{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T22:29:41Z","timestamp":1788647381694,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779408000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1779408000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000009","name":"Foundation for the National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["D43TW010046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D43TW010046"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000009","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AIDS Behav"],"DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-026-05177-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T01:49:15Z","timestamp":1779414555000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Housing Instability as a Barrier to HIV Viral Suppression: Evidence from a U.S. Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4426-8696","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thomas","family":"O\u2019Grady","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marlene","family":"Eisenberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Weinberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ainur","family":"Kussainova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Tesoriero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu-Yin John","family":"Leung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"5177_CR1","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development. The\u202f2024\u202fannual homelessness assessment report (AHAR) to congress\u2014part\u202f1: point\u2011in\u2011time estimates of homelessness. HUD\u202fUser. 2024. https:\/\/www.huduser.gov\/portal\/sites\/default\/files\/pdf\/2024-AHAR-Part-1.pdf."},{"key":"5177_CR2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV outbreaks among people experiencing homelessness and housing instability [Letter from the Director]. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2023. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchhstp\/director-letters\/hiv-among-people-experiencing-homelessness.html#:~:text=HIV%20Outbreaks%20Among,CDC%20NCHHSTP."},{"issue":"5","key":"5177_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1007\/s10900-020-00959-w","volume":"46","author":"G Aquino","year":"2021","unstructured":"Aquino G, Byrne M, Dorsey K, et al. Examining retention in HIV care and HIV suppression on housing services intake at a Washington, DC community based organization. J Community Health. 2021;46(5):861\u20138.","journal-title":"J Community Health"},{"key":"5177_CR4","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Behavioral and clinical characteristics of persons with diagnosed HIV infection\u2014medical monitoring project, United States, 2022 cycle (June 2022\u2013May 2023) (HIV Surveillance Special Report No. 36). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 2024. https:\/\/stacks.cdc.gov\/view\/cdc\/159149."},{"issue":"6","key":"5177_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-019-02704-4","volume":"24","author":"JJ Wainwright","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wainwright JJ, Beer L, Tie Y, Fagan JL, Dean HD. Socioeconomic, behavioral, and clinical characteristics of persons living with HIV who experience homelessness in the United States, 2015\u20132016. AIDS Behav. 2020;24(6):1701\u20138.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"5177_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E1","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2015.302905","volume":"106","author":"AA Aidala","year":"2016","unstructured":"Aidala AA, Wilson MG, Shubert V, et al. Housing status, medical care, and health outcomes among people living with HIV\/Aids: a systematic review. Am J Public Health. 2016;106(1):E1\u201323.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"5177_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000000864","volume":"56","author":"PJ Cunningham","year":"2018","unstructured":"Cunningham PJ, Green TL, Braun RT. Income disparities in the prevalence, severity, and costs of co-occurring chronic and behavioral health conditions. Med Care. 2018;56(2):139\u201345.","journal-title":"Med Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"5177_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1089\/lgbt.2014.0062","volume":"3","author":"N Dowshen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dowshen N, Matone M, Luan XQ, et al. Behavioral and health outcomes for HIV plus young transgender women (YTW) linked to and engaged in medical care. Lgbt Health. 