{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T18:34:29Z","timestamp":1784745269733,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3-4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2004,12,1]],"date-time":"2004-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1101859200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J of Comm Psychol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>An ecological perspective was used to predict school violence from a number of variables describing the students and their families based on nationally representative sample of 10,400 students in grades 7\u201311 in 162 schools across Israel. Self\u2010administered anonymous questionnaires that included a scale for reporting victimization by serious and moderate physical violence, threats, and verbal\u2013social victimization were filled out during class. Hierarchical linear modeling (HLM) examined the relationships between students\u2019 reports of victimization and student level variables (gender, age) and the school\u2010level variables\u2014cultural affiliation (Jewish vs. Arab), the socio\u2010economic status (SES) of the school's neighborhood and students\u2019 families, school and class size, school level (junior high vs. high), and school climate. Variance between schools accounted for 9\u201315% of the variance in student victimization (major factors being school climate characteristics and percent of boys at the school). Boys reported higher victimization than girls for all forms of school violence. Students in junior high schools reported more victimization than high school students. Higher levels of victimization were reported in overcrowded classes, while school size was not associated with students\u2019 reports of victimization. Although there were almost no differences between Jewish and Arab schools in students\u2019 reports of victimization, the SES of the school's neighborhood and students did have a moderate effect. The discussion highlights the importance of improving school climate and the need to allocate more resources to schools in low SES contexts in order to protect students from school violence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10464-004-7414-4","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,11]],"date-time":"2005-01-11T13:22:20Z","timestamp":1105449740000},"page":"187-204","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":213,"title":["The Contributions of Community, Family, and School Variables to Student Victimization"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Mona","family":"Khoury-Kassabri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social Work and Social Welfare Hebrew University 91905 Mt. Scopus Jerusalem Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rami","family":"Benbenishty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social Work and Social Welfare Hebrew University 91905 Mt. Scopus Jerusalem Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ron","family":"Avi Astor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Schools of Social Work and Education University of Southern California Los Angeles"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anat","family":"Zeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Social Work and Social Welfare Hebrew University 91905 Mt. Scopus Jerusalem Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0002716200567001010"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0047-2352(02)00191-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2967350"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_5_1","first-page":"139","volume-title":"Youth violence: Current research and recent practice innovations","author":"Astor R. A.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/499685"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/109019802237940"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J202v01n01_02"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Astor R. A. Benbenishty R. Haj-Yahia M. Zeira A. Perkins-Hart S. Marachi R. & Pitner R. O. (2003). The awareness of risky peer group behaviors on school grounds as predictors of students\u2019 victimization on school grounds: Part II\u2014Junior high schools.Journal of School Violence.","DOI":"10.1300\/J202v01n03_04"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15374424jccp2304_5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1007057414994"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_12_1","volume-title":"Violence in Israel education system: A summary report","author":"Benbenishty R.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/swr\/26.2.71"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0013188990410202"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_15_1","first-page":"117","article-title":"Bully\/victim problems among middle school children","volume":"18","author":"Boulton M. J.","year":"1992","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.4159\/9780674028845","volume-title":"The ecology of human development","author":"Bronfenbrenner U.","year":"1979"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01639625.1987.9967732"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_18_1","volume-title":"Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods","author":"Bryk A. S.","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_19_1","first-page":"32","volume-title":"Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report","year":"1996"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_20_1","volume-title":"Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance-United States, 1999","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.1996.tb01917.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/228943"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022819213727"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_24_1","volume-title":"School power","author":"Comer J.","year":"1980"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.1994.tb00774.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022295802449"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15326985ep3401_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/001440290006600306"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/1054-139X(91)90010-U"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/1054-139X(94)00185-H"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1891\/0886-6708.4.2.79"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-4405(01)00057-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1054-139X(97)00047-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_34_1","unstructured":"Flannerry D. J. (1997). School Violence: Risk prevention and Policy.http:\/\/eric-web.tc.columbia.edu\/monographs\/uds109.html."},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_1_35_1","first-page":"347","article-title":"Aggressive behavior in childhood and early adolescence: An ecological\u2014developmental perspective on youth violence","volume":"41","author":"Fraser M. W.","year":"1996","journal-title":"Social Work"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_36_1","unstructured":"Furlong M. J. (1999).California school climate and safety survey. (Survey results).http:\/\/education.ucsb.edu\/schpsych\/research.html."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_1_37_1","first-page":"282","article-title":"Profiles of non-victims and multiple-victims of school violence","volume":"18","author":"Furlong M. J.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Education and Treatment of Children"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_38_1","first-page":"245","volume-title":"Children's Needs II: Development problems, and alternatives","author":"Furlong M. J.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(01)00274-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_40_1","first-page":"3","volume-title":"School violence intervention: A practical handbook","author":"Garbarino J.