexually transmitted infection symptoms among female sex workers in Thailand. Sex Transm Infect. 2010;86(3):236\u201340. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/sti.2009.037846.","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"2","key":"5053_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000590","volume":"69","author":"R Zulliger","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zulliger R, Barrington C, Donastorg Y, Perez M, Kerrigan D. High drop-off along the HIV care continuum and ART interruption among female sex workers in the Dominican Republic. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2015;69(2):216\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000590.","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"6","key":"5053_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2016.1268673","volume":"29","author":"JR Hargreaves","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hargreaves JR, Busza J, Mushati P, Fearon E, Cowan FM. Overlapping HIV and sex-work stigma among female sex workers recruited to 14 respondent-driven sampling surveys across Zimbabwe, 2013. AIDS Care. 2017;29(6):675\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09540121.2016.1268673.","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"5053_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-021-03211-1","volume":"25","author":"D Kerrigan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Kerrigan D, Karver TS, Barrington C, Davis W, Donastorg Y, Perez M, et al. Development of the experiences of sex work stigma scale using item response theory: implications for research on the social determinants of HIV. AIDS Behav. 2021;25(2):175\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-021-03211-1.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"5053_CR42","volume-title":"Stata statistical software: release 15. College station","author":"StataCorp","year":"2017","unstructured":"StataCorp. Stata statistical software: release 15. College station. TX: StataCorp LLC; 2017."},{"issue":"9280","key":"5053_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)05627-6","volume":"358","author":"K Malterud","year":"2001","unstructured":"Malterud K. Qualitative research: standards, challenges, and guidelines. Lancet. 2001;358(9280):483\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)05627-6.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"5053_CR44","volume-title":"Handbook of emergent methods","author":"JA Maxwell","year":"2008","unstructured":"Maxwell JA, Miller B. Categorizing and connecting strategies in qualitative data analysis. In: Hesse- Biber SN, Leavy P, editors. Handbook of emergent methods. New York: Guildford; 2008. p.461 \u2013 77."},{"key":"5053_CR45","unstructured":"National Family Planning & Reproductive Health Association. Pop It Up: A Guide to Pop-Up Clinics for Family Planning and Sexual Health Services, October 2023."},{"issue":"11","key":"5053_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e81041","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0081041","volume":"8","author":"PE Campos","year":"2013","unstructured":"Campos PE, Buffardi AL, C\u00e1rcamo CP, Garcia PJ, Buendia C, Chiappe M, et al. Reaching the unreachable: providing STI control services to female sex workers via mobile team outreach. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(11):e81041. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0081041.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"5","key":"5053_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e15096","DOI":"10.2196\/15096","volume":"8","author":"FH Ampt","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ampt FH, L\u2019Engle K, Lim MSC, Plourde KF, Mangone E, Mukanya CM, et al. A mobile phone\u2013based sexual and reproductive health intervention for female sex workers in kenya: development and qualitative study. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth. 2020;8(5):e15096. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/15096.","journal-title":"JMIR Mhealth Uhealth"},{"issue":"4","key":"5053_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2017.1417971","volume":"30","author":"K Ronen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ronen K, Unger JA, Drake AL, Perrier T, Akinyi P, Osborn L, et al. SMS messaging to improve ART adherence: perspectives of pregnant HIV-infected women in Kenya on HIV-related message content. AIDS Care. 2018;30(4):500\u20135. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09540121.2017.1417971.","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"5053_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Olawore O, Astatke H, Lillie T, Persaud N, Lyons C, Kamali D et al. (2020). Peer recruitment strategies for female sex workers not engaged in HIV prevention and treatment services in C\u00f4te d\u2019Ivoire: Program data analysis. JMIR Public Health Surveill. 2020;6(4): e18000. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/18000","DOI":"10.2196\/18000"},{"key":"5053_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Krishnamurthy P, Hui SK, Shivkumar N, Gowda C, Pushpalatha R et al. (2016). Assessing the impact of peer educator outreach on the likelihood and acceleration of clinic utilization among sex workers. PLoS ONE. 2016;11(7):e0159656. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0159656","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0159656"},{"key":"5053_CR51","unstructured":"Sisters Zimbabwe. [Internet]. Available from: https:\/\/sisters-zimbabwe.org\/. [Accessed 21 November 2024]."},{"key":"5053_CR52","unstructured":"Amsterdam. Center for Sex Workers. [Internet]. Available from: https:\/\/amsterdamcenterforsexworkers.nl\/"},{"key":"5053_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Singer RB, Johnson AK, Crooks N, Bruce D, Wesp L, Karczmar A et al. (2021). Feeling safe, feeling seen, feeling free: combating stigma and creating culturally safe care for sex workers in Chicago. PLoS ONE. 2021;16(6):e0253749. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0253749","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0253749"},{"issue":"12","key":"5053_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002680","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002680","volume":"15","author":"L Platt","year":"2018","unstructured":"Platt L, Grenfell P, Meiksin R, Elmes J, Sherman SG, Sanders T, et al. Associations between sex work laws and sex workers\u2019 health: A systematic review and meta-analysis of quantitative and qualitative studies. PLoS Med. 2018;15(12):e1002680. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002680.","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"key":"5053_CR55","unstructured":"Social Authority Hamburg. Health advice for People Working in Prostitution. [Internet]. Available from: https:\/\/www.hamburg.com\/publicservice\/info\/111102362\/?utm. [Accessed 10 November 2024]."}],"container-title":["AIDS and Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10461-026-05053-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10461-026-05053-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10461-026-05053-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T02:39:25Z","timestamp":1787107165000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10461-026-05053-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["5053"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-026-05053-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1090-7165","1573-3254"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1090-7165","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-3254","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,17]]},"assertion":[{"value":"24 January 2026","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"17 February 2026","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing Interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Boards (IRB) of the Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health in Baltimore, MD, USA (IRB No: 7065\/CR662), as well as the Instituto Dermatol\u00f3gico y Cirug\u00eda de Piel (IDCP) in Santo Domingo, DR. The procedures used in this study adhere to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics Approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Written informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to Participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}