{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,21]],"date-time":"2026-02-21T11:09:22Z","timestamp":1771672162279,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":82,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3-4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,24]],"date-time":"2015-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1443052800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]],"date-time":"2015-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441065600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,1]],"date-time":"2015-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1441065600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["American J of Comm Psychol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The way that public space is structured has significant implications for identity, social interaction, and participation in society. For those experiencing homelessness, with no or limited private space, survival hinges on the accessibility and livability of public space. However, the increasing privatization of public space in the United States has contributed to the implementation of anti\u2010homeless ordinances in cities, restricting sitting, standing, panhandling, and sleeping in public. This study analyzes data from interviews with housed and unhoused community members, text from a local policy document, and ethnographic observations to explore how boundaries between \u201cinsiders\u201d and \u201coutsiders\u201d are drawn in public space and mediated through individual discourse. Our findings suggest that boundaries of exclusion are constructed through dominant narratives that portray the unhoused as a threat to safety and economic vitality, thus justifying the need for regulation and punishment through the criminalization of homelessness. Yet, informants also demonstrate resistance to this narrative by discussing how criminalization of homelessness perpetuates dehumanization, violence, and economic inequality. Policy implications for the regulation of public space are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10464-015-9756-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,24]],"date-time":"2015-09-24T18:31:50Z","timestamp":1443119510000},"page":"368-382","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["\u201cThis is My Community\u201d: Reproducing and Resisting Boundaries of Exclusion in Contested Public Spaces"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Erin E.","family":"Toolis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Psychology Faculty Services University of California, Santa Cruz (UC Santa Cruz)  1156 High Street 95064 Santa Cruz CA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Phillip L.","family":"Hammack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology, Psychology Faculty Services University of California, Santa Cruz (UC Santa Cruz)  1156 High Street 95064 Santa Cruz CA USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"811","article-title":"Addressing quality of life crimes in our cities: Criminalization, community courts and community compassion","volume":"44","author":"Ammann JJ","year":"2000","journal-title":"St. Louis University Law Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","first-page":"195","article-title":"Patterns of exclusion: Sanitizing space, criminalizing homelessness","volume":"30","author":"Amster R","year":"2003","journal-title":"Social Justice"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","unstructured":"Applied Survey Research. (2013).2013 Santa Cruz County homeless point-in-time census & survey: Comprehensive report. Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/static1.squarespace.com\/static\/5176dcd7e4b0e5c0dba41ee0\/t\/53ee6197e4b08be4e39a873b\/1408131479031\/Santa+Cruz+Comprehensive+Report+-+2013.pdf."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","first-page":"11","article-title":"The polarization of job opportunities in the U.S. labor market: Implications for employment and earnings","volume":"23","author":"Autor D","year":"2011","journal-title":"Community Investments"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","unstructured":"Bakhtin M. M. (1981).The dialogic imagination(C. Emerson & M. Holquist Trans.). Austin TX: University of Texas Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01944360108976352"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","unstructured":"Barnes R. K. (2000).Losing ground: Locational formulations in argumentation over new travellers. Unpublished doctoral dissertation Plymouth University; Plymouth UK."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/0144666041501705"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1191\/1478088706qp063oa"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","volume-title":"Acts of meaning","author":"Bruner JS","year":"1990"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","first-page":"52","volume-title":"The colors of poverty: Why racial and ethnic disparities persist","author":"Bullock HE","year":"2008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","unstructured":"Bullock H. E. (2014). Social barriers to poverty reduction. In United Nations Development Programme Barriers to and opportunities for poverty reduction: Prospects for private sector-led interventions(pp. 135\u2013160). Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/www.undp.org\/content\/dam\/istanbul\/docs\/2014_Barriers_to_and_Prospects_for_Poverty_Reduction.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","unstructured":"Bullock H. E. & Reppond H. A. (in press). Of \u201ctakers\u201d and \u201cmakers:\u201d A social psychological analysis of class and classism. In P.L. Hammack (Ed.) Oxford handbook of social psychology and social justice.New York: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jcop.21661"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10464-014-9648-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","unstructured":"City of Santa Cruz. (2013 December 3).City Council agenda: Study session. Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/scsire.cityofsantacruz.com\/sirepub\/mtgviewer.aspx?meetid=538&doctype=AGENDA."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","unstructured":"Code Publishing Company. (2014).Santa Cruz Municipal Code. Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/www.codepublishing.com\/ca\/santacruz\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","volume-title":"The research act: A theoretical introduction to sociological methods","author":"Denzin N","year":"1978"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9221.2011.00866.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/014466600164318"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvp.2004.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9221.2006.00002.x"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","first-page":"21","article-title":"Youth, crime, and cultural space","volume":"24","author":"Ferrell J","year":"1997","journal-title":"Social Justice"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3138\/cjccj.46.4.423"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","volume-title":"The leftmost city: Power and progressive politics in Santa Cruz","author":"Gendron R","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.40.3.266"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0743558406289745"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1088868308316892"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1354067X10380159"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1075\/ni.21.2.09ham"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","first-page":"51","volume-title":"Warring with words: Narrative and metaphor in politics","author":"Hammack PL","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195326789.003.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13178-011-0060-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9221.2011.00859.