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2112706"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-2538-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-4985-3_5"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1746-1561.2002.tb07917.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_1_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.63.4.518","article-title":"Stressful events and individual beliefs as correlates of economic disadvantage and aggression among urban children","volume":"63","author":"Guerra N. G.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.62.5.1044"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hamburg M. A. (1998). Youth violence is a public health concern. In D. S. Elliot B. A. Hamburg & K. R. Williams (Eds.) Violence in American schools: A new perspective(pp. 31\u201354). Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/9780511840913.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_48_1","volume-title":"Retrospect and prospect: Full and equal citizenship?","author":"Hareven A.","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_49_1","first-page":"139","volume-title":"Preventing antisocial behavior: Intervention from birth through adolescence","author":"Hawkins L. D.","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0022427886023002002"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_1_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1177\/014920639802400504","article-title":"Centering decisions in hierarchical linear models: Implications for research in organizations","volume":"24","author":"Hoffman D. A.","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of Management"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.2000.tb01423.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781410604118"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_1_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1080\/02796015.1994.12085706","article-title":"School violence and the law: The search for suitable tools","volume":"32","author":"James B.","year":"1994","journal-title":"School Psychology Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_1_55_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance-United States","volume":"44","author":"Kann L.","year":"1995","journal-title":"Morbidity and Mortality"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_56_1","first-page":"330","volume-title":"Characteristics of emotional and behavioral disorders of children and youth","author":"Kauffman J. M.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_57_1","first-page":"107","volume-title":"School violence intervention: A practical handbook","author":"Keller H. R.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_58_1","volume-title":"The relationship between school ecology and students victimization","author":"Khoury-Kassabri M.","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_59_1","volume-title":"Israel's social services 1999","author":"Kop J.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_60_1","volume-title":"Introducing multilevel modeling","author":"Kreft I.","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327906mbr3001_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.1995.tb00876.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/S15326985EP3502_6"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.126.2.309"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2337(2000)26:1<125::AID-AB10>3.0.CO;2-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lorion R. P. (1998). Exposure to urban violence: Contamination of the school environment. In D. S. Elliot B. A. Hamburg & K. R. Williams (Eds.) Violence in American schools: A new perspective(pp. 293\u2013311). Cambridge University Press.","DOI":"10.1017\/9780511840913.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02214205"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1901\/jaba.1995.28-467"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8279.1998.tb01298.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07418820300095441"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010448604838"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.285.16.2094"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_73_1","first-page":"411","volume-title":"The development and treatment of childhood aggression","author":"Olweus D.","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_74_1","first-page":"317","volume-title":"Mental disorder and crime","author":"Olweus D.","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.2307\/1131109","article-title":"Income level, gender, ethnicity, and household compositions as predictors of children's school-based competence","volume":"61","author":"Patterson C. J.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Child Development"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_76_1","volume-title":"HLM5: Hierarchical linear and nonlinear modeling","author":"Raudenbush S. W.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024552531672"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_78_1","first-page":"63","volume-title":"Insights from social disorganization theory: Facts, frameworks, forces","author":"Sampson R.","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.277.5328.918"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203425497"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0013188990410303"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124194022003004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_83_1","volume-title":"Multilevel analysis: An introduction to basic and advanced multilevel modeling","author":"Snijders T. A. B.","year":"1999"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_1_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1080\/02796015.1994.12085708","article-title":"School violence among culturally diverse population: Sociocultural and institutional consideration","volume":"23","author":"Soriano M.","year":"1994","journal-title":"School Psychology Review"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_1_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1080\/02796015.1994.12085707","article-title":"Planning for safer and better schools: School violence prevention and intervention strategies","volume":"23","author":"Stephens R. D.","year":"1994","journal-title":"School Psychology Review"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_86_1","first-page":"9","volume-title":"The anti-bullying handbook","author":"Sullivan K.","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.63.4.579"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/105345129703200402"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0042085999341004"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0002716200567001007"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-9125.1999.tb00480.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.bjc.a047169"},{"key":"e_1_2_1_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/0013188930350101"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Community Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1007%2Fs10464-004-7414-4","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10464-004-7414-4","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,22]],"date-time":"2024-12-22T14:03:53Z","timestamp":1734876233000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1007\/s10464-004-7414-4"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3-4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1007\/s10464-004-7414-4"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10464-004-7414-4","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0091-0562","1573-2770"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0091-0562","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-2770","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]}}}