{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T13:19:52Z","timestamp":1791292792472,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3-4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,17]],"date-time":"2009-10-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1255737600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J of Comm Psychol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This project applies agent\u2010based modeling (ABM) techniques to better understand the operation, organization, and structure of a local heroin market. The simulation detailed was developed using data from an 18\u2010month ethnographic case study. The original research, collected in Denver, CO during the 1990s, represents the historic account of users and dealers who operated in the Larimer area heroin market. Working together, the authors studied the behaviors of customers, private dealers, street\u2010sellers, brokers, and the police, reflecting the core elements pertaining to how the market operated. After evaluating the logical consistency between the data and agent behaviors, simulations scaled\u2010up interactions to observe their aggregated outcomes. While the concept and findings from this study remain experimental, these methods represent a novel way in which to understand illicit drug markets and the dynamic adaptations and outcomes they generate. Extensions of this research perspective, as well as its strengths and limitations, are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10464-009-9268-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,16]],"date-time":"2009-10-16T19:10:08Z","timestamp":1255720208000},"page":"273-286","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Researching a Local Heroin Market as a Complex Adaptive System"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"44","author":[{"given":"Lee D.","family":"Hoffer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anthropology Case Western Reserve University 11220 Bellflower Road #205 44106 Cleveland OH USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgiy","family":"Bobashev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RTI International Research Triangle Park NC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert J.","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"RTI International Research Triangle Park NC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","volume-title":"Wheeling and dealing: An ethnography of an upper-level drug dealing and smuggling community","author":"Adler PA","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","volume-title":"Ripping and running","author":"Agar M","year":"1973"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1525822X9901100201"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1525822X0101300403"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","unstructured":"Agar M. (2005). Agents in living color: Towards emic agent-based models.Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation 8(1).http:\/\/jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk\/8\/1\/4.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/002204269802800406"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.072081299"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.082080899"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","volume-title":"In search of respect: Selling crack in El Barrio","author":"Bourgois P","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","volume-title":"Complexity theory and the social sciences","author":"Byrne D","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.082080599"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/mnsc.43.10.1364"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seps.2004.08.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.072078999"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Artificial societies: The computer simulation of social life","author":"Conte C","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-662-03366-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","first-page":"121","volume-title":"Illegal drug markets: From research to prevention policy","author":"Curtis R","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","volume-title":"Simulating society: The computer simulation of social phenomena","author":"Doran JE","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","first-page":"241","volume-title":"Illegal drug markets: From research to policy","author":"Eck JE","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","volume-title":"Generative social science: Studies in agent-based computational modeling","author":"Epstein JM","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7551\/mitpress\/3374.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","first-page":"51","volume-title":"Modeling for learning organizations","author":"Forrester J","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","volume-title":"The interpretation of cultures","author":"Geertz C","year":"1973"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","volume-title":"Agent-based models","author":"Gilbert N","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","volume-title":"Artificial societies: The computer simulation of social life","author":"Gilbert GN","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","volume-title":"Simulation for the social scientist","author":"Gilbert N","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","unstructured":"Goldspink C. (2002). Methodological implications of complex systems Approaches to sociality: Simulation as a foundation for knowledge.Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation 5(1).http:\/\/jasss.soc.surrey.ac.uk\/5\/1\/3.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2005.066035"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10826089109058909"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10826089109058916"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","volume-title":"Junkie business: The evolution and operation of a heroin dealing network","author":"Hoffer L","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","volume-title":"Hidden order: How adaptation builds complexity","author":"Holland JH","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198504092.001.0001","volume-title":"Emergence: From chaos to order","author":"Holland JH","year":"1998"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","first-page":"452","article-title":"System dynamics modeling for public health: Background and opportunities","volume":"96","author":"Homer JB","year":"2006","journal-title":"American Journal of Community Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Illegal drug markets: From research to prevention policy","author":"Hough M","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1081\/JA-120024241"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","first-page":"19","volume-title":"Illegal drug markets: From research to prevention policy","author":"Johnson BD","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","volume-title":"Taking care of business: The economics of crime by heroin abusers","author":"Johnson BD","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17730\/humo.53.3.g86872408528021h"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","first-page":"100","article-title":"Indirect sharing: Additional risks associated with drug injection","volume":"9","author":"Koester SK","year":"1994","journal-title":"Aids and Public Policy"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2005.082842"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.072079399"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","volume-title":"The persistent poppy: A computer-aided search for heroin policy","author":"Levin G","year":"1975"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2005.063974"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2008.05.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","unstructured":"Marney J. P. & Tarbert H. F. E. (2000). Why do simulation? Towards a working epistemology for practitioners of the dark arts.Journal of Artificial Societies and Social Simulation 3(4).http:\/\/www.soc.surrey.ac.uk\/JASSS\/3\/4\/4.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2005.084459"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_49_1","unstructured":"McManus R. (2002) A new kind of science: Wolfram goes from simple rules to complex forms.NIH Record 1\u20134."},{"key":"e_1_2_10_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/10826086909061998"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_51_1","volume-title":"Money from crime: A study of the economics of drug dealing in Washington","author":"Reuter P","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0049124102239079"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_53_1","volume-title":"Social emergence: Societies as complex systems","author":"Sawyer KR","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_54_1","volume-title":"Micromotives and macrobehavior","author":"Schelling TC","year":"1978"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_55_1","volume-title":"Something dangerous: Emergent and changing illicit drug use and community health","author":"Singer M","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2005.066043"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_57_1","volume-title":"Complexity: The emerging science at the edge of order and chaos","author":"Waldrop MM","year":"1992"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_58_1","volume-title":"Theory and applications of cellular automata: Including selected papers, 1983\u20131986","author":"Wolfram S","year":"1986"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Community Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1007%2Fs10464-009-9268-2","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10464-009-9268-2","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,17]],"date-time":"2024-03-17T05:15:11Z","timestamp":1710652511000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1007\/s10464-009-9268-2"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,17]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3-4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1007\/s10464-009-9268-2"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10464-009-9268-2","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0091-0562","1573-2770"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0091-0562","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-2770","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,10,17]]}}}