2016;3(2):162\u20137.","journal-title":"Lgbt Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"5177_CR9","first-page":"115","volume":"24","author":"MJ Mugavero","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mugavero MJ. Elements of the HIV care continuum: improving engagement and retention in care. Top Antivir Med. 2016;24(3):115\u20139.","journal-title":"Top Antivir Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"5177_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2022.22246","volume":"329","author":"RT Gandhi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gandhi RT, Bedimo R, Hoy JF, et al. Antiretroviral drugs for treatment and prevention of HIV infection in adults: 2022 recommendations of the international antiviral society-USA panel. JAMA. 2023;329(1):63\u201384.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"25","key":"5177_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2305","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMp2113118","volume":"385","author":"J Bor","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bor J, Onoya D, Richman B, Mayer KH. A failure to disseminate transformative science\u2014HIV treatment as prevention, 10 years on. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(25):2305\u20137.","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"5177_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/23259582241282561","author":"JM Zuniga","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zuniga JM. U = U: a catalyst for ending AIDS as a public health threat. J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care. 2024. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/23259582241282561.","journal-title":"J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care"},{"key":"5177_CR13","volume":"46","author":"MJ Page","year":"2022","unstructured":"Page MJ, McKenzie JE, Bossuyt PM, et al. The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviewsDeclaracion PRISMA 2020: una guia actualizada para la publicacion de revisiones sistematicas. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2022;46:e112.","journal-title":"Rev Panam Salud Publica"},{"issue":"3","key":"5177_CR14","first-page":"301","volume":"20","author":"NA Dreyer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dreyer NA, Velentgas P, Westrich K, Dubois R. The GRACE checklist for rating the quality of observational studies of comparative effectiveness: a tale of hope and caution. J Manag Care Pharm. 2014;20(3):301\u20138.","journal-title":"J Manag Care Pharm"},{"issue":"2","key":"5177_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e075173","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-075173","volume":"14","author":"L Jiu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jiu L, Hartog M, Wang J, et al. Tools for assessing quality of studies investigating health interventions using real-world data: a literature review and content analysis. BMJ Open. 2024;14(2):e075173.","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"5177_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa","volume":"3","author":"V Braun","year":"2006","unstructured":"Braun V, Clarke V. Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qual Res Psychol. 2006;3(2):77\u2013101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa.","journal-title":"Qual Res Psychol"},{"issue":"3","key":"5177_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-018-2295-y","volume":"23","author":"M Hawk","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hawk M, Maulsby C, Enobun B, et al. HIV treatment cascade by housing status at enrollment: results from a retention in care cohort. AIDS Behav. 2019;23(3):765\u201375.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"5177_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S539","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2018.304736","volume":"108","author":"S Rajabiun","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rajabiun S, Tryon J, Feaster M, et al. The influence of housing status on the HIV continuum of care: results from a multisite study of patient navigation models to build a medical home for people living with HIV experiencing homelessness. Am J Public Health. 2018;108:S539\u201345.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"5177_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105315603465","volume":"22","author":"EM Arnold","year":"2017","unstructured":"Arnold EM, Desmond KA, Rotheram-Borus MJ, et al. Drug use and emotional distress differentiate unstably- versus stably-housed adults living with HIV who engage in unprotected sex. J Health Psychol. 2017;22(3):302\u201313.","journal-title":"J Health Psychol"},{"issue":"1","key":"5177_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-022-07105-y","volume":"22","author":"V Berthaud","year":"2022","unstructured":"Berthaud V, Johnson L, Jennings R, et al. The effect of homelessness on viral suppression in an underserved metropolitan area of Middle Tennessee: potential implications for ending the HIV epidemic. BMC Infect Dis. 2022;22(1):7.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"5177_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofy035","volume":"5","author":"A Clemenzi-Allen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Clemenzi-Allen A, Geng E, Christopoulos K, et al. Degree of housing instability shows independent \u201cdose-response\u201d with virologic suppression rates among people living with human immunodeficiency virus. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2018;5(3):3.","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"issue":"SUPPL 1","key":"5177_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-019-02753-9","volume":"25","author":"EA Eastwood","year":"2021","unstructured":"Eastwood EA, Nace AJ, Hirshfield S, Birnbaum JM. Young transgender women of color: homelessness, poverty, childhood sexual abuse and implications for HIV care. AIDS Behav. 2021;25(SUPPL 1):96\u2013106.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"1","key":"5177_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1177\/2325957416667488","volume":"16","author":"DJ Feller","year":"2017","unstructured":"Feller DJ, Agins BD. Understanding determinants of racial and ethnic disparities in viral load suppression: a data mining approach. J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care. 2017;16(1):23\u20139.","journal-title":"J Int Assoc Provid AIDS Care"},{"issue":"9","key":"5177_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2443","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-019-02509-5","volume":"23","author":"T Ghose","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ghose T, Shubert V, Poitevien V, Choudhuri S, Gross R. Effectiveness of a viral load suppression intervention for highly vulnerable people living with HIV. AIDS Behav. 2019;23(9):2443\u201352.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"12","key":"5177_CR25","first-page":"1874","volume":"35","author":"R Harp","year":"2023","unstructured":"Harp R, Byrne M, Monroe A, Castel AD. Housing, HIV outcomes, and related comorbidities in persons living with HIV in Washington, DC. Aids Care-Psychol Socio-Med Asp Aids-Hiv. 2023;35(12):1874\u201384.","journal-title":"Aids Care-Psychol Socio-Med Asp Aids-Hiv"},{"issue":"6","key":"5177_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-016-1460-4","volume":"21","author":"MK Irvine","year":"2017","unstructured":"Irvine MK, Chamberlin SA, Robbins RS, Kulkarni SG, Robertson MKM, Nash D. Come as you are: improving care engagement and viral load suppression among HIV care coordination clients with lower mental health functioning, unstable housing, and hard drug use. AIDS Behav. 2017;21(6):1572\u20139.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"key":"5177_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.07.038","volume":"192","author":"H Jin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jin H, Ogunbajo A, Mimiaga MJ, Duncan DT, Boyer E, Chai P, et al. Over the influence: the HIV care continuum among methamphetamine-using men who have sex with men [Article]. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2018;192:125\u20138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.07.038.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"5177_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Marcus, R., Y. F. Tie, S. Dasgupta, L. Beer, M. Padilla, J. Fagan, and J. Prejean. Characteristics of Adults with Diagnosed HIV Who Experienced Housing Instability: Findings from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Medical Monitoring Project, United States, 2018. Janac-Journal of the Association of Nurses in Aids Care. 2022; 33(3): 283\u201394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/jnc.0000000000000314","DOI":"10.1097\/jnc.0000000000000314"},{"issue":"2","key":"5177_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000000705","volume":"45","author":"TW Menza","year":"2018","unstructured":"Menza TW, Choi SK, LeGrand S, Muessig K, Hightow-Weidman L. Correlates of self-reported viral suppression among HIV-positive, young, Black men who have sex with men participating in a randomized controlled trial of an internet-based HIV prevention intervention. Sex Transm Dis. 2018;45(2):118\u201326.","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"5177_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0239190","volume":"15","author":"S Rajabiun","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rajabiun S, Davis-Plourde K, Tinsley M, et al. Pathways to housing stability and viral suppression for people living with HIV\/AIDS: findings from the building a medical home for multiply diagnosed HIV-positive homeless populations initiative. PLoS ONE. 2020;15(10):18.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"8","key":"5177_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1285","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000003565","volume":"37","author":"AS Rivera","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rivera AS, Rusie LK, Feinstein MJ, Siddique J, Lloyd-Jones DM, Beach LB. Intersectionality-informed analysis of durable viral suppression disparities in people with HIV. AIDS. 2023;37(8):1285\u201396.