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In this study, we describe the isolation and comprehensive characterization of a novel\n                    <jats:italic>Mycobacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                    species, strain HUMS_1102779-3, recovered from a sputum sample of a patient undergoing diagnostic bronchoscopy for hilar lymphadenopathy. Initial identification attempts using MALDI-TOF MS and commercial DNA\u2219STRIP assays were inconclusive, prompting whole-genome sequencing for comprehensive genomic and phenotypic characterization. De novo genome assembly resulted in a 6.2\u00a0Mb draft genome with a GC content of 69.03\u00a0mol% and high completeness (98.4% conserved orthologues). Phylogenetic and genomic comparisons suggest close relationship to\n                    <jats:italic>Mycobacterium servetii<\/jats:italic>\n                    (ANI 94.52%, dDDH 63.5%), yet below the accepted species delineation thresholds (95% and 70%, respectively), thereby supporting its status as a distinct taxon within the\n                    <jats:italic>Mycobacterium simiae<\/jats:italic>\n                    complex. Phylogenomic reconstruction placed HUMS_1102779-3 within a monophyletic cluster neighboring\n                    <jats:italic>M. servetii<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Mycobacterium helveticum<\/jats:italic>\n                    , but genetically divergent from them. The genome encoded 5833 coding sequences, including determinants associated with antimicrobial resistance (\n                    <jats:italic>rbpA<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>rpoB<\/jats:italic>\n                    -like variant,\n                    <jats:italic>mtrA<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>efpA<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), as well as virulence-related genes typical of mycobacteria, such as components of the Type VII secretion system and iron-regulated factors (\n                    <jats:italic>ideR<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>hbhA<\/jats:italic>\n                    ). No mobile genetic elements were detected. Phenotypically, the isolate is a fast-growing, scotochromogenic, acid-fast bacillus that exhibits notable dimorphism on 7H11 agar and produce rough yellow\u2013orange colonies after 4\u20135\u00a0days at 35\u00a0\u00b0C. It differs from\n                    <jats:italic>M. servetii<\/jats:italic>\n                    by several biochemical traits (catalase negative, Tween 80 hydrolysis positive, tellurite reduction-positive) and distinct antimicrobial susceptibility patterns, notably higher MICs for linezolid and minocycline and lower for ciprofloxacin. Based on genomic, phylogenetic, and phenotypic evidence, we propose the designation\n                    <jats:italic>Mycobacterium cajalii<\/jats:italic>\n                    sp. nov.,. The type strain is HUMS_1102779-3 (=\u2009CECT 31296\u2009=\u2009DSMZ 120455), with the genome deposited under genome assembly accession number ASM4580900v1.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10482-026-02301-1","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]],"date-time":"2026-04-08T17:53:19Z","timestamp":1775670799000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Mycobacterium cajalii sp. nov., a novel scotochromogenic rapid-growing nontuberculous mycobacterial species closely related to Mycobacterium servetii"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"119","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5263-4414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Tristancho-Bar\u00f3","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3888-8952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana","family":"Milagro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1753-5418","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ana Isabel","family":"L\u00f3pez-Calleja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-9715-1604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Badenas-Alzugaray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-1982-1469","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Burillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-8033-1720","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Sanz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Guardingo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nieves","family":"Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3011-2519","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sof\u00eda","family":"Samper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Jes\u00fas","family":"Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7294-245X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonio","family":"Rezusta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2044-6782","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"Vi\u00f1uelas-Bay\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"2301_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aborghetti HP, Collin SM, Dos Santos JD, Dos Santos PB, Zambon TL, Loureiro RM et al (2025) Leprosy in skeletons from archaeological sites: a systematic review. 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