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In addition, recent research suggests that risk factors for adolescent substance use may differ for African Americans when compared to Caucasian youth. This study investigated the association between perceived neighborhood disorganization and later substance use, as well as possible mediators of that association, among a community sample of urban African American adolescents. Perceptions of neighborhood disorganization (i.e., violence\/safety and drug activity) in grade 7 were associated with increased tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana use in grade 9. For females, this association was mediated by attitudes about drug use and perceptions of drug harmfulness. Findings highlight the importance of neighborhood contextual variables for African American substance use. Implications and directions for future research are presented.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10464-004-7415-3","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2005,1,11]],"date-time":"2005-01-11T08:22:20Z","timestamp":1105431740000},"page":"205-218","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":180,"title":["The Relationship Between Perceptions of Neighborhood Characteristics and Substance Use Among Urban African American Adolescents"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"Sharon F.","family":"Lambert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health Johns Hopkins University  21205 Baltimore MD"},{"name":"University of Kentucky  KY"},{"name":"Department of Psychology George Washington University  2125 G Street NW 20052 Washington DC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tamara L.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Kentucky  KY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clarenda M.","family":"Phillips","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Kentucky  KY"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicholas S.","family":"Ialongo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health Johns Hopkins University  21205 Baltimore MD"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2004,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_1_2_1","first-page":"44","volume-title":"Neighborhood poverty: Context and consequences for children Vol. 1","author":"Aber J. 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