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"5","key":"5177_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2013-051342","volume":"90","author":"GM Santos","year":"2014","unstructured":"Santos GM, Wilson EC, Rapues J, Macias O, Packer T, Raymond HF. HIV treatment cascade among transgender women in a San Francisco respondent driven sampling study. Sex Transm Infect. 2014;90(5):430\u20133. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/sextrans-2013-051342.","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"1","key":"5177_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-8442-1","volume":"20","author":"DM Sheehan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Sheehan DM, Dawit R, Gbadamosi SO, et al. Sustained HIV viral suppression among men who have sex with men in the Miami-Dade county Ryan white program: the effect of demographic, psychosocial, provider and neighborhood factors. BMC Public Health. 2020;20(1):12.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"5177_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1097\/JNC.0000000000000114","volume":"31","author":"H Solomon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Solomon H, Linton SL, del Rio C, Hussen SA. Housing instability, depression, and HIV viral load among young Black gay, bisexual, and other men who have sex with men in Atlanta, Georgia. J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care. 2020;31(2):219\u201327.","journal-title":"J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"5177_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E947","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac179","volume":"75","author":"MA Spinelli","year":"2022","unstructured":"Spinelli MA, Le Tourneau N, Glidden D, et al. Impact of multicomponent support strategies on Human Immunodeficiency Virus virologic suppression rates during Coronavirus Disease 2019: an interrupted time series analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 2022;75(1):E947\u201354.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"5177_CR36","first-page":"1","volume":"33","author":"A Stanic","year":"2021","unstructured":"Stanic A, Rybin D, Cannata F, et al. The impact of the housing status on clinical outcomes and health care utilization among individuals living with HIV. Aids Care-Psychol Socio-Med Asp Aids-HIV. 2021;33(1):1\u20139.","journal-title":"Aids Care-Psychol. Socio-Med. Asp. Aids-HIV."},{"issue":"1","key":"5177_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1353\/hpu.2016.0020","volume":"27","author":"K Thakarar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Thakarar K, Morgan JR, Gaeta JM, Drainoni ML, Hohl C. Homelessness, HIV, and incomplete viral suppression. J Health Care Poor Underserved. 2016;27(1):145\u201356.","journal-title":"J Health Care Poor Underserved"},{"issue":"17","key":"5177_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2693","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.1482","volume":"22","author":"G Knapp","year":"2003","unstructured":"Knapp G, Hartung J. Improved tests for a random effects meta-regression with a single covariate. Stat Med. 2003;22(17):2693\u2013710.","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"5177_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0000000000001071","volume":"46","author":"BM Whelan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Whelan BM, Hebert PL, Ahrens KR, et al. Predictors of failure to reach viral suppression within 1 year after human immunodeficiency virus diagnosis: a surveillance-based analysis. Sex Transm Dis. 2019;46(11):728\u201332.","journal-title":"Sex Transm Dis"},{"key":"5177_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/10791","author":"EM Arnold","year":"2019","unstructured":"Arnold EM, Swendeman D, Harris D, et al. The stepped care intervention to suppress viral load in youth living with HIV: protocol for a randomized controlled trial. JMIR Res Protoc. 2019. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2196\/10791.","journal-title":"JMIR Res Protoc"},{"key":"5177_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2018.07.051","volume":"214","author":"O Gal\u00e1rraga","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gal\u00e1rraga O, Rana A, Rahman M, et al. The effect of unstable housing on HIV treatment biomarkers: an instrumental variables approach. Soc Sci Med. 2018;214:70\u201382.","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"5177_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3155","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-020-02874-6","volume":"24","author":"AL Hotton","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hotton AL, Perloff J, Paul J, et al. Patterns of exposure to socio-structural stressors and HIV care engagement among transgender women of color. AIDS Behav. 2020;24(11):3155\u201363.