{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T11:57:59Z","timestamp":1787918279455,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,27]],"date-time":"2025-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766793600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,27]],"date-time":"2025-12-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766793600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antonie van Leeuwenhoek"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10482-025-02236-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,27]],"date-time":"2025-12-27T15:47:20Z","timestamp":1766850440000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Challenges, adaptations, and biotechnological potential of oligophilic bacteria"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"119","author":[{"given":"Biswajit","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2113-3198","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pradipta","family":"Saha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"2236_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.1906.06024","volume":"160","author":"Y Ahn","year":"2019","unstructured":"Ahn Y, Lee UJ, Lee YJ, LiPuma JJ, Hussong D, Marasa B, Cerniglia CE (2019) Oligotrophic media compared with a tryptic soy agar or broth for the recovery of Burkholderia cepacia complex from different storage temperatures and culture conditions. J Microbiol Methods 160:1\u20137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4014\/jmb.1906.06024","journal-title":"J Microbiol Methods"},{"issue":"4","key":"2236_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1977.tb07498.x","volume":"26","author":"H Akagi","year":"1977","unstructured":"Akagi H, Fujita Y, Takabatake E (1977a) Methyl mercury: photochemical transformation of mercuric sulfide into methyl mercury in aqueous solutions1. Photochem Photobiol 26(4):363\u2013370. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1751-1097.1977.tb07498.x","journal-title":"Photochem Photobiol"},{"key":"2236_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"981","DOI":"10.1139\/m77-146","volume":"23","author":"Y Akagi","year":"1977","unstructured":"Akagi Y, Taga N, Simidu U (1977b) Isolation and distribution of oligotrophic marine bacteria. Can J Microbiol 23:981\u2013987. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/m77-146","journal-title":"Can J Microbiol"},{"key":"2236_CR4","unstructured":"Al-Talhi ADD (2000) Environmental and medical studies on microbial growth under low nutrient (oligotrophic) conditions. Doctoral dissertation, University of Sheffield."},{"key":"2236_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1128\/mr.59.1.143-169.1995","volume":"59","author":"I Amann","year":"1995","unstructured":"Amann I, Ludwig W, Schleifer K (1995) Phylogenetic identification and in situ detection of individual microbial cell without cultivation. Microbiol Rev 59:143\u2013169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mr.59.1.143-169.1995","journal-title":"Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"2236_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1016\/s0923-2508(01)01223-2","volume":"152","author":"N Ba\u00efda","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ba\u00efda N, Yazourh A, Singer E, Izard D (2001) Pseudomonas brenneri sp. nov., a new species isolated from natural mineral waters. Res Microbiol 152(5):493\u2013502. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0923-2508(01)01223-2","journal-title":"Res Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2236_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e18179","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0018179","volume":"6","author":"L Britos","year":"2011","unstructured":"Britos L, Abeliuk E, Taverner T, Lipton M, McAdams H, Shapiro L (2011) Regulatory response to carbon starvation in Caulobacter crescentus. PLoS ONE 6(4):e18179. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0018179","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"2236_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.59.3.881-891.1993","volume":"59","author":"DK Button","year":"1993","unstructured":"Button DK, Schut F, Quang P, Martin R, Robertson BR (1993) Viability and isolation of marine bacteria by dilution culture: theory, procedures, and initial results. Appl Environ Microbiol 59(3):881. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aem.59.3.881-891.1993","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"2236_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4467","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.64.11.4467-4476.1998","volume":"64","author":"DK Button","year":"1998","unstructured":"Button DK, Robertson BR, Lepp PW, Schmidt TM (1998) A small, dilute-cytoplasm, high-affinity, novel bacterium isolated by extinction culture and having kinetic constants compatible with growth at ambient concentrations of dissolved nutrients in seawater. Appl Environ Microbiol 64:4467\u20134476. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aem.64.11.4467-4476.1998","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2236_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"706","DOI":"10.2307\/4084783","volume":"92","author":"PJ Caldwell","year":"1975","unstructured":"Caldwell PJ, Cornwell GW (1975) Incubation behavior and temperatures of the mallard duck. Auk 92(4):706\u2013731. