{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,23]],"date-time":"2026-10-23T19:16:08Z","timestamp":1792782968636,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":22,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782086400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o Oswaldo Cruz","id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/04jhswv08","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["AIDS Behav"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Hepatitis C virus self-testing (HCVST) has emerged as a potential strategy to expand testing among key populations. We assessed the feasibility of HCVST in cisgender men-who-have-sex-with-men (cis-MSM) and transgender women (TGW) on pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). This cross-sectional study included cis-MSM or TGW attending a PrEP consultation in Rio de Janeiro (Brazil). Participants performed HCVST using blood-based and oral-fluid kits on the same day under observation. Difficulties, errors and assistance during HCVST were recorded. Re-reading and re-testing concordance [Kappa(k)] and values\/preferences were assessed. A total of 250 participants (88% cis-MSM, age\u2009=\u200934 [IQR,28\u201341] years, 42% with high education level) were included. The main steps where participants requested assistance (95%CI) for blood-based HCVST were to add buffer [35.6%(29.9\u201341.8)] and to collect blood sample with the dropper [34.0%(28.4\u201340.1)]. The main error during oral fluid HCVST was incorrect collection of oral fluid [29.6% (95%CI,24.2\u201335.6)]. A total of 62.4% (95%CI,56.2\u201368.2) and 28.8% (95%CI,23.5\u201334.8) participants needed assistance in at least one step of blood-based and oral fluid HCVST, respectively. Lower education level was associated with higher odds of needing assistance for blood-based HCVST [aOR\u2009=\u20092.07 (95%CI,1.99\u20133.59),\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.009]. Re-reading and re-testing k-indexes were 0.92 and 0.89 for blood-based, and 1.00 and 0.75 for oral fluid HCVST, respectively. More than 95% of people felt safe; would repeat or would recommend HCVST. A total of 46.4% (95%CI,40.3\u201352.6) preferred oral fluid versus 36.4% (95%CI,30.6\u201342.6) who preferred blood-based. A relatively high proportion of participants needed assistance, especially for blood-based HCVST. Despite these challenges, high re-reading and re-testing agreements were observed and HCVST was well-accepted.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-026-05207-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T15:38:20Z","timestamp":1782142700000},"page":"2887-2897","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Acceptability and Usability of Blood-Based and Oral Fluid HCV Self-Testing Among Men-Who-Have-Sex-with-Men and Transgender Women on PrEP"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0931-6418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo","family":"Perazzo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5230-0003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sandra W.","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2557-601X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Thiago S.","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Bezerra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ketiuce","family":"Zukeram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8283-5025","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcos","family":"Benedetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julio","family":"Moreira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brenda","family":"Hoagland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4205-9786","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Pimenta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3692-5155","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatriz","family":"Grinsztejn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6622-3165","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valdilea G.","family":"Veloso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"5207_CR1","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Hepatitis C. Hepatitis C [https:\/\/www.who.int\/news-room\/fact-sheets\/detail\/hepatitis-c. ]."},{"issue":"1","key":"5207_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(20)30303-4","volume":"6","author":"F Jin","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jin F, Dore GJ, Matthews G, Luhmann N, Macdonald V, Bajis S, et al. Prevalence and incidence of hepatitis C virus infection in men who have sex with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2021;6(1):39\u201356.","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"5207_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e395624","DOI":"10.1590\/acb395624","volume":"39","author":"A Gerk","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gerk A, Telles L, Carroll M, Nascimento M, Bispo RG, Oliveira BFS, et al. Use of industrial liquid silicone: a scoping review. Acta Cir Bras. 2024;39:e395624.","journal-title":"Acta Cir Bras"},{"issue":"5","key":"5207_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(21)00472-6","volume":"7","author":"HCV Polaris Observatory","year":"2022","unstructured":"HCV Polaris Observatory. Global change in hepatitis C virus prevalence and cascade of care between 2015 and 2020: a modelling study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2022;7(5):396\u2013415.","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"4","key":"5207_CR5","first-page":"974","volume":"79","author":"J Grebely","year":"2024","unstructured":"Grebely J. Point-of-Care Testing for Hepatitis C Infection: A Critical Building Block for the Foundation to Achieve Elimination. Clin Infect Dis. 2024;79(4):974\u20137.","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"5207_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aohep.2021.100322","volume":"24","author":"L Barter","year":"2021","unstructured":"Barter L, Cooper CL. The impact of electronic medical record system implementation on HCV screening and continuum of care: a systematic review. Ann Hepatol. 2021;24:100322.","journal-title":"Ann Hepatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"5207_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.13909","volume":"31","author":"D O\u2019Keefe","year":"2024","unstructured":"O\u2019Keefe D, Jacka D, Douglass C, Gunn J, Stoove M, Crawford S, et al. Distribution of rapid HCV antibody self-test kits via needle\/syringe dispensing machines: Implementation and evaluation of the Vend-C pilot study in Melbourne, Australia. J Viral Hepat. 2024;31(3):151\u20135.","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"issue":"12","key":"5207_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100979","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2024.100979","volume":"5","author":"P Venkatesan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Venkatesan P. First self-test for hepatitis C virus. Lancet Microbe. 2024;5(12):100979.","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"issue":"1","key":"5207_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.3350\/cmh.2024.0484","volume":"31","author":"G Shin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shin G, Kim BK, Bae S, Lee H, Ahn SH. Self-testing strategy to eliminate hepatitis C as per World Health Organization\u2019s goal: Analysis of disease burden and cost-effectiveness. Clin Mol Hepatol. 