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"5177_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1089\/lgbt.2014.0062","volume":"3","author":"N Dowshen","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dowshen N, Matone M, Luan X, et al. Behavioral and health outcomes for HIV+ young transgender women (YTW) linked to and engaged in medical care. LGBT Health. 2016;3(2):162\u20137.","journal-title":"LGBT Health"},{"issue":"15","key":"5177_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2328","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002677","volume":"34","author":"MA Spinelli","year":"2020","unstructured":"Spinelli MA, Hickey MD, Glidden DV, et al. Viral suppression rates in a safety-net HIV clinic in San Francisco destabilized during COVID-19. AIDS. 2020;34(15):2328\u201331.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"12","key":"5177_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3557","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-017-1700-2","volume":"21","author":"EW Wiewel","year":"2017","unstructured":"Wiewel EW, Borrell LN, Jones HE, Maroko AR, Torian LV. Neighborhood characteristics associated with achievement and maintenance of HIV viral suppression among persons newly diagnosed with HIV in New York City. AIDS Behav. 2017;21(12):3557\u201366.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"10","key":"5177_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1089\/apc.2021.0067","volume":"35","author":"R Dawit","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dawit R, Trepka MJ, Duncan DT, et al. Neighborhood factors associated with racial\/ethnic disparities in achieving sustained HIV viral suppression among Miami-Dade County Ryan White Program clients. AIDS Patient Care STDS. 2021;35(10):401\u201310.","journal-title":"AIDS Patient Care STDS"},{"issue":"5","key":"5177_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1007\/s10903-020-01002-9","volume":"22","author":"EA Gebreegziabher","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gebreegziabher EA, McCoy SI, Ycasas JC, Murgai N. The role of neighborhood poverty in the association between foreign-born status and HIV care continuum outcomes in Alameda County, California. J Immigr Minor Health. 2020;22(5):1023\u201330.","journal-title":"J Immigr Minor Health"},{"issue":"5","key":"5177_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2017.04.005","volume":"27","author":"Q Xia","year":"2017","unstructured":"Xia Q, Robbins RS, Lazar R, Torian LV, Braunstein SL. Racial and socioeconomic disparities in viral suppression among persons living with HIV in New York City. Ann Epidemiol. 2017;27(5):335\u201341.","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"5177_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0285765","volume":"18","author":"EW Wiewel","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wiewel EW, Zhong Y, Xia Q, et al. Homelessness and housing assistance among persons with HIV, and associations with HIV care and viral suppression, New York City 2018. PLoS ONE. 2023;18(5):1.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"5","key":"5177_CR50","volume":"16","author":"P Borkowski","year":"2024","unstructured":"Borkowski P, Borkowska N, Mangeshkar S, Adal BH, Singh N. Racial and socioeconomic determinants of cardiovascular health: a comprehensive review. Cureus. 2024;16(5):e59497.","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"5177_CR51","volume":"24","author":"I Lua","year":"2023","unstructured":"Lua I, Silva AF, Guimaraes NS, et al. The effects of social determinants of health on acquired immune deficiency syndrome in a low-income population of Brazil: a retrospective cohort study of 28.3 million individuals. Lancet Reg Health. 2023;24:100554.","journal-title":"Lancet Reg Health"},{"key":"5177_CR52","first-page":"9","volume":"2024","author":"JR Bassler","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bassler JR, Ostrenga L, Levitan EB, et al. Redlining and time to viral suppression among persons with HIV. JAMA Intern Med. 2024;2024:9.","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"5177_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"A147","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2020-054558","volume":"97","author":"R Dawit","year":"2021","unstructured":"Dawit R, Trepka M, Duncan D, et al. Role of neighborhood factors on racial\/ethnic differences in sustained HIV viral suppression among Ryan white program clients in Miami, 2017. Sex Transm Infect. 2021;97:A147\u2013A147.","journal-title":"Sex Transm Infect"},{"issue":"7","key":"5177_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2033","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-019-02757-5","volume":"24","author":"AB Cope","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cope AB, Edmonds A, Ludema C, et al. Neighborhood poverty and control of HIV, hypertension, and diabetes in the Women\u2019s Interagency HIV Study. AIDS Behav. 2020;24(7):2033\u201344.