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/4084783","journal-title":"Auk"},{"issue":"4","key":"2236_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1287","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.62.4.1287-1294.1996","volume":"62","author":"M Carini","year":"1996","unstructured":"Carini M, Nishikawa T, MacDonald K, Cavicchioli R, Gottschal JC, Kjelleberg S (1996) Responses to stress and nutrient availability by the marine ultramicrobacterium Sphingomonas sp. strain RB2256. Appl Environ Microbiol 62(4):1287. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aem.62.4.1287-1294.1996","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2236_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2012.122","volume":"7","author":"P Carini","year":"2013","unstructured":"Carini P, Steindler L, Beszteri S, Giovannoni SJ (2013) Nutrient requirements for growth of the extreme oligotroph \u2018Candidatus Pelagibacter ubique\u2019HTCC1062 on a defined medium. ISME J 7(3):592\u2013602. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ismej.2012.122","journal-title":"ISME J"},{"issue":"4\u20135","key":"2236_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.jim.2900732","volume":"23","author":"R Cavicchioli","year":"1999","unstructured":"Cavicchioli R, Fegatella F, Ostrowski M, Eguchi M, Gottschal J (1999) Sphingomonads from marine environments. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 23(4\u20135):268\u2013272. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/sj.jim.2900732","journal-title":"J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2236_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1007\/s00248-002-3008-6","volume":"45","author":"R Cavicchioli","year":"2003","unstructured":"Cavicchioli R, Ostrowski M, Fegatella F, Goodchild A, Guixa-Boixereu N (2003) Life under nutrient limitation in oligotrophic marine environments: an eco\/physiological perspective of Sphingopyxis alaskensis (formerly Sphingomonas alaskensis). Microb Ecol 45(3):203\u2013217. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00248-002-3008-6","journal-title":"Microb Ecol"},{"issue":"9","key":"2236_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-019-0222-5","volume":"17","author":"R Cavicchioli","year":"2019","unstructured":"Cavicchioli R, Ripple WJ, Timmis KN, Azam F, Bakken LR, Baylis M, Behrenfeld MJ, Boetius A, Boyd PW, Classen AT, Crowther TW (2019) Scientists\u2019 warning to humanity: microorganisms and climate change. Nat Rev Microbiol 17(9):569\u2013586. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41579-019-0222-5","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2236_CR16","first-page":"906","volume":"14","author":"JC Cho","year":"2004","unstructured":"Cho JC, Lee SH, Oh HR, Lee JH, Kim SJ (2004) Cold-seep sediment harbors phylogenetically diverse uncultured bacteria. J Microbiol Biotechnol 14(5):906\u2013913","journal-title":"J Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"key":"2236_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Das J, Saha P, Krishnamurthi S (2022) Bacterial diversity from Garampani warm spring, Assam. In: Gunjal A, Shinde S (eds) Microbial Diversity in Hotspots, 1st edn. Academic Press, Elsevier, pp 177\u2013205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/B978-0-323-90148-2.00012-2","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-90148-2.00012-2"},{"issue":"7","key":"2236_CR18","first-page":"205","volume":"3","author":"JW Deming","year":"1986","unstructured":"Deming JW (1986) Ecological strategies of barophilic bacteria in the deep ocean. Microbiol Sci 3(7):205\u2013211","journal-title":"Microbiol Sci"},{"issue":"11","key":"2236_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4945","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.67.11.4945-4954.2001","volume":"67","author":"M Eguchi","year":"2001","unstructured":"Eguchi M, Ostrowski M, Fegatella F, Bowman J, Nichols D, Nishino T, Cavicchioli R (2001) Sphingomonas alaskensis strain AFO1, an abundant oligotrophic ultramicrobacterium from the North Pacific. Appl Environ Microbiol 67(11):4945\u20134954. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AEM.67.11.4945-4954.2001","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"2236_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"819","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.01240-09","volume":"192","author":"JC England","year":"2010","unstructured":"England JC, Perchuk BS, Laub MT, Gober JW (2010) Global regulation of gene expression and cell differentiation in Caulobacter crescentus in response to nutrient availability. J Bacteriol 192:819\u2013833. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jb.01240-09","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"2236_CR21","unstructured":"Fry JC (1990) Oligotrophs.\u00a0Microbiology of extreme environments, 93\u2013116."