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cad.20066"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","first-page":"23","article-title":"The right to the city","volume":"53","author":"Harvey D","year":"2008","journal-title":"New Left Review"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","volume-title":"Facing up to the American dream: Race, class and the soul of the nation","author":"Hochschild JL","year":"1995"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14649360802441432"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1075\/ni.14.1.01jos"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10463280240000046"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","unstructured":"Krueger A. (2012 January 12).The rise and consequence of inequality in the United States. Speech transcript retrieved fromhttp:\/\/www.whitehouse.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/krueger_cap_speech_final_remarks.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-7939.2006.00069.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","volume-title":"The production of space","author":"Lefebvre H","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781412985253"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-2415.2009.01189.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.57.2.100"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/11501-000"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3102\/0013189X017002013"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8306.1995.tb01797.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-8330.00048"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_52_1","unstructured":"National Coalition for the Homeless (NHC). (2014 June).Vulnerable to hate: A survey of hate crimes & violence committed against the homeless in 2013. Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/nationalhomeless.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/06\/Hate-Crimes-2013-1.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_53_1","unstructured":"National Law Center on Homelessness & Poverty (NLCHP). (2014).No safe place: The criminalization of homelessness in U.S. cities. Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/www.nlchp.org\/documents\/No_Safe_Place."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_54_1","unstructured":"National Low Income Housing Coalition (NLIHC). (2014).Out of reach 2014: Twenty-five years later the affordable housing crisis continues(pp. 1\u2013241). Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/nlihc.org\/oor\/2014."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_55_1","unstructured":"Onishi N. (2013 March 24). Violence brings an identity crisis in a free-spirited California beach town.The New York Times.Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2013\/03\/25\/us\/violence-spurs-identity-crisis-in-free-spirited-santa-cruz.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1540-4560.1990.tb00268.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327949pac1204_4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0891241610384995"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_59_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Social illusions: Responses to homelessness in Santa Cruz, California, 1989\u20131994","volume":"9","author":"Pascale CM","year":"1997","journal-title":"Perspectives on Social Problems"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_60_1","unstructured":"Public Safety Citizen Task Force. (2013 December).Research findings and recommendations: Santa Cruz City Public Safety Citizen Task Force(pp. 1\u201347). Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/www.cityofsantacruz.com\/home\/showdocument?id=35125."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1363461513520096"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005161528817"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_63_1","volume-title":"Aftershock: The next economy and America\u2019s future","author":"Reich RB","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2190\/B7YR-3LAB-5GAQ-AMRT"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1530-2415.00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_66_1","unstructured":"Sleeper A. (2014 January 14). Out in the cold.Good times. Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/www.gtweekly.com\/index.php\/santa-cruz-news\/santa-cruz-environmental-news\/5336-out-in-the-cold.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3096817"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/00027640121956962"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6629(199809)26:5<457::AID-JCOP5>3.0.CO;2-O"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_70_1","volume-title":"The price of inequality: How today\u2019s divided society endangers our future","author":"Stiglitz JE","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_71_1","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). (2011 July).Current statistics on the prevalence and characteristics of people experiencing homelessness in the United States.Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/homeless.samhsa.gov\/ResourceFiles\/hrc_factsheet.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.anthro.25.1.411"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/0022-4537.00041"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/casp.846"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1348\/014466607X186894"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/qup0000019"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_77_1","unstructured":"United Nations Human Rights Committee. (2014 April 23).International covenant on civil and political rights: Concluding observations on the fourth periodic report of the United States of America(p. 8). Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/www.refworld.org\/docid\/5374afcd4.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_78_1","unstructured":"U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). (2013).The 2013 annual homeless assessment report (AHAR) to Congress: Point-in-time estimates of homelessness(pp. 1\u201358). Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/www.hudexchange.info\/resources\/documents\/ahar-2013-part1.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_79_1","unstructured":"U.S. Interagency Council on Homelessness. (2013).Opening doors: Chronic homelessness. Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/usich.gov\/usich_resources\/fact_sheets\/opening_doors_chronic_homelessness\/."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_80_1","unstructured":"Western Regional Advocacy Project. (2014 September 8).National civil rights outreach fact sheet. Retrieved fromhttp:\/\/wraphome.org\/images\/stories\/hbr\/NationalCivilRightsFactSheetDecember2014.pdf."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_6_81_1","first-page":"85","article-title":"Youth and the conflict over urban space","volume":"10","author":"White R","year":"1993","journal-title":"Children\u2019s Environments"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_82_1","volume-title":"Out of place: Homeless mobilizations, subcities, and contested landscapes","author":"Wright T","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2654929"}],"container-title":["American Journal of Community Psychology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1007%2Fs10464-015-9756-5","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10464-015-9756-5","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,18]],"date-time":"2023-10-18T16:38:46Z","timestamp":1697647126000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1007\/s10464-015-9756-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,24]]},"references-count":82,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3-4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,12]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1007\/s10464-015-9756-5"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10464-015-9756-5","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0091-0562","1573-2770"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0091-0562","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-2770","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2015,9,24]]}}}