{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T15:32:52Z","timestamp":1786980772643,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":136,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770249600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antonie van Leeuwenhoek"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10482-026-02254-5","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]],"date-time":"2026-02-05T17:04:59Z","timestamp":1770311099000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Redrawing the gut map: evolving probiotic approaches to microbiota modulation in inflammatory bowel disease"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"119","author":[{"given":"Premal","family":"Vaghela","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bhavarth","family":"Dave","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akshada","family":"Dabhade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rohitas","family":"Deshmukh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bhupendra","family":"Prajapati","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar Awad","family":"Alsaidan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suhaskumar","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ankush","family":"Mehta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anup","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiran","family":"Dudhat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"2254_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2022.08.020","volume":"51","author":"LM Agraib","year":"2022","unstructured":"Agraib LM, Yamani MI, Tayyem R et al (2022) Probiotic supplementation induces remission and changes in the immunoglobulins and inflammatory response in active ulcerative colitis patients: a pilot, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Clin Nutr ESPEN 51:83\u201391. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.clnesp.2022.08.020","journal-title":"Clin Nutr ESPEN"},{"key":"2254_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.651415","volume":"12","author":"B Al-Bawardy","year":"2021","unstructured":"Al-Bawardy B, Shivashankar R, Proctor DD (2021) Novel and emerging therapies for inflammatory bowel disease. Front Pharmacol 12:651415. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fphar.2021.651415","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"2254_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14061183","volume":"14","author":"AG Alkushi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Alkushi AG, Elazab ST, Abdelfattah-Hassan A et al (2022) Multi-Strain-Probiotic-Loaded nanoparticles reduced colon inflammation and orchestrated the expressions of tight junction, NLRP3 inflammasome and caspase-1 genes in DSS-induced colitis model. Pharmaceutics 14:1183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pharmaceutics14061183","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"2254_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mmcr.2017.07.007","volume":"18","author":"MC Appel-da-Silva","year":"2017","unstructured":"Appel-da-Silva MC, Narvaez GA, Perez LRR et al (2017) Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii fungemia following probiotic treatment. Med Mycol Case Rep 18:15\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.mmcr.2017.07.007","journal-title":"Med Mycol Case Rep"},{"key":"2254_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01204","author":"S Arboleya","year":"2016","unstructured":"Arboleya S, Watkins C, Stanton C, Ross RP (2016) Gut Bifidobacteria populations in human health and aging. Front Microbiol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2016.01204","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2254_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1512","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2005.085373","volume":"55","author":"MC Arrieta","year":"2006","unstructured":"Arrieta MC (2006) Alterations in intestinal permeability. Gut 55:1512\u20131520. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gut.2005.085373","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2254_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.718356","volume":"8","author":"G Barbara","year":"2021","unstructured":"Barbara G, Barbaro MR, Fuschi D et al (2021) Inflammatory and microbiota-related regulation of the intestinal epithelial barrier. Front Nutr 8:718356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fnut.2021.718356","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"2254_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.00265","volume":"8","author":"M Barra","year":"2020","unstructured":"Barra M, Danino T, Garrido D (2020) Engineered probiotics for detection and treatment of inflammatory intestinal diseases. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 8:265. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fbioe.2020.00265","journal-title":"Front Bioeng Biotechnol"},{"key":"2254_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.00975-23","volume":"89","author":"E Bartram","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bartram E, Asai M, Gabant P, Wigneshweraraj S (2023) Enhancing the antibacterial function of probiotic Escherichia coli Nissle: when less is more. Appl Environ Microbiol 89:e00975-23. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/aem.00975-23","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"2254_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/17562848241303651","volume":"17","author":"L Bertin","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bertin L, Crepaldi M, Zanconato M et al (2024) Advancing therapeutic frontiers: a pipeline of novel drugs for luminal and perianal Crohn\u2019s disease management. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 17:17562848241303651. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/17562848241303651","journal-title":"Therap Adv Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2254_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-019-00595-4","volume":"27","author":"I Bjarnason","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bjarnason I, Sission G, Hayee B (2019) A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of a multi-strain probiotic in patients with asymptomatic ulcerative colitis and Crohn\u2019s disease. Inflammopharmacol 27:465\u2013473. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10787-019-00595-4","journal-title":"Inflammopharmacol"},{"key":"2254_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487319856124","volume":"26","author":"B Bjarnason-Wehrens","year":"2019","unstructured":"Bjarnason-Wehrens B (2019) Recommendations for resistance exercise in cardiac rehabilitation: do they need reconsideration? Eur J Prev Cardiol 26:1479\u20131482. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2047487319856124","journal-title":"Eur J Prev Cardiol"},{"key":"2254_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1136\/flgastro-2019-101288","volume":"12","author":"J Blackwell","year":"2021","unstructured":"Blackwell J, Selinger C, Raine T et al (2021) Steroid use and misuse: a key performance indicator in the management of IBD. Frontline Gastroenterol 12:207\u2013213. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/flgastro-2019-101288","journal-title":"Frontline Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2254_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2019.103643","volume":"64","author":"J Cao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cao J, Yu Z, Liu W et al (2020) Probiotic characteristics of Bacillus coagulans and associated implications for human health and diseases. J Funct Foods 64:103643. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jff.2019.103643","journal-title":"J Funct Foods"},{"key":"2254_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15771","volume":"52","author":"TP Chapman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Chapman TP, Frias Gomes C, Louis E et al (2020) Review article: withdrawal of 5\u2010aminosalicylates in inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 52:73\u201384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/apt.15771","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2254_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2025.125585","volume":"676","author":"Y Chen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chen Y, Han Q (2025) Engineering advanced bacterial therapy for tumor and inflammatory diseases. Int J Pharm 676:125585. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2025.125585","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"key":"2254_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.916765","volume":"13","author":"G Chen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Chen G, Shi F, Yin W et al (2022) Gut microbiota dysbiosis: the potential mechanisms by which alcohol disrupts gut and brain functions. Front Microbiol 13:916765. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2022.916765","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2254_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01452-1","volume":"8","author":"S Chen","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chen S, Saeed AFUH, Liu Q et al (2023) Macrophages in immunoregulation and therapeutics. Sig Transduct Target Ther 8:207. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41392-023-01452-1","journal-title":"Sig Transduct Target Ther"},{"key":"2254_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.12998\/wjcc.v8.i8.1361","volume":"8","author":"F-S Cheng","year":"2020","unstructured":"Cheng F-S, Pan D, Chang B et al (2020) Probiotic mixture VSL#3: an overview of basic and clinical studies in chronic diseases. WJCC 8:1361\u20131384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12998\/wjcc.v8.i8.1361","journal-title":"WJCC"},{"key":"2254_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Cheng X, Tan Y, Li H, Huang J, Zhao D, Zhang Z, Yi M, Zhu L, Hui S, Yang J, Peng W (2022) Fecal 16S rRNA sequencing and multi-compartment metabolomics revealed gut microbiota and metabolites interactions in APP\/PS1 mice. Comput Biol Medicine 151:106312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2022.106312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2022.106312"},{"key":"2254_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-020-09738-4","volume":"13","author":"MR Chorawala","year":"2021","unstructured":"Chorawala MR, Chauhan S, Patel R, Shah G (2021) Cell wall contents of probiotics (Lactobacillus species) protect against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced murine colitis by limiting immuno-inflammation and oxidative stress. Probiotics Antimicro Prot 13:1005\u20131017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12602-020-09738-4","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicro Prot"},{"key":"2254_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1086\/651706","volume":"31","author":"SH Cohen","year":"2010","unstructured":"Cohen SH, Gerding DN, Johnson S et al (2010) Clinical practice guidelines for Clostridium difficile infection in adults: 2010 update by the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA) and the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA). Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 31:431\u2013455. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/651706","journal-title":"Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol"},{"key":"2254_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.578386","volume":"12","author":"F Cristofori","year":"2021","unstructured":"Cristofori F, Dargenio VN, Dargenio C et al (2021) Anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of probiotics in gut inflammation: a door to the body. Front Immunol 12:578386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2021.578386","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2254_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.14907","volume":"130","author":"A Darb Emamie","year":"2021","unstructured":"Darb Emamie A, Rajabpour M, Ghanavati R et al (2021) The effects of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics on the reduction of IBD complications, a periodic review during 2009\u20132020. J Appl Microbiol 130:1823\u20131838. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jam.14907","journal-title":"J Appl Microbiol"},{"key":"2254_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000750","volume":"22","author":"AK DeGruttola","year":"2016","unstructured":"DeGruttola AK, Low D, Mizoguchi A, Mizoguchi E (2016) Current understanding of dysbiosis in disease in human and animal models. Inflamm Bowel Dis 22:1137\u20131150. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000750","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"2254_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2471","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19092471","volume":"19","author":"N Dmochowska","year":"2018","unstructured":"Dmochowska N, Wardill HR, Hughes PA (2018) Advances in imaging specific mediators of inflammatory bowel disease. Int J Mol Sci 19:2471. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms19092471","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2254_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11122913","volume":"11","author":"MP Dore","year":"2019","unstructured":"Dore MP, Bibb\u00f2 S, Fresi G et al (2019) Side effects associated with probiotic use in adult patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Nutrients 11:2913. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu11122913","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2254_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S129","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ085","volume":"60","author":"S Doron","year":"2015","unstructured":"Doron S, Snydman DR (2015) Risk and safety of probiotics. Clin Infect Dis 60:S129\u2013S134. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/cid\/civ085","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"2254_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-025-07271-y","volume":"23","author":"S Duan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Duan S, Wang Y, Zhan S et al (2025) Engineered probiotics: a new era in treating inflammatory bowel disease. J Transl Med 23:1223. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s12967-025-07271-y","journal-title":"J Transl Med"},{"key":"2254_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.1007\/s42452-025-07622-w","volume":"7","author":"P Duhan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Duhan P, Gupta B, Ahmed M, Bansal P (2025) Gut microbiome engineering with probiotics: current trends and future directions. Discov Appl Sci 7:1354. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s42452-025-07622-w","journal-title":"Discov Appl Sci"},{"key":"2254_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4306","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-023-08122-w","volume":"68","author":"KA Dunleavy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dunleavy KA, Raffals LE, Camilleri M (2023) Intestinal barrier dysfunction in inflammatory bowel disease: underpinning pathogenesis and therapeutics. Dig Dis Sci 68:4306\u20134320. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10620-023-08122-w","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"2254_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm11092302","volume":"11","author":"F Ferretti","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ferretti F, Cannatelli R, Monico MC et al (2022) An update on current pharmacotherapeutic options for the treatment of ulcerative colitis. J Clin Microbiol 11:2302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jcm11092302","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"2254_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4745","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph110504745","volume":"11","author":"S Fijan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fijan S (2014) Microorganisms with claimed probiotic properties: an overview of recent literature. Int J Environ Res Public Health 11:4745\u20134767. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph110504745","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"2254_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13780","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0706625104","volume":"104","author":"DN Frank","year":"2007","unstructured":"Frank DN, St. Amand AL, Feldman RA et al (2007) Molecular-phylogenetic characterization of microbial community imbalances in human inflammatory bowel diseases. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104:13780\u201313785. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0706625104","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2254_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12328-013-0440-8","volume":"7","author":"M Fujiya","year":"2014","unstructured":"Fujiya M, Ueno N, Kohgo Y (2014) Probiotic treatments for induction and maintenance of remission in inflammatory bowel diseases: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Clin J Gastroenterol 7:1\u201313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12328-013-0440-8","journal-title":"Clin J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2254_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"242","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2004.044834","volume":"54","author":"E Furrie","year":"2005","unstructured":"Furrie E (2005) Synbiotic therapy (Bifidobacterium longum\/Synergy 1) initiates resolution of inflammation in patients with active ulcerative colitis: a randomised controlled pilot trial. Gut 54:242\u2013249. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gut.2004.044834","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2254_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.13.2.219-226.2006","volume":"13","author":"CM Galdeano","year":"2006","unstructured":"Galdeano CM, Perdig\u00f3n G (2006) The probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus casei induces activation of the gut mucosal immune system through innate immunity. Clin Vaccine Immunol 13:219\u2013226. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/CVI.13.2.219-226.2006","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"2254_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfutfo.2022.03.011","volume":"2","author":"X Gao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gao X, Zhao J, Zhang H et al (2022) Modulation of gut health using probiotics: the role of probiotic effector molecules. J Future Foods 2:1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jfutfo.2022.03.011","journal-title":"J Future Foods"},{"key":"2254_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imbio.2008.02.001","volume":"213","author":"D Ghadimi","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ghadimi D, F\u00f6lster-Holst R, De Vrese M et al (2008) Effects of probiotic bacteria and their genomic DNA on TH1\/TH2-cytokine production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of healthy and allergic subjects. Immunobiology 213:677\u2013692. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.imbio.2008.02.001","journal-title":"Immunobiology"},{"key":"2254_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1210\/jendso\/bvz039","volume":"4","author":"SS Ghosh","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ghosh SS, Wang J, Yannie PJ, Ghosh S (2020) Intestinal barrier dysfunction, LPS translocation, and disease development. J Endocr Soc 4:bvz039. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1210\/jendso\/bvz039","journal-title":"J Endocr Soc"},{"key":"2254_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2021.02.007","volume":"11","author":"S Ghosh","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ghosh S, Whitley CS, Haribabu B, Jala VR (2021) Regulation of intestinal barrier function by microbial metabolites. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 11:1463\u20131482. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jcmgh.2021.02.007","journal-title":"Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2254_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.05.013","volume":"129","author":"AL Hart","year":"2005","unstructured":"Hart AL, Al-Hassi HO, Rigby RJ et al (2005) Characteristics of intestinal dendritic cells in inflammatory bowel diseases. Gastroenterology 129:50\u201365. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.05.013","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2254_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.114195","volume":"159","author":"B Hashemi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hashemi B, Abdollahi M, Abbaspour-Aghdam S et al (2023) The effect of probiotics on immune responses and their therapeutic application: a new treatment option for multiple sclerosis. Biomed Pharmacother 159:114195. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.114195","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"2254_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1177\/1756283X12459294","volume":"6","author":"P Hemarajata","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hemarajata P, Versalovic J (2013) Effects of probiotics on gut microbiota: mechanisms of intestinal immunomodulation and neuromodulation. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 6:39\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1756283X12459294","journal-title":"Therap Adv Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2254_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.21478","volume":"17","author":"SA Hirota","year":"2011","unstructured":"Hirota SA, Ng J, Lueng A et al (2011) NLRP3 inflammasome plays a key role in the regulation of intestinal homeostasis. Inflamm Bowel Dis 17:1359\u20131372. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ibd.21478","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"2254_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1038\/s41418-018-0070-2","volume":"25","author":"Q Hou","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hou Q, Ye L, Liu H et al (2018) Lactobacillus accelerates iscs regeneration to protect the integrity of intestinal mucosa through activation of STAT3 signaling pathway induced by LPLs secretion of IL-22. Cell Death Differ 25:1657\u20131670. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41418-018-0070-2","journal-title":"Cell Death Differ"},{"key":"2254_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2024.1396789","volume":"11","author":"C-Y Hsu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Hsu C-Y, Mustafa MA, Moath Omar T et al (2024) Gut instinct: harnessing the power of probiotics to tame pathogenic signaling pathways in ulcerative colitis. Front Med 11:1396789. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmed.2024.1396789","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"2254_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1973","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12071973","volume":"12","author":"D Jakubczyk","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jakubczyk D, Leszczy\u0144ska K, G\u00f3rska S (2020) The effectiveness of probiotics in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)\u2014a critical review. Nutrients 12:1973. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu12071973","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2254_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002714","volume":"8","author":"SG Jeon","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jeon SG, Kayama H, Ueda Y et al (2012) Probiotic Bifidobacterium breve induces IL-10-producing Tr1 cells in the colon. PLoS Pathog 8:e1002714. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002714","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2254_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mnfr.202300731","volume":"68","author":"F Jingjing","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jingjing F, Weilin J, Shaochen S et al (2024) A probiotic targets bile acids metabolism to alleviate ulcerative colitis by reducing conjugated bile acids. Mol Nutr Food Res 68:2300731. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/mnfr.202300731","journal-title":"Mol Nutr Food Res"},{"key":"2254_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.2165\/11632710-000000000-00000","volume":"72","author":"D Jonkers","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jonkers D, Penders J, Masclee A, Pierik M (2012) Probiotics in the management of inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review of intervention studies in adult patients. Drugs 72:803\u2013823. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2165\/11632710-000000000-00000","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"2254_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2015.150","volume":"12","author":"GG Kaplan","year":"2015","unstructured":"Kaplan GG (2015) The global burden of IBD: from 2015 to 2025. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 12:720\u2013727. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrgastro.2015.150","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2254_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1023\/B:JOCI.0000018066.46279.6b","volume":"24","author":"A Kaser","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kaser A, Ludwiczek O, Holzmann S et al (2004) Increased expression of CCL20 in human inflammatory bowel disease. J Clin Immunol 24:74\u201385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/B:JOCI.0000018066.46279.6b","journal-title":"J Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2254_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens8030126","volume":"8","author":"I Khan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Khan I, Ullah N, Zha L et al (2019) Alteration of gut microbiota in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): cause or consequence? IBD treatment targeting the gut microbiome. Pathogens 8:126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/pathogens8030126","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"2254_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1661386","volume":"16","author":"R Kou","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kou R, Guo Y, Qin Z et al (2025) Systemic dysregulation of the gut microenvironment plays a pivotal role in the onset and progression of inflammatory bowel disease. Front Immunol 16:1661386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2025.1661386","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2254_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1244293","volume":"14","author":"HK Krishnamurthy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Krishnamurthy HK, Pereira M, Bosco J et al (2023) Gut commensals and their metabolites in health and disease. Front Microbiol 14:1244293. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1244293","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2254_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms11040896","volume":"11","author":"R Kullar","year":"2023","unstructured":"Kullar R, Goldstein EJC, Johnson S, McFarland LV (2023) Lactobacillus bacteremia and probiotics: a review. Microorganisms 11:896. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms11040896","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"2254_CR57","first-page":"99","volume":"11","author":"M Kumar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kumar M, Hemalatha R, Nagpal R et al (2016) Probiotic approaches for targeting inflammatory bowel disease: an update on advances and opportunities in managing the disease. Int J Probiotics Prebiotics 11:99\u2013116","journal-title":"Int J Probiotics Prebiotics"},{"key":"2254_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1216674","volume":"14","author":"A Latif","year":"2023","unstructured":"Latif A, Shehzad A, Niazi S et al (2023) Probiotics: mechanism of action, health benefits and their application in food industries. Front Microbiol 14:1216674. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1216674","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2254_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2018.02.007","volume":"5","author":"B Le","year":"2018","unstructured":"Le B, Yang SH (2018) Efficacy of Lactobacillus plantarum in prevention of inflammatory bowel disease. Toxicol Rep 5:314\u2013317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.toxrep.2018.02.007","journal-title":"Toxicol Rep"},{"key":"2254_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.551449","volume":"11","author":"Y Li","year":"2020","unstructured":"Li Y, Yang S, Lun J et al (2020) Inhibitory effects of the Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG effector protein HM0539 on inflammatory response through the TLR4\/MyD88\/NF-\u03baB axis. Front Immunol 11:551449. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2020.551449","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2254_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Li YK, Li WR, Ren H, Xiao CL, Guo Z, Luo JQ (2025) Gut microbiome-targeted therapeutics for chronic kidney disease: comparative efficacy of probiotic and microbial preparations. Inflammopharmacology 33(12):7569\u20137585. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10787-025-02044-x","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-025-02044-x"},{"key":"2254_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18388\/abp.2020_5597","author":"Z Liu","year":"2021","unstructured":"Liu Z, Wang H (2021) Probiotics alleviate inflammatory bowel disease in mice by regulating intestinal microorganisms-bile acid-NLRP3 inflammasome pathway. Acta Biochim Pol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18388\/abp.2020_5597","journal-title":"Acta Biochim Pol"},{"key":"2254_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjgast-2021-000853","volume":"9","author":"E Louis","year":"2022","unstructured":"Louis E, Paridaens K, Al Awadhi S et al (2022) Modelling the benefits of an optimised treatment strategy for 5-ASA in mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis. BMJ Open Gastroenterol 9:e000853. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjgast-2021-000853","journal-title":"BMJ Open Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2254_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/biol-2022-0821","volume":"19","author":"Y Ma","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ma Y, Yang D, Huang J et al (2024) Probiotics for inflammatory bowel disease: is there sufficient evidence? Open Life Sci 19:20220821. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1515\/biol-2022-0821","journal-title":"Open Life Sci"},{"key":"2254_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjy113","volume":"13","author":"C Maaser","year":"2019","unstructured":"Maaser C, Sturm A, Vavricka SR et al (2019) ECCO-ESGAR guideline for diagnostic assessment in IBD part 1: initial diagnosis, monitoring of known IBD, detection of complications. J Crohns Colitis 13:144-164K. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjy113","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis"},{"key":"2254_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2018.97","volume":"17","author":"MSJ Mangan","year":"2018","unstructured":"Mangan MSJ, Olhava EJ, Roush WR et al (2018) Targeting the NLRP3 inflammasome in inflammatory diseases. Nat Rev Drug Discov 17:588\u2013606. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nrd.2018.97","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"2254_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9091021","volume":"9","author":"P Markowiak","year":"2017","unstructured":"Markowiak P, \u015ali\u017cewska K (2017) Effects of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics on human health. Nutrients 9:1021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu9091021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2254_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13223-018-0278-1","volume":"14","author":"JS Marshall","year":"2018","unstructured":"Marshall JS, Warrington R, Watson W, Kim HL (2018) An introduction to immunology and immunopathology. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol 14:49. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13223-018-0278-1","journal-title":"Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol"},{"key":"2254_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/s00281-014-0454-4","volume":"37","author":"K Matsuoka","year":"2015","unstructured":"Matsuoka K, Kanai T (2015) The gut microbiota and inflammatory bowel disease. Semin Immunopathol 37:47\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00281-014-0454-4","journal-title":"Semin Immunopathol"},{"key":"2254_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12010184","volume":"12","author":"C Mazziotta","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mazziotta C, Tognon M, Martini F et al (2023) Probiotics mechanism of action on immune cells and beneficial effects on human health. Cells 12:184. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/cells12010184","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"2254_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.52.7.975","volume":"52","author":"J McCarthy","year":"2003","unstructured":"McCarthy J (2003) Double blind, placebo controlled trial of two probiotic strains in interleukin 10 knockout mice and mechanistic link with cytokine balance. Gut 52:975\u2013980. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gut.52.7.975","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2254_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15184000","volume":"15","author":"C Melsaether","year":"2023","unstructured":"Melsaether C, H\u00f8toft D, Wellejus A et al (2023) Seeding the infant gut in early life\u2014effects of maternal and infant seeding with probiotics on strain transfer, microbiota, and gastrointestinal symptoms in healthy breastfed infants. Nutrients 15:4000. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu15184000","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2254_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G1140","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.90534.2008","volume":"296","author":"R Mennigen","year":"2009","unstructured":"Mennigen R, Nolte K, Rijcken E et al (2009) Probiotic mixture VSL#3 protects the epithelial barrier by maintaining tight junction protein expression and preventing apoptosis in a murine model of colitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 296:G1140\u2013G1149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1152\/ajpgi.90534.2008","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"2254_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20211299","volume":"43","author":"K Mugwanda","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mugwanda K, Hamese S, Van Zyl WF et al (2023) Recent advances in genetic tools for engineering probiotic lactic acid bacteria. Biosci Rep 43:BSR20211299. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/BSR20211299","journal-title":"Biosci Rep"},{"key":"2254_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7759\/cureus.41120","author":"MA Muzammil","year":"2023","unstructured":"Muzammil MA, Fariha F, Patel T et al (2023) Advancements in inflammatory bowel disease: a narrative review of diagnostics, management, epidemiology, prevalence, patient outcomes, quality of life, and clinical presentation. Cureus. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7759\/cureus.41120","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"2254_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(24)00390-X","volume":"10","author":"MF Neurath","year":"2025","unstructured":"Neurath MF, Artis D, Becker C (2025) The intestinal barrier: a pivotal role in health, inflammation, and cancer. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 10:573\u2013592. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S2468-1253(24)00390-X","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2254_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5138","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.14.5138","volume":"14","author":"JH Niess","year":"2008","unstructured":"Niess JH (2008) Role of mucosal dendritic cells in inflammatory bowel disease. WJG 14:5138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.14.5138","journal-title":"WJG"},{"key":"2254_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku623","volume":"42","author":"J-H Oh","year":"2014","unstructured":"Oh J-H, van Pijkeren J-P (2014) CRISPR\u2013Cas9-assisted recombineering in Lactobacillus reuteri. Nucleic Acids Res 42:e131\u2013e131. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/gku623","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2254_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20841","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms160920841","volume":"16","author":"E Owaga","year":"2015","unstructured":"Owaga E, Hsieh R-H, Mugendi B et al (2015) Th17 cells as potential probiotic therapeutic targets in inflammatory bowel diseases. IJMS 16:20841\u201320858. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms160920841","journal-title":"IJMS"},{"key":"2254_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/jof6020078","volume":"6","author":"P Pais","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pais P, Almeida V, Y\u0131lmaz M, Teixeira MC (2020) Saccharomyces boulardii: What makes it tick as successful probiotic? JoF 6:78. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/jof6020078","journal-title":"JoF"},{"key":"2254_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2009.07.008","volume":"9","author":"R Paolillo","year":"2009","unstructured":"Paolillo R, Romano Carratelli C, Sorrentino S et al (2009) Immunomodulatory effects of Lactobacillus plantarum on human colon cancer cells. Int Immunopharmacol 9:1265\u20131271. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.intimp.2009.07.008","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"key":"2254_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30182-4","volume":"389","author":"S Paramsothy","year":"2017","unstructured":"Paramsothy S, Kamm MA, Kaakoush NO et al (2017) Multidonor intensive faecal microbiota transplantation for active ulcerative colitis: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. The Lancet 389:1218\u20131228. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)30182-4","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"key":"2254_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2021.100928","volume":"43","author":"M Parsaei","year":"2021","unstructured":"Parsaei M, Sarafraz N, Moaddab SY, Ebrahimzadeh Leylabadlo H (2021) The importance of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii in human health and diseases. New Microbes New Infect 43:100928. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.nmni.2021.100928","journal-title":"New Microbes New Infect"},{"key":"2254_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2007.09.002","volume":"19","author":"V P\u00e9trilli","year":"2007","unstructured":"P\u00e9trilli V, Dostert C, Muruve DA, Tschopp J (2007) The inflammasome: a danger sensing complex triggering innate immunity. Curr Opin Immunol 19:615\u2013622. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.coi.2007.09.002","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"2254_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12567","volume":"279","author":"JM Pickard","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pickard JM, Zeng MY, Caruso R, N\u00fa\u00f1ez G (2017) Gut microbiota: role in pathogen colonization, immune responses, and inflammatory disease. Immunol Rev 279:70\u201389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/imr.12567","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"2254_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2534","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20102534","volume":"20","author":"N Piqu\u00e9","year":"2019","unstructured":"Piqu\u00e9 N, Berlanga M, Mi\u00f1ana-Galbis D (2019) Health benefits of heat-killed (Tyndallized) probiotics: an overview. IJMS 20:2534. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms20102534","journal-title":"IJMS"},{"key":"2254_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15632","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i42.15632","volume":"20","author":"J Plaza-Diaz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Plaza-Diaz J (2014) Modulation of immunity and inflammatory gene expression in the gut, in inflammatory diseases of the gut and in the liver by probiotics. WJG 20:15632. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v20.i42.15632","journal-title":"WJG"},{"key":"2254_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.18388\/abp.2017_2343","volume":"65","author":"R Podg\u00f3rski","year":"2018","unstructured":"Podg\u00f3rski R, Aebisher DA, Stompor M et al (2018) Congenital adrenal hyperplasia: clinical symptoms and diagnostic methods. Acta Biochim Pol 65:25\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.18388\/abp.2017_2343","journal-title":"Acta Biochim Pol"},{"key":"2254_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031105","volume":"23","author":"P Portincasa","year":"2022","unstructured":"Portincasa P, Bonfrate L, Vacca M et al (2022) Gut microbiota and short chain fatty acids: implications in glucose homeostasis. IJMS 23:1105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms23031105","journal-title":"IJMS"},{"key":"2254_CR89","first-page":"560","volume":"9","author":"EMM Quigley","year":"2013","unstructured":"Quigley EMM (2013) Gut bacteria in health and disease. Gastroenterol Hepatol (n y) 9:560\u2013569","journal-title":"Gastroenterol Hepatol (n y)"},{"key":"2254_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2039","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-024-10295-3","volume":"16","author":"N Raghani","year":"2024","unstructured":"Raghani N, Postwala H, Shah Y et al (2024) From gut to brain: unraveling the intricate link between microbiome and stroke. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 16:2039\u20132053. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12602-024-10295-3","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins"},{"key":"2254_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2708.210018","author":"J Rannikko","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rannikko J, Holmberg V, Karppelin M et al (2021) Fungemia and other fungal infections associated with use of Saccharomyces boulardii probiotic supplements. Emerg Infect Dis. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid2708.210018","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"2254_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-024-08523-5","volume":"70","author":"O Sandys","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sandys O, Stokkers PCF, Te Velde AA (2025) DAMP-ing IBD: extinguish the fire and prevent smoldering. Dig Dis Sci 70:49\u201373. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10620-024-08523-5","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"2254_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3289","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.103983","volume":"15","author":"G Sang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Sang G, Wang B, Xie Y et al (2025) Engineered probiotic-based biomaterials for inflammatory bowel disease treatment. Theranostics 15:3289\u20133315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7150\/thno.103983","journal-title":"Theranostics"},{"key":"2254_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8124","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23158124","volume":"23","author":"S Santhiravel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Santhiravel S, Bekhit AE-DA, Mendis E et al (2022) The impact of plant phytochemicals on the gut microbiota of humans for a balanced life. IJMS 23:8124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms23158124","journal-title":"IJMS"},{"key":"2254_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1097\/00054725-200203000-00001","volume":"8","author":"M Schultz","year":"2002","unstructured":"Schultz M, Veltkamp C, Dieleman LA et al (2002) Lactobacillus plantarum 299V in the treatment and prevention of spontaneous colitis in interleukin-10-deficient mice. Inflamm Bowel Dis 8:71\u201380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/00054725-200203000-00001","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"2254_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrep.2016.03.003","volume":"6","author":"Y Seenappanahalli Nanjundaiah","year":"2016","unstructured":"Seenappanahalli Nanjundaiah Y, Wright DA, Baydoun AR et al (2016) Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG conditioned media modulates acute reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide in J774 murine macrophages. Biochem Biophys Rep 6:68\u201375. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.bbrep.2016.03.003","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Rep"},{"key":"2254_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.59400\/jts.v2i1.1252","volume":"2","author":"S Seshadri","year":"2024","unstructured":"Seshadri S, Gajjar D, Joshi A et al (2024) Understanding and role of gut microbiota on drug response and toxicity. J Toxicol Stud 2:1252. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.59400\/jts.v2i1.1252","journal-title":"J Toxicol Stud"},{"key":"2254_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-320065","volume":"69","author":"NS Seyed Tabib","year":"2020","unstructured":"Seyed Tabib NS, Madgwick M, Sudhakar P et al (2020) Big data in IBD: big progress for clinical practice. Gut 69:1520\u20131532. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-320065","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"2254_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4166\/kjg.2015.65.4.215","volume":"65","author":"M Shadnoush","year":"2015","unstructured":"Shadnoush M, Hosseini RS, Khalilnezhad A et al (2015) Effects of probiotics on gut microbiota in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Korean J Gastroenterol 65:215. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4166\/kjg.2015.65.4.215","journal-title":"Korean J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2254_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2431643","volume":"16","author":"AB Shah","year":"2024","unstructured":"Shah AB, Baiseitova A, Zahoor M et al (2024) Probiotic significance of Lactobacillus strains: a comprehensive review on health impacts, research gaps, and future prospects. Gut Microbes 16:2431643. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19490976.2024.2431643","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"2254_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MIB.0000437495.30052.be","volume":"20","author":"J Shen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shen J, Zuo Z-X, Mao A-P (2014) Effect of probiotics on inducing remission and maintaining therapy in ulcerative colitis, crohn\u02bcs disease, and pouchitis: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Inflamm Bowel Dis 20:21\u201335. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/01.MIB.0000437495.30052.be","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"2254_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI174910","volume":"135","author":"W Si","year":"2025","unstructured":"Si W, Zhao X, Li R et al (2025) Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG induces STING-dependent IL-10 in intestinal monocytes and alleviates inflammatory colitis in mice. J Clin Invest 135:e174910. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1172\/JCI174910","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"2254_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6025","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S300989","volume":"14","author":"MT Siddiqui","year":"2021","unstructured":"Siddiqui MT, Cresci GA (2021) The immunomodulatory functions of butyrate. JIR 14:6025\u20136041. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2147\/JIR.S300989","journal-title":"JIR"},{"key":"2254_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5041417","volume":"5","author":"J Slavin","year":"2013","unstructured":"Slavin J (2013) Fiber and prebiotics: mechanisms and health benefits. Nutrients 5:1417\u20131435. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu5041417","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2254_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16731","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0804812105","volume":"105","author":"H Sokol","year":"2008","unstructured":"Sokol H, Pigneur B, Watterlot L et al (2008) Faecalibacterium prausnitzii is an anti-inflammatory commensal bacterium identified by gut microbiota analysis of Crohn disease patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:16731\u201316736. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.0804812105","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2254_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2009.07.016","volume":"7","author":"A Sood","year":"2009","unstructured":"Sood A, Midha V, Makharia GK et al (2009) The probiotic preparation, VSL#3 induces remission in patients with mild-to-moderately active ulcerative colitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 7:1202-1209.e1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cgh.2009.07.016","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"2254_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1971","DOI":"10.1002\/ibd.21606","volume":"17","author":"J Strauss","year":"2011","unstructured":"Strauss J, Kaplan GG, Beck PL et al (2011) Invasive potential of gut mucosa-derived fusobacterium nucleatum positively correlates with IBD status of the host. Inflamm Bowel Dis 17:1971\u20131978. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ibd.21606","journal-title":"Inflamm Bowel Dis"},{"key":"2254_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.02.016","volume":"140","author":"W Strober","year":"2011","unstructured":"Strober W, Fuss IJ (2011) Proinflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel diseases. Gastroenterology 140:1756-1767.e1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.02.016","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"2254_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.594806","volume":"10","author":"W Su","year":"2020","unstructured":"Su W, Chen Y, Cao P et al (2020) Fusobacterium nucleatum promotes the development of ulcerative colitis by inducing the autophagic cell death of intestinal epithelial. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 10:594806. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcimb.2020.594806","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"2254_CR135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Su M, Tang T, Tang W, Long Y, Wang L, Liu M (2023) Astragalus improves intestinal barrier function and immunity by acting on intestinal microbiota to treat T2DM: a research review. Front Immunol. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1243834","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1243834"},{"key":"2254_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1111\/den.12553","volume":"28","author":"H Tamaki","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tamaki H, Nakase H, Inoue S et al (2016) Efficacy of probiotic treatment with Bifidobacterium longum 536 for induction of remission in active ulcerative colitis: a randomized, double\u2010blinded, placebo\u2010controlled multicenter trial. Dig Endosc 28:67\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/den.12553","journal-title":"Dig Endosc"},{"key":"2254_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1042\/BCJ20160510","volume":"474","author":"E Thursby","year":"2017","unstructured":"Thursby E, Juge N (2017) Introduction to the human gut microbiota. Biochem J 474:1823\u20131836. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/BCJ20160510","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"2254_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27679","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.4c08702","volume":"72","author":"A Tiwari","year":"2024","unstructured":"Tiwari A, Ika Krisnawati D, Susilowati E et al (2024) Next-generation probiotics and chronic diseases: a review of current research and future directions. J Agric Food Chem 72:27679\u201327700. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/acs.jafc.4c08702","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"key":"2254_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13103319","volume":"13","author":"L Tong","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tong L, Zhang X, Hao H et al (2021) Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG derived extracellular vesicles modulate gut microbiota and attenuate inflammatory in DSS-induced colitis mice. Nutrients 13:3319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13103319","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2254_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1756","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)32126-2","volume":"389","author":"R Ungaro","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ungaro R, Mehandru S, Allen PB et al (2017) Ulcerative colitis. Lancet 389:1756\u20131770. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)32126-2","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2254_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e318279abf0","volume":"47","author":"E Vahabnezhad","year":"2013","unstructured":"Vahabnezhad E, Mochon AB, Wozniak LJ, Ziring DA (2013) Lactobacillus Bacteremia Associated With Probiotic Use in a Pediatric Patient With Ulcerative Colitis. J Clin Gastroenterol 47:437\u2013439. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1097\/MCG.0b013e318279abf0","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2254_CR116","unstructured":"Veshohilova TP (1975) [Effect of combined use of steroid preparations with pyrroxane on the gonadotropic function of the hypophysis]. Akush Ginekol (Mosk) 10\u201312"},{"key":"2254_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1177\/1756283X16644242","volume":"9","author":"SM Vindigni","year":"2016","unstructured":"Vindigni SM, Zisman TL, Suskind DL, Damman CJ (2016) The intestinal microbiome, barrier function, and immune system in inflammatory bowel disease: a tripartite pathophysiological circuit with implications for new therapeutic directions. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 9:606\u2013625. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1756283X16644242","journal-title":"Therap Adv Gastroenterol"},{"key":"2254_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.883747","volume":"13","author":"W Wang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Wang W, Fan Y, Wang X (2022) Lactobacillus: friend or foe for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus? Front Immunol 13:883747. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2022.883747","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2254_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-065186","volume":"13","author":"R Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang R, Li Z, Liu S, Zhang D (2023) Global, regional and national burden of inflammatory bowel disease in 204 countries and territories from 1990 to 2019: a systematic analysis based on the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. BMJ Open 13:e065186. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1136\/bmjopen-2022-065186","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"2254_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.117302","volume":"179","author":"X Wang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wang X, Peng J, Cai P et al (2024) The emerging role of the gut microbiota and its application in inflammatory bowel disease. Biomed Pharmacother 179:117302. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.117302","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"2254_CR134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Wang X, Li T, Dong L, Li Y, Ding H, Wang J, Xu Y, Sun W, Li L (2025) Exploring the lipid-lowering effects of cinnamic acid and cinnamaldehyde from the perspective of the gut microbiota and metabolites. Food Function 16(11):4399\u20134414. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/d5fo00384a","DOI":"10.1039\/d5fo00384a"},{"key":"2254_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-024-01058-6","volume":"22","author":"Y Wei","year":"2024","unstructured":"Wei Y, Palacios Araya D, Palmer KL (2024) Enterococcus faecium: evolution, adaptation, pathogenesis and emerging therapeutics. Nat Rev Microbiol 22:705\u2013721. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/s41579-024-01058-6","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"2254_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13030886","volume":"13","author":"SP Wiertsema","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wiertsema SP, Van Bergenhenegouwen J, Garssen J, Knippels LMJ (2021) The interplay between the gut microbiome and the immune system in the context of infectious diseases throughout life and the role of nutrition in optimizing treatment strategies. Nutrients 13:886. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/nu13030886","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2254_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3255","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i12.3255","volume":"20","author":"X-R Xu","year":"2014","unstructured":"Xu X-R (2014) Dysregulation of mucosal immune response in pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. WJG 20:3255. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v20.i12.3255","journal-title":"WJG"},{"key":"2254_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2023.03.017","volume":"21","author":"D Yang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yang D, Wang Z, Chen Y et al (2023) Interactions between gut microbes and NLRP3 inflammasome in the gut-brain axis. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 21:2215\u20132227. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.csbj.2023.03.017","journal-title":"Comput Struct Biotechnol J"},{"key":"2254_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13578-025-01385-y","volume":"15","author":"K Yang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yang K, Li G, Li Q et al (2025) Distribution of gut microbiota across intestinal segments and their impact on human physiological and pathological processes. Cell Biosci 15:47. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13578-025-01385-y","journal-title":"Cell Biosci"},{"key":"2254_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7493","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms16047493","volume":"16","author":"Y-J Zhang","year":"2015","unstructured":"Zhang Y-J, Li S, Gan R-Y et al (2015) Impacts of gut bacteria on human health and diseases. Int J Mol Sci 16:7493\u20137519. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms16047493","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2254_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.16795","volume":"40","author":"T Zhang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhang T, Li X, Li J et al (2025) Gut microbiome\u2010targeted therapies as adjuvant treatments in inflammatory bowel diseases: a systematic review and network meta\u2010analysis. J Gastro Hepatol 40:78\u201388. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jgh.16795","journal-title":"J Gastro Hepatol"},{"key":"2254_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12030769","volume":"12","author":"T Zhao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zhao T, Wang H, Liu Z et al (2023) Recent perspective of lactobacillus in reducing oxidative stress to prevent disease. Antioxidants 12:769. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/antiox12030769","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"2254_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1143548","volume":"14","author":"Y Zheng","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zheng Y, Zhang Z, Tang P et al (2023) Probiotics fortify intestinal barrier function: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Front Immunol 14:1143548. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1143548","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"2254_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crfs.2025.101061","volume":"10","author":"Q Zheng","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zheng Q, Li C, Yang L, Qiu Y (2025) Efficacy and safety probiotics as adjuvant treatment for Crohn\u2019s disease: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Curr Res Food Sci 10:101061. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.crfs.2025.101061","journal-title":"Curr Res Food Sci"},{"key":"2254_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18316","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i48.18316","volume":"20","author":"L Zuo","year":"2014","unstructured":"Zuo L (2014) Bifidobacterium infantis attenuates colitis by regulating T cell subset responses. WJG 20:18316. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3748\/wjg.v20.i48.18316","journal-title":"WJG"},{"key":"2254_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02247","volume":"9","author":"T Zuo","year":"2018","unstructured":"Zuo T, Ng SC (2018) The gut microbiota in the pathogenesis and therapeutics of inflammatory bowel disease. Front Microbiol 9:2247. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02247","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"}],"container-title":["Antonie van Leeuwenhoek"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10482-026-02254-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10482-026-02254-5","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10482-026-02254-5.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T19:02:17Z","timestamp":1773255737000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10482-026-02254-5"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]]},"references-count":136,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]}},"alternative-id":["2254"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10482-026-02254-5","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-6072","1572-9699"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-6072","type":"print"},{"value":"1572-9699","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 September 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"12 January 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 February 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no financial or non-financial interest in disclosing. All the authors take responsibility for the integrity of the data. The authors declare no conflict of interest that could have influenced the submitted work.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent to publish"}}],"article-number":"51"}}