},{"issue":"7064","key":"2236_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04032","volume":"438","author":"SJ Giovannoni","year":"2005","unstructured":"Giovannoni SJ, Bibbs L, Cho JC, Stapels MD, Desiderio R, Vergin KL, Rapp\u00e9 MS, Laney S, Wilhelm LJ, Tripp HJ, Mathur EJ (2005a) Proteorhodopsin in the ubiquitous marine bacterium SAR11. Nature 438(7064):82\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature04032","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"5738","key":"2236_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1114057","volume":"309","author":"SJ Giovannoni","year":"2005","unstructured":"Giovannoni SJ, Tripp HJ, Givan S, Podar M, Vergin KL, Baptista D, Bibbs L, Eads J, Richardson TH, Noordewier M, Rapp\u00e9 MS (2005b) Genome streamlining in a cosmopolitan oceanic bacterium. Science 309(5738):1242\u20131245. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/science.1114057","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"8","key":"2236_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2014.60","volume":"8","author":"SJ Giovannoni","year":"2014","unstructured":"Giovannoni SJ, Thrash JC, Temperton B (2014) Implications of streamlining theory for microbial ecology. ISME J 8(8):1553\u20131565. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ismej.2014.60","journal-title":"ISME J"},{"issue":"7","key":"2236_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2005.05.008","volume":"21","author":"S Gottesman","year":"2005","unstructured":"Gottesman S (2005) Micros for microbes: non-coding regulatory RNAs in bacteria. Trends Genet 21(7):399\u2013404. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tig.2005.05.008","journal-title":"Trends Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"2236_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s13568-019-0942-y","volume":"10","author":"L Guo","year":"2020","unstructured":"Guo L, Dai Z, Guo J, Yang W, Ge F, Dai Y (2020) Oligotrophic bacterium Hymenobacter latericoloratus CGMCC 16346 degrades the neonicotinoid imidacloprid in surface water. AMB Express 10(1):7. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13568-019-0942-y","journal-title":"AMB Express"},{"key":"2236_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Han SH, Kang BR, Lee JH et al (2012) Isolation and characterization of oligotrophic bacteria possessing induced systemic disease resistance against plant pathogens. Plant Patho J 28:68\u201374","DOI":"10.5423\/PPJ.NT.11.2011.0218"},{"issue":"11","key":"2236_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4238","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.64.11.4238-4245.1998","volume":"64","author":"A Hartke","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hartke A, Giard JC, Laplace JM, Auffray Y (1998) Survival of Enterococcus faecalis in an oligotrophic microcosm: changes in morphology, development of general stress resistance, and analysis of protein synthesis. Appl Environ Microbiol 64(11):4238. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AEM.64.11.4238-4245.1998","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2236_CR28","first-page":"102","volume":"1","author":"T Hattori","year":"1984","unstructured":"Hattori T (1984) Physiology of soil oligotrophic bacteria. Microbiol Sci 1(4):102\u2013104","journal-title":"Microbiol Sci"},{"key":"2236_CR29","unstructured":"Hirsch P, Bernhard M, Cohen SS, Ensign JC, Jannasch HW, Koch AL, Veldkamp H (1979) Life under conditions of low nutrient concentrations. Strategies of microbial life in extreme environments. 357\u2013372."},{"key":"2236_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1139\/m83-082","volume":"29","author":"A Horowitz","year":"1983","unstructured":"Horowitz A, Krichevsky M, Atlas RM (1983) Characteristics and diversity of subarctic marine oligotrophic, stenoheterotrophic, and euryheterotrophic bacterial populations. Can J Microbiol 29:527\u2013535. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1139\/m83-082","journal-title":"Can J Microbiol"},{"key":"2236_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02032494","volume":"7","author":"Y Ishida","year":"1981","unstructured":"Ishida Y, Kadota H (1981) Growth patterns and substrate requirements of naturally occurring obligate oligotrophs. Microb Ecol 7:123\u2013130. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02032494","journal-title":"Microb Ecol"},{"key":"2236_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02011458","volume":"8","author":"Y Ishida","year":"1982","unstructured":"Ishida Y, Imai I, Miyagaki T, Kadota H (1982) Growth and uptake kinetics of a facultatively oligotrophic bacterium at low nutrient concentrations. Microb Ecol 8:23\u201332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF02011458","journal-title":"Microb Ecol"},{"key":"2236_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.3354\/meps030197","volume":"30","author":"Y Ishida","year":"1986","unstructured":"Ishida Y, Eguchi M, Kadota H (1986) Existence of obligately oligotrophic bacteria as a dominant population in the south China Sea and the west Pacific Ocean. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 30:197\u2013203. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3354\/meps030197","journal-title":"Mar Ecol Prog Ser"},{"key":"2236_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Ishii S, Ashida N, Otsuka S and Senoo K (2011) Isolation of oligotrophic denitrifiers carrying previously uncharacterized functional gene sequences. Appl Environ Microbiol 77(1):338\u2013342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AEM.02189-10","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02189-10"},{"issue":"4874","key":"2236_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1038\/1971322a0","volume":"197","author":"HW Jannasch","year":"1963","unstructured":"Jannasch HW (1963) Bacterial growth at low population densities (II). Nature 197(4874):1322\u20131322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/1971322a0","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2236_CR36","first-page":"323","volume":"34","author":"F Katsunori","year":"2006","unstructured":"Katsunori F, Masafumi F (2006) Isolation of oligotrophic bacteria from hospital tap water. J Antibact Antifung Agents 34:323\u2013328","journal-title":"J Antibact Antifung Agents"},{"key":"2236_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1002\/bies.1091","volume":"23","author":"AL Koch","year":"2001","unstructured":"Koch AL (2001) Oligotrophs versus copiotrophs. BioEssays 23:657\u2013661. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/bies.1091","journal-title":"BioEssays"},{"issue":"1","key":"2236_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2009.0111","volume":"16","author":"A Kumar","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kumar A, Mukherjee S, Chakraborty R (2010) Characterization of a novel trimethoprim resistance gene, dfrA28, in class 1 integron of an oligotrophic Acinetobacter johnsonii strain, MB52, isolated from River Mahananda, India. Microb Drug Resist 16(1):29\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/mdr.2009.0111","journal-title":"Microb Drug Resist"},{"issue":"1","key":"2236_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-0711-10-19","volume":"10","author":"A Kumar","year":"2011","unstructured":"Kumar A, Chakraborti S, Joshi P, Chakrabarti P, Chakraborty R (2011) A multiple antibiotic and serum resistant oligotrophic strain, Klebsiella pneumoniae MB45 having novel dfrA30, is sensitive to ZnO QDs. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 10(1):19. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/1476-0711-10-19","journal-title":"Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob"},{"issue":"2","key":"2236_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.038281-0","volume":"63","author":"A Kumar","year":"2013","unstructured":"Kumar A, Ince IA, Kat\u0131 A, Chakraborty R (2013) Brevibacteriumsiliguriense sp. nov., a facultatively oligotrophic bacterium isolated from river water. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 63(2):511\u2013515. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/ijs.0.038281-0","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2236_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.mi.33.100179.002113","volume":"33","author":"SI Kuznetsov","year":"1979","unstructured":"Kuznetsov SI, Dubinina GA, Lapteva NA (1979) Biology of oligotrophic bacteria. Annu Rev Microbiol 33(1):377\u2013387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.mi.33.100179.002113","journal-title":"Annu Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"2236_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4763","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00343-10","volume":"192","author":"SG Landt","year":"2010","unstructured":"Landt SG, Lesley JA, Britos L, Shapiro L (2010) CrfA, a small noncoding RNA regulator of adaptation to carbon starvation in Caulobacter crescentus. J Bacteriol 192:4763\u20134775. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JB.00343-10","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"2236_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1991.tb01825.x","volume":"5","author":"R Lange","year":"1991","unstructured":"Lange R, Hengge-Aronis R (1991) Identification of a central regulator of stationary-phase gene expression in Escherichia coli. Mol Microbiol 5:49\u201359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-2958.1991.tb01825.x","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"2236_CR44","first-page":"277","volume":"35","author":"Z Lango","year":"1988","unstructured":"Lango Z (1988) Ring-forming, oligotrophic Microcyclus organisms in the water and mud of Lake Balaton. Acta Microbiol Hung 35(3):277\u2013282","journal-title":"Acta Microbiol Hung"},{"issue":"4","key":"2236_CR45","first-page":"717","volume":"45","author":"NA Lapteva","year":"1976","unstructured":"Lapteva NA, Monakova SV (1976) Microbiological characteristics of the lakes in the Yaroslavl region. Mikrobiologiia 45(4):717\u2013723","journal-title":"Mikrobiologiia"},{"issue":"37","key":"2236_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15527","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0903507106","volume":"106","author":"FM Lauro","year":"2009","unstructured":"Lauro FM, McDougald D, Thomas T, Williams TJ, Egan S, Rice S, De Maere MZ, Ting L, Ertan H, Johnson J, Ferriera S (2009) The genomic basis of trophic strategy in marine bacteria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106(37):15527\u201315533. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0903507106","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"6","key":"2236_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2014.227","volume":"9","author":"H Luo","year":"2015","unstructured":"Luo H (2015) Evolutionary origin of a streamlined marine bacterioplankton lineage. ISME J 9(6):1423\u20131433. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ismej.2014.227","journal-title":"ISME J"},{"issue":"3","key":"2236_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.43.3.566-571.1982","volume":"43","author":"MT MacDonell","year":"1982","unstructured":"MacDonell MT, Hood MA (1982) Isolation and characterization of ultramicrobacteria from a gulf coast estuary. Appl Environ Microbiol 43(3):566. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aem.43.3.566-571.1982","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"2236_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mallory LM, Austin B, Colwell RR (1977) Numerical taxonomy and ecology of oligotrophic bacteria isolated from the estuarine environment. Can J Microbiol 23(6):733\u2013750","DOI":"10.1139\/m77-110"},{"issue":"1","key":"2236_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1051\/jbio:2007005","volume":"201","author":"S Matallana-Surget","year":"2007","unstructured":"Matallana-Surget S, Joux F, Lebaron P, Cavicchioli R (2007) Isolation and characterization of marine oligotrophic bacteria. J Soc Biol 201(1):41\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1051\/jbio:2007005","journal-title":"J Soc Biol"},{"key":"2236_CR50","first-page":"98","volume":"82","author":"K Moaledj","year":"1978","unstructured":"Moaledj K (1978) Qualitative analysis of an oligocarbophilic aquatic microflora in the Plu\u00dfsee. Arch Hydrobiol 82:98\u2013113","journal-title":"Arch Hydrobiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2236_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1007\/s11746-997-0103-3","volume":"74","author":"Y Morita","year":"1997","unstructured":"Morita Y, Nakamura T, Hasan Q, Murakami Y, Yokoyama K, Tamiya E (1997) Cold-active enzymes from cold-adapted bacteria. J Am Oil Chem Soc 74(4):441\u2013444. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11746-997-0103-3","journal-title":"J Am Oil Chem Soc"},{"key":"2236_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Nagarkar PP, Ravetkar SD, Watve MG (2001) Oligophilic bacteria as tools to monitor aseptic pharmaceutical production units. Appl Environ Microbiol 67(3):1371\u20131374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AEM.67.3.1371-1374.2001","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.67.3.1371-1374.2001"},{"issue":"2","key":"2236_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.2166\/wst.2009.857","volume":"59","author":"H Oh","year":"2009","unstructured":"Oh H, Lee J, Kim K, Kim J, Choung Y, Park J (2009) A novel laboratory cultivation method to examine antibiotic-resistance-related microbial risks in urban water environments. Water Sci Technol 59(2):347\u2013352. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2166\/wst.2009.857","journal-title":"Water Sci Technol"},{"issue":"4","key":"2236_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00399322","volume":"49","author":"H Ohta","year":"1983","unstructured":"Ohta H, Hattori T (1983) Agromonasoligotrophica gen. nov., sp. nov., a nitrogen-fixing oligotrophic bacterium. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 49(4):429\u2013446. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF00399322","journal-title":"Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek"},{"issue":"6","key":"2236_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2185","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.02959-0","volume":"54","author":"H Ohta","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ohta H, Hattori R, Ushiba Y, Mitsui H, Ito M, Watanabe H, Tonosaki A, Hattori T (2004) Sphingomonas oligophenolica sp. nov., a halo-and organo-sensitive oligotrophic bacterium from paddy soil that degrades phenolic acids at low concentrations. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 54(6):2185\u20132190. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/ijs.0.02959-0","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"},{"key":"2236_CR56","unstructured":"Ostrowski ML (2006) Physiological Adaptation to Nutrient Limitation in a Marine Oligotrophic Ultra microbacterium Sphingopyxis alaskensis. University of New South Wales."},{"issue":"3","key":"2236_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1292","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.67.3.1292-1299.2001","volume":"67","author":"M Ostrowski","year":"2001","unstructured":"Ostrowski M, Cavicchioli R, Blaauw M, Gottschal JC (2001) Specific growth rate plays a critical role in hydrogen peroxide resistance of the marine oligotrophic ultra microbacterium Sphingomonas alaskensis strain RB2256. Appl Environ Microbiol 67(3):1292. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AEM.67.3.1292-1299.2001","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2236_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0038-0717(83)90111-6","volume":"15","author":"H Otha","year":"1983","unstructured":"Otha H, Hattori H (1983) Oligotrophic bacteria on organic debris and plant roots in paddy field soils. Soil Biol Biochem 15(1):1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0038-0717(83)90111-6","journal-title":"Soil Biol Biochem"},{"key":"2236_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1128\/br.28.3.231-295.1964","volume":"28","author":"JS Poindexter","year":"1964","unstructured":"Poindexter JS (1964) Biological properties and classification of the Caulobacter group. Bacteriol Rev 28:231\u2013295. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/br.28.3.231-295.1964","journal-title":"Bacteriol Rev"},{"key":"2236_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4615-8306-6_2","volume":"5","author":"JS Poindexter","year":"1981","unstructured":"Poindexter JS (1981) Oligotrophy: feast and famine existence. Adv Microb Ecol 5:63\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4615-8306-6_2","journal-title":"Adv Microb Ecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2236_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.57.030502.090759","volume":"57","author":"MS Rapp\u00e9","year":"2003","unstructured":"Rapp\u00e9 MS, Giovannoni SJ (2003) The uncultured microbial majority. Annu Rev Microbiol 57(1):369\u2013394. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.micro.57.030502.090759","journal-title":"Annu Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"6898","key":"2236_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1038\/nature00917","volume":"418","author":"MS Rapp\u00e9","year":"2002","unstructured":"Rapp\u00e9 MS, Connon SA, Vergin KL, Giovannoni SJ (2002) Cultivation of the ubiquitous SAR11 marine bacterioplankton clade. Nature 418(6898):630\u2013633. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature00917","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"2236_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.49.1.1-7.1985","volume":"49","author":"DJ Reasoner","year":"1985","unstructured":"Reasoner DJ, Geldreich EE (1985) A new medium for the enumeration and subculture of bacteria from potable water. Appl Environ Microbiol 49(1):1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aem.49.1.1-7.1985","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"2236_CR300","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Rossello-Mora R, Amann R (2015) Past and future species definitions for Bacteria and Archaea. Syst Appl Microbiol 38. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.syapm.2015.02.001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.syapm.2015.02.001"},{"key":"2236_CR68","unstructured":"Saha P (2007) Bacterial diversity of water of a warm spring located in Assam. PhD Thesis, CSIR-IMTECH, Chandigarh\/Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India."},{"issue":"5","key":"2236_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.64086-0","volume":"56","author":"P Saha","year":"2006","unstructured":"Saha P, Chakrabarti T (2006a) Emticicia oligotrophica gen. nov., sp. nov., a new member of the family \u2018Flexibacteraceae\u2019, phylum Bacteroidetes. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 56(5):991\u2013995. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/ijs.0.64086-0","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"2236_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1905","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.63972-0","volume":"56","author":"P Saha","year":"2006","unstructured":"Saha P, Chakrabarti T (2006b) Aeromonas sharmana sp. nov., isolated from a warm spring. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 56(8):1905\u20131909. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/ijs.0.63972-0","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"2236_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2617","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.64309-0","volume":"56","author":"P Saha","year":"2006","unstructured":"Saha P, Chakrabarti T (2006c) Flavobacterium indicum sp. nov., isolated from warm spring water in Assam, India. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 56(11):2617\u20132621","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"},{"key":"2236_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Saha P, Krishnamurthi S, Mayilraj S, Prasad GS, Bora TC, Bhattacharya A, Chakrabarti T (2005a) Aquimonas voraii gen. nov., sp. nov., a novel gammaproteobacterium isolated from a warm spring of Assam, India. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 55:1491\u20131495. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/ijs.0.63552-0","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.63552-0"},{"issue":"6","key":"2236_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2577","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.63846-0","volume":"55","author":"P Saha","year":"2005","unstructured":"Saha P, Mondal AK, Mayilraj S, Krishnamurthi S, Bhattacharya A, Chakrabarti T (2005b) Paenibacillus assamensis sp. nov., a novel bacterium isolated from a warm spring in Assam, India. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 55(6):2577\u20132581. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/ijs.0.63846-0","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2236_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.012633-0","volume":"60","author":"P Saha","year":"2009","unstructured":"Saha P, Krishnamurthi S, Bhattacharya A, Sharma R, Chakrabarti T (2009) Fontibacillus aquaticus gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from a warm spring. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 60(2):422\u2013428. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1099\/ijs.0.012633-0","journal-title":"Int J Syst Evol Microbiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"2236_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-007-0945-5","volume":"75","author":"C Schmeisser","year":"2007","unstructured":"Schmeisser C, Steele H, Streit WR (2007) Metagenomics, biotechnology with non-culturable microbes. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 75(5):955\u2013962. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00253-007-0945-5","journal-title":"Appl Microbiol Biotechnol"},{"issue":"3-4","key":"2236_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.1997.tb00321.x","volume":"20","author":"F Schut","year":"1997","unstructured":"Schut F, Gottschal JC, Prins RA (1997a) Isolation and characterisation of the marine ultra microbacterium Sphingomonas sp. strain RB2256. FEMS Microbiol Rev 20(3\u20134):363\u2013369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1574-6976.1997.tb00321.x","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"2","key":"2236_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.3354\/ame012177","volume":"12","author":"F Schut","year":"1997","unstructured":"Schut F, Prins RA, Gottschal JC (1997b) Oligotrophy and pelagic marine bacteria: facts and fiction. Aquat Microb Ecol 12(2):177\u2013202. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3354\/ame012177","journal-title":"Aquat Microb Ecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2236_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/bf02540226","volume":"22","author":"AM Semenov","year":"1991","unstructured":"Semenov AM (1991) Physiological bases of oligotrophy of microorganisms and the concept of microbial community. Microb Ecol 22(1):239\u2013247. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/bf02540226","journal-title":"Microb Ecol"},{"key":"2236_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00417","volume":"3","author":"A Shade","year":"2012","unstructured":"Shade A, Peter H, Allison SD, Baho D, Berga M, B\u00fcrgmann H, Huber DH, Langenheder S, Lennon JT, Martiny JB, Matulich KL (2012) Fundamentals of microbial community resistance and resilience. Front Microbiol 3:417. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2012.00417","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2236_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo4010001","volume":"4","author":"K Shimizu","year":"2013","unstructured":"Shimizu K (2013) Regulation systems of bacteria such as Escherichia coli in response to nutrient limitation and environmental stresses. Metabolites 4(1):1\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/metabo4010001","journal-title":"Metabolites"},{"issue":"7","key":"2236_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2193","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.174.7.2193-2198.1992","volume":"174","author":"DA Stahl","year":"1992","unstructured":"Stahl DA, Key RE, Flesher BE, Smit J (1992) The phylogeny of marine and freshwater caulobacters reflects their habitat. J Bacteriol 174(7):2193\u20132198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jb.174.7.2193-2198.1992","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2236_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.2000.00933.x","volume":"88","author":"Y Tada","year":"2000","unstructured":"Tada Y, Inoue T (2000) Use of oligotrophic bacteria for the biological monitoring of heavy metals. J Appl Microbiol 88(1):154\u2013160. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.1365-2672.2000.00933.x","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"2236_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.33.2.493-494.1995","volume":"33","author":"Y Tada","year":"1995","unstructured":"Tada Y, Ihmori M, Yamaguchi J (1995) Oligotrophic bacteria isolated from clinical materials. J Clin Microbiol 33(2):493\u2013494. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/jcm.33.2.493-494.1995","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2236_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1989.tb03651.x","volume":"5","author":"AC Upton","year":"1989","unstructured":"Upton AC, Nedwell DB (1989) Nutritional flexibility of oligotrophic and copiotrophic Antarctic bacteria with respect to organic substrates. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 5(1):1\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1574-6968.1989.tb03651.x","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Ecol"},{"issue":"6","key":"2236_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2169","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.62.6.2169-2173.1996","volume":"62","author":"Y Wang","year":"1996","unstructured":"Wang Y, Lau PC, Button DK (1996) A marine oligobacterium harboring genes known to be part of aromatic hydrocarbon degradation pathways of soil pseudomonads. Appl Environ Microbiol 62(6):2169. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aem.62.6.2169-2173.1996","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"2236_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.06585-11","author":"M Watve","year":"2000","unstructured":"Watve M, Shejval V, Sonawane C, Rahalkar M, Matapurkar A, Shouche Y, Patole M, Phadnis N, Champhenkar A, Damle K, Karandikar S (2000) The \u201cK\u201d selected oligophilic bacteria: a key to uncultured diversity? Curr Sci. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aem.06585-11","journal-title":"Curr Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"2236_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/s0958-1669(96)80034-6","volume":"7","author":"DC White","year":"1996","unstructured":"White DC, Sutton SD, Ringelberg DB (1996) The genus Sphingomonas: physiology and ecology. Curr Opin Biotechnol 7(3):301\u2013306. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0958-1669(96)80034-6","journal-title":"Curr Opin Biotechnol"},{"issue":"12","key":"2236_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6578","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.95.12.6578","volume":"95","author":"WB Whitman","year":"1998","unstructured":"Whitman WB, Coleman DC, Wiebe WJ (1998) Prokaryotes: the unseen majority. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 95(12):6578\u20136583. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.95.12.6578","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"9","key":"2236_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2009.52","volume":"3","author":"TJ Williams","year":"2009","unstructured":"Williams TJ, Ertan H, Ting L, Cavicchioli R (2009) Carbon and nitrogen substrate utilization in the marine bacterium Sphingopyxis alaskensis strain RB2256. ISME J 3(9):1036\u20131052. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ismej.2009.52","journal-title":"ISME J"},{"key":"2236_CR299","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Williams TJ, Joux F, Lauro FM, Matallana-Surget S, Cavicchioli R (2011) Physiology of marine oligotrophic ultramicrobacteria. In: Extremophiles handbook","DOI":"10.1007\/978-4-431-53898-1_57"},{"issue":"7","key":"2236_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2006.02882.x","volume":"15","author":"J Xu","year":"2006","unstructured":"Xu J (2006) Invited review: microbial ecology in the age of genomics and metagenomics: concepts, tools, and recent advances. Mol Ecol 15(7):1713\u20131731. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2006.02882.x","journal-title":"Mol Ecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"2236_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.2323\/jgam.24.59","volume":"24","author":"T Yanagita","year":"1978","unstructured":"Yanagita T, Ichikawa T, Tsuji T, Kamata Y, Ito K, Sasaki M (1978) Two trophic groups of bacteria, oligotrophs and eutrophs: their distributions in fresh and sea water areas in the central northern Japan. J Gen Appl Microbiol 24(1):59\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2323\/jgam.24.59","journal-title":"J Gen Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"2236_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaichikova MV, Berestovskaya YuYu, Akimov VN, Kizilova AK and Vasilieva LV (2010a) Ancylobacter abiegnus sp. nov., an oligotrophic member of the xylotrophic mycobacterial community. Mikrobiologiya 79(4):509\u2013515","DOI":"10.1134\/S0026261710040107"},{"key":"2236_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaichikova MV, Berestovskaya YuYu, Akimov VN, Kizilova AK and Vasilieva LV (2010b) Xanthobacter xylophilus sp. nov., a member of the xylotrophic mycobacterial community of low-mineral oligotrophic waters. Mikrobiologiya 79(1):89\u201395","DOI":"10.1134\/S002626171001011X"},{"key":"2236_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5874","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkh908","volume":"32","author":"D Zheng","year":"2004","unstructured":"Zheng D, Constantinidou C, Hobman JL, Minchin SD (2004) Identification of the CRP regulon using in vitro and in vivo transcriptional profiling. Nucleic Acids Res 32:5874\u20135893. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/gkh908","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"}],"container-title":["Antonie van Leeuwenhoek"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10482-025-02236-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10482-025-02236-z","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10482-025-02236-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,12]],"date-time":"2026-01-12T18:02:18Z","timestamp":1768240938000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10482-025-02236-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,27]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["2236"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10482-025-02236-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-6072","1572-9699"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-6072","type":"print"},{"value":"1572-9699","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,27]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"16 December 2025","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 December 2025","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to publication"}}],"article-number":"24"}}