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"5177_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1111\/jrh.12636","volume":"38","author":"MJ Trepka","year":"2022","unstructured":"Trepka MJ, Dawit R, Fernandez SB, et al. Social disorganization and new HIV diagnoses, 2013\u20132017, Florida: rural-urban differences. J Rural Health. 2022;38(4):960\u20139.","journal-title":"J Rural Health"},{"issue":"9","key":"5177_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2315","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-019-02461-4","volume":"23","author":"VL Towe","year":"2019","unstructured":"Towe VL, Wiewel EW, Zhong Y, Linnemayr S, Johnson R, Rojas J. A randomized controlled trial of a rapid re-housing intervention for homeless persons living with HIV\/AIDS: impact on housing and HIV medical outcomes. AIDS Behav. 2019;23(9):2315\u201325.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"5177_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25270","volume":"22","author":"GN Baguso","year":"2019","unstructured":"Baguso GN, Turner CM, Santos GM, et al. Successes and final challenges along the HIV care continuum with transwomen in San Francisco. J Int AIDS Soc. 2019;22(4):9.","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"issue":"9","key":"5177_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2326","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-019-02601-w","volume":"23","author":"ED Riley","year":"2019","unstructured":"Riley ED, Vittinghoff E, Koss CA, et al. Housing first: unsuppressed viral load among women living with HIV in San Francisco. AIDS Behav. 2019;23(9):2326\u201336.","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"9","key":"5177_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0274923","volume":"17","author":"JS Lightner","year":"2022","unstructured":"Lightner JS, Barnhart T, Shank J, et al. Outcomes of the KC life 360 intervention: improving employment and housing for persons living with HIV. PLoS ONE. 2022;17(9):13.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"5177_CR60","unstructured":"National Alliance to End Homelessness. State of homelessness: 2024 edition. 2024. https:\/\/endhomelessness.org\/state-of-homelessnes."},{"key":"5177_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S528","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2018.304732","volume":"108","author":"D Borne","year":"2018","unstructured":"Borne D, Tryon J, Rajabiun S, Fox J, de Groot A, Gunhouse-Vigil K. Mobile multidisciplinary HIV medical care for hard-to-reach individuals experiencing homelessness in San Francisco. Am J Public Health. 2018;108:S528\u201330.","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"5177_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002793","volume":"35","author":"MD Hickey","year":"2021","unstructured":"Hickey MD, Imbert E, Glidden DV, et al. Viral suppression during COVID-19 among people with HIV experiencing homelessness in a low-barrier clinic-based program. AIDS. 2021;35(3):517\u20139.","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"4","key":"5177_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1093\/swr\/svac015","volume":"46","author":"SB Fernandez","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fernandez SB, Sheehan DM, Dawit R, Brock-Getz P, Ladner RA, Trepka MJ. Relationship between housing characteristics and care outcomes among women living with HIV: latent class analysis. Soc Work Res. 2022;46(4):267\u201379.","journal-title":"Soc Work Res"},{"key":"5177_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.07.038","volume":"192","author":"H Jin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Jin H, Ogunbajo A, Mimiaga MJ, et al. Over the influence: the HIV care continuum among methamphetamine-using men who have sex with men. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2018;192:125\u20138.","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"5177_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-017-2011-z","volume":"17","author":"EA Arnold","year":"2017","unstructured":"Arnold EA, Weeks J, Benjamin M, et al. Identifying social and economic barriers to regular care and treatment for Black men who have sex with men and women (BMSMW) and who are living with HIV: a qualitative study from the Bruthas cohort. BMC Health Serv Res. 2017;17:11.","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"5177_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/9780875533254partIV","volume-title":"The picture of health","author":"M Stein","year":"2022","unstructured":"Stein M, Galea S. IV. A social ecological perspective. In: The picture of health. American Public Health Association; 2022. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2105\/9780875533254partIV."},{"issue":"9","key":"5177_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1037\/h0033434","volume":"27","author":"A Binder","year":"1972","unstructured":"Binder A. A new context for psychology: social ecology. Am Psychol. 