2025;31(1):166\u201378.","journal-title":"Clin Mol Hepatol"},{"issue":"11","key":"5207_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.13876","volume":"30","author":"H Perazzo","year":"2023","unstructured":"Perazzo H, Castro R, Villela-Nogueira C, Torres M, Silva SL, Cardoso SW, et al. Acceptability and usability of oral fluid HCV self-testing for hepatitis C diagnosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Viral Hepat. 2023;30(11):838\u201347.","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"issue":"7","key":"5207_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1177\/09564624241287259","volume":"36","author":"S Melnychuk","year":"2025","unstructured":"Melnychuk S, Balakireva O, Pavlova D, Lopatenko A, McClarty LM, Lazarus L, et al. Joint HIV and hepatitis C virus phylogenetic analyses signal network overlap among women engaged in sex work and men who purchase sex. Int J STD AIDS. 2025;36(7):542\u20139.","journal-title":"Int J STD AIDS"},{"key":"5207_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103804","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2026.103804","volume":"93","author":"J Gil Minana","year":"2026","unstructured":"Gil Minana J, Arias Garcia S, De Lazzari E, Montoya Conesa FJ, De La Mora L, Laguno M, et al. Chemsex and uptake of HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis among adult cisgender gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men worldwide: a systematic review with meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine. 2026;93:103804.","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"5207_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbi.2008.08.010","volume":"42","author":"PA Harris","year":"2009","unstructured":"Harris PA, Taylor R, Thielke R, Payne J, Gonzalez N, Conde JG. Research electronic data capture (REDCap)--a metadata-driven methodology and workflow process for providing translational research informatics support. J Biomed Inf. 2009;42(2):377\u201381.","journal-title":"J Biomed Inf"},{"key":"5207_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1478195","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2024.1478195","volume":"12","author":"S Albertos","year":"2024","unstructured":"Albertos S, Majo FX, Esteban R, Colom J, Buti M. A large-scale screening of hepatitis C among men who have sex with men in the community using saliva point-of-care testing. Front Public Health. 2024;12:1478195.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"5207_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nguyen LT, Nguyen VTT, Le Ai KA, Truong MB, Tran TTM, Jamil MS et al. Acceptability and Usability of HCV Self-Testing in High Risk Populations in Vietnam. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021, 11(2).","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11020377"},{"key":"5207_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"903747","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.903747","volume":"10","author":"W Xu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Xu W, Reipold EI, Zhao P, Tang W, Tucker JD, Ong JJ, et al. HCV Self-Testing to Expand Testing: A Pilot Among Men Who Have Sex With Men in China. Front Public Health. 2022;10:903747.","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"5207_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-022-07484-2","volume":"22","author":"E Fajardo","year":"2022","unstructured":"Fajardo E, Watson V, Kumwenda M, Usharidze D, Gogochashvili S, Kakhaberi D, et al. Usability and acceptability of oral-based HCV self-testing among key populations: a mixed-methods evaluation in Tbilisi, Georgia. BMC Infect Dis. 2022;22(1):510.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"5207_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104544","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2025.104544","volume":"29","author":"H Perazzo","year":"2025","unstructured":"Perazzo H, Villela-Nogueira C, Gomes MK, Daher A, Siqueira-do-Valle C, Zukeram K, et al. Acceptability and usability of oral fluid HCV self-testing among health-facility users from Brazil: a cross-sectional study of 685 participants. Braz J Infect Dis. 2025;29(4):104544.","journal-title":"Braz J Infect Dis"},{"key":"5207_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Majam M, Fischer A, Ivanova Reipold E, Rhagnath N, Msolomba V, Lalla-Edward ST. A Lay-User Assessment of Hepatitis C Virus Self-Testing Device Usability and Interpretation in Johannesburg, South Africa. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021, 11(3).","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11030463"},{"issue":"1","key":"5207_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0001770","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgph.0001770","volume":"4","author":"HK Chan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chan HK, Sem X, Ivanova Reipold E, Pannir Selvam SBA, Salleh NA, Mohamad Gani AHB, et al. Usability and acceptability of oral fluid- and blood-based hepatitis C virus self-testing among the general population and men who have sex with men in Malaysia. PLOS Glob Public Health. 2024;4(1):e0001770.","journal-title":"PLOS Glob Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"5207_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1054","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-024-09925-6","volume":"24","author":"S Mazzilli","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mazzilli S, Aslam MK, Akhtar J, Miazek M, Wailly Y, Hamid S, et al. Usability and acceptability of self-testing for hepatitis C virus exposure in a high-prevalence urban informal settlement in Karachi, Pakistan. BMC Infect Dis. 2024;24(1):1054.","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"5207_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"695","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-025-21773-w","volume":"25","author":"AJ Borek","year":"2025","unstructured":"Borek AJ, Roleston C, Lazzarino R, Cooray M, Hayward G, Roberts N, et al. Acceptability of self-sampling and self-testing for infections: a rapid systematic review on public users\u2019 views. BMC Public Health. 2025;25(1):695.","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"}],"container-title":["AIDS and Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10461-026-05207-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10461-026-05207-1","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10461-026-05207-1.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T08:35:56Z","timestamp":1789634156000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10461-026-05207-1"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]]},"references-count":22,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["5207"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10461-026-05207-1","relation":{},"ISSN":["1090-7165","1573-3254"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1090-7165","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-3254","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 June 2026","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"22 June 2026","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors have nothing to disclosure.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing Interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) from INI\/FIOCRUZ (IRB 69747223.4.0000.5262) and from WHO\u2019s Research Ethics Review Committee (WHO\/ERC) (WHO\/ERC Protocol ID: ERC.0003934). All participants signed an informed consent prior to study enrollment.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical Approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}