{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T02:02:52Z","timestamp":1792288972023,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1-2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,29]],"date-time":"2014-01-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1390953600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J of Comm Psychol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study compared the characteristics of probability samples of homeless adults in Poland (N = 200 from two cities) and the United States (N = 219 from one city), using measures with established reliability and validity in homeless populations. The same measures were used across nations and a systemic translation procedure assured comparability of measurement. The two samples were similar on some measures: In both nations, most homeless adults were male, many reported having dependent children and experiencing out\u2010of\u2010home placements when they themselves were children, and high levels of physical health problems were observed. Significant national differences were also found: Those in Poland were older, had been homeless for longer, showed lower rates on all psychiatric diagnoses assessed (including severe mental and substance abuse disorders), reported less contact with family and supportive network members, were less satisfied when they sought support from their networks, and reported fewer recent stressful life events and fewer risky sexual behaviors. Culturally\u2010informed interpretations of these findings and their implications are presented.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10464-014-9632-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,28]],"date-time":"2014-01-28T18:52:55Z","timestamp":1390935175000},"page":"134-145","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Comparing the Characteristics of Homeless Adults in Poland and the United States"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Paul A.","family":"Toro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group on Homelessness and Poverty, Department of Psychology Wayne State University  5057 Woodward St. Detroit MI USA"},{"name":"University of Opole  Opole Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen L.","family":"Hobden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Windsor  Windsor Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen","family":"Wyszacki Durham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group on Homelessness and Poverty, Department of Psychology Wayne State University  5057 Woodward St. Detroit MI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Oko-Riebau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Denver  Denver CO USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Bokszczanin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Opole  Opole Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/004208168602100406"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of homelessness","author":"Ahmed S","year":"2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","volume-title":"Coping with homelessness: Issues to be tackled and best practices in Europe","author":"Avramov D","year":"1998"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6629(199903)27:2<137::AID-JCOP3>3.0.CO;2-B"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0193841X8801200202"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0193841X9301700306"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","first-page":"769","article-title":"Down and out in New York and London: A cross-national comparison of homelessness","volume":"45","author":"Cohen CI","year":"1994","journal-title":"Hospital & Community Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-009-5115-0_5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Culhane D. P. Metraux S. Byrne T. Stino M. & Bainbridge J. (2013). The age structure of contemporary homelessness: Evidence and implications for public policy.Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy(in press).","DOI":"10.1111\/asap.12004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","volume-title":"Homelessness in the United States: Data and issues","author":"Daly G","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","first-page":"406","article-title":"Care of the mentally ill in prisons: Challenges and solutions","volume":"35","author":"Daniel AE","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","volume-title":"SCL-90-R (revised version) manual I","author":"Derogatis LR","year":"1977"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291700048017"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","volume-title":"Epidemiologic field methods in psychiatry: The NIMH Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program","author":"Eaton WW","year":"1985"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.46.11.1115"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Forney J. C. Lombardo S. & Toro P. A. (2007). Diagnostic and other correlates of HIV risk behaviors among a probability sample of homeless adults.Psychiatric Services 58 92\u201399.","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.2007.58.1.92"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","unstructured":"GUS Departament Statystyki Spo\u0142ecznej [Department of Social Statistics.]. (2008).Population development and changes in age structure in 1950\u20132006. Warsaw: Author."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","volume-title":"Homelessness in the United States, Europe, and Russia: A comparative perspective","author":"Helvie CO","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","unstructured":"Hobden K. L. Tompsett C. J. Fales A. K. & Toro P. A. (2007). Comparing public opinion and prevalence of homelessness in Canada to the United States.Canadian Journal of Urban Research 16(2) 76\u201392."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-4560.2007.00526.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Israel N. Toro P. A. & Ouellette N. (2010). Changes in the composition of the homeless population: 1992 to 2002.American Journal of Community Psychology 46 49\u201359.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10464-010-9326-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005650-199903000-00010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","unstructured":"Ko\u017alak W. (2012). Demografia po polsku [Demographics in Poland].Ekologia nr 2."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","first-page":"480","volume-title":"Les sans-domicile \u00e0 Paris et aux Etats-Unis [The homeless in Paris and the United States]","author":"Marpsat M","year":"1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-4560.1990.tb01806.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Milburn N. G. Rosenthal D. Rotheram-Borus M. Mallett S. Batterham P. Rice E. et al. (2007). Newly homeless youth typically return home.Journal of Adolescent Health 40 574\u2013576.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2006.12.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Milburn N. G. Rotheram-Borus M. J. Rice E. Mallett S. & Rosenthal D. (2006). Cross-national variation in risk among homeless youth. AmericanJournal of Community Psychology 37 63\u201376.