1972;27(9):903.","journal-title":"Am Psychol"},{"issue":"5","key":"5177_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.21167","volume":"321","author":"RW Eisinger","year":"2019","unstructured":"Eisinger RW, Dieffenbach CW, Fauci AS. HIV viral load and transmissibility of HIV infection: undetectable equals untransmittable. JAMA. 2019;321(5):451\u20132.","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"5177_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1086\/685034","volume":"7","author":"HT Hsu","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hsu HT, Simon JD, Henwood BF, Wenzel SL, Couture J. Location, location, location: perceptions of safety and security among formerly homeless persons transitioned to permanent supportive housing. J Soc Soc Work Res. 2016;7(1):65\u201388.","journal-title":"J Soc Soc Work Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"5177_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.2752\/204191213X13817427789271","volume":"4","author":"J Pable","year":"2013","unstructured":"Pable J. Possessions in the homeless shelter experience: the built environment\u2019s potential role in self-restoration. Interiors. 2013;4(3):267\u201393.","journal-title":"Interiors"},{"key":"5177_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.healthplace.2023.103092","volume":"83","author":"N Kerman","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kerman N, Kidd SA, Voronov J, Marshall CA, O\u2019Shaughnessy B, Abramovich A, et al. Victimization, safety, and overdose in homeless shelters: a systematic review and narrative synthesis. Health Place. 2023;83:103092.","journal-title":"Health Place"},{"issue":"2","key":"5177_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1606\/1044-3894.2017.98.16","volume":"98","author":"N Beharie","year":"2017","unstructured":"Beharie N, Jessell L, Osuji H, McKay MM. The association between shelter rules and psychosocial outcomes among homeless youth residing in family shelters. Fam Soc. 2017;98(2):113\u201320.","journal-title":"Fam Soc"},{"key":"5177_CR73","volume-title":"Using positive psychology to explain shelter use: a study of homeless families in New York City","author":"D Treglia","year":"2016","unstructured":"Treglia D. Using positive psychology to explain shelter use: a study of homeless families in New York City. University of Pennsylvania; 2016."},{"key":"5177_CR74","volume-title":"Making a positive change: a qualitative study of homeless women\u2019s perceptions and experiences of shelter living","author":"NS Solle","year":"2015","unstructured":"Solle NS. Making a positive change: a qualitative study of homeless women\u2019s perceptions and experiences of shelter living. University of Miami; 2015."},{"key":"5177_CR75","unstructured":"Street Medicine Institute. About SMI. n.d. https:\/\/www.streetmedicine.org\/about-smi"},{"issue":"4","key":"5177_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1007\/s11013-022-09807-z","volume":"47","author":"J Frankeberger","year":"2023","unstructured":"Frankeberger J, Gagnon K, Withers J, Hawk M. Harm reduction principles in a street medicine program: a qualitative study. Cult Med Psychiatry. 2023;47(4):1005\u201321.","journal-title":"Cult Med Psychiatry"},{"issue":"11","key":"5177_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0141912","volume":"10","author":"S Lim","year":"2015","unstructured":"Lim S, Nash D, Hollod L, Harris TG, Lennon MC, Thorpe LE. Influence of jail incarceration and homelessness patterns on engagement in HIV care and HIV viral suppression among New York City adults living with HIV\/AIDS. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(11):12.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"9","key":"5177_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0204017","volume":"13","author":"D Nash","year":"2018","unstructured":"Nash D, Robertson MM, Penrose K, et al. Short-term effectiveness of HIV care coordination among persons with recent HIV diagnosis or history of poor HIV outcomes. PLoS ONE. 2018;13(9):14.","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"}],"container-title":["AIDS and Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10461-026-05177-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10461-026-05177-4","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10461-026-05177-4.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]],"date-time":"2026-05-22T04:28:20Z","timestamp":1779424100000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10461-026-05177-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]},"references-count":78,"alternative-id":["5177"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-026-05177-4","relation":{},"ISSN":["1090-7165","1573-3254"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1090-7165","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-3254","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"11 May 2026","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 May 2026","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}