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10464-005-9005-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00207411.1985.11449011"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","unstructured":"Mostowska M. (2010). Korzystanie z pomocy dla bezdomnych za granic\u0105. Bezdomni Polacy w Brukseli. [Getting help for the homeless abroad: Homeless Poles in Brussels] (pp. 313\u2013329). Pomorskie Forum na rzecz Wychodzenia z Bezdomno\u015bc[Pomeranian Forum on Assistance for Homeless People].."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00754410"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","unstructured":"Piekut-Brodzka D. (2003). Wp\u0142yw atmosfery w rodzinach pochodzenia na osoby (p\u00f3\u017aniej) bezdomne. [The influence of the atmosphere in the family of origin on persons who were later homeless].Ma\u0142\u017ce\u0144stwo i rodzina [Marriage and Family]. Nr 6.."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","volume-title":"Oblicza bezdomno\u015bci [Faces of homelessness]","author":"Przyme\u0144ski A","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1988.01800350011002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","unstructured":"Robertson M. J. (1992). The prevalence of mental disorder among homeless people. In R. I. Jahiel (Ed.) Homelessness: A prevention oriented approach (pp. 57\u201386). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1981.01780290015001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-4560.2007.00529.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.so.18.080192.001021"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","unstructured":"Sidorowicz S. Sanecka B. \u015alepecka J. & Ruci\u0144ski K. (1989) Alkoholizm w\u015br\u00f3d os\u00f3b bezdomnych [Alcohol abuse among the homeless]. In Z. Bizo\u0144 & W. Szyszkowski (Eds.) Zagadnienia alkoholizmu i innych uzale\u017cnie\u0144 [Alcoholism and other addictions]. Warszawa."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","unstructured":"Sieros\u0142awski J. (2011).Substancje psychoaktywne. Postawy i zachowania.[Psychoactive substances. Attitudes and behavior. Report of a regional survey carried out in 2010]. Urz\u0105d Marsza\u0142kowski Wojew\u00f3dztwa Zachodniopomorskiego W Szczecinie[Szczecin Regional Government Office].."},{"issue":"30","key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","first-page":"57","article-title":"Doro\u015bli warszawiacy a substancje psychoaktywne [Adults of Warsaw and psychoactive substances]","volume":"1","author":"Sieros\u0142awski J","year":"1998","journal-title":"Alkoholizm i Narkomania [Alcoholism and Drug Addiction]"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.51.1.100"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/800659"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/1520-6629(199001)18:1<79::AID-JCOP2290180112>3.0.CO;2-B"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","unstructured":"Stankiewicz L. (2002).Zrozumie\u0107 bezdomno\u015b\u0107[Understanding homelessness].Olsztyn: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Warmi\u0144sko-Mazurskiego."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","first-page":"261","article-title":"Problems of epidemiologic method in assessing the type and extent of mental illness among homeless adults","volume":"40","author":"Susser E","year":"1989","journal-title":"Hospital & Community Psychiatry"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tompsett C. J. Domoff S. E. & Toro P. A. (2013). Peer substance use and homelessness predicting substance abuse from adolescence through early adulthood.American Journal of Community Psychology 51 520\u2013529.","DOI":"10.1007\/s10464-013-9569-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toro P. A. (1998). Homelessness Chap. 8. In A. S. Bellack & M. Hersen (Eds.) Comprehensive clinical psychology Vol. 9: Applications in diverse populations(pp. 119\u2013135). New York: Pergamon.","DOI":"10.1016\/B0080-4270(73)00165-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-4560.2007.00519.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toro P. A. Bellavia C. Daeschler C. Owens B. Wall D. D. Passero J. M. et al. (1995). Distinguishing homelessness from poverty: A comparative study.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 63 280\u2013289.","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.63.2.280"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_51_1","unstructured":"Toro P. A. Bokszczanin A. & Ornelas J. (2008).Prevalence of and public opinion on homelessness in 9 nations (symposium). The Second International Conference on Community Psychology. Lisbon Portugal."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toro P. A. Rabideau J. M. P. Bellavia C. W. Daeschler C. V. Wall D. D. Thomas D. M. et al. (1997). Evaluating an intervention for homeless persons: Results of a field experiment.Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 65 476\u2013484.","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.65.3.476"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_53_1","unstructured":"Toro P. A. & Rojansky A. (1990). Homelessness: Some thoughts from an international perspective.The Community Psychologist 24(1) 8\u201311."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Toro P. A. Tompsett C. J. Lombardo S. Philippot P. Nachtergael H. Galand B. et al. (2007). Homelessness in Europe and North America: A comparison of prevalence and public opinion.Journal of Social Issues 63 505\u2013524.","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-4560.2007.00521.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6629(199903)27:2<157::AID-JCOP4>3.0.CO;2-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_56_1","unstructured":"US Census. (2000).Profile of general demographic characteristics: 2000. Geographic area: Wayne County Michigan. Retrieved 11\/20\/2012.http:\/\/censtats.census.gov\/data\/MI\/05026163.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_57_1","unstructured":"Wolfe S. M. & Toro P. A. (1992).People and transitions in housing (PATH) project: Pilot reliability study. Detroit MI: Unpublished report Department of Psychology Wayne State University."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6629(199903)27:2<209::AID-JCOP8>3.0.CO;2-2"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Community Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1007%2Fs10464-014-9632-8","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10464-014-9632-8","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,28]],"date-time":"2023-10-28T01:09:21Z","timestamp":1698455361000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1007\/s10464-014-9632-8"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,29]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1-2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1007\/s10464-014-9632-8"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10464-014-9632-8","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0091-0562","1573-2770"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0091-0562","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-2770","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,1,29]]}}}