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This study aimed to compare clinical and environmental\n                    <jats:italic>S. saprophyticus<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains isolated from a polluted coastal ecosystem in Brazil, assessing their virulence-associated traits, antimicrobial resistance, biofilm formation, and susceptibility to bacteriophages. Forty strains (20 clinical, 20 environmental) were characterized using GTG\n                    <jats:sub>5<\/jats:sub>\n                    -PCR, virulence gene screening, antibiotic susceptibility testing, biofilm assays, exposure to sub-inhibitory concentrations of ciprofloxacin,\n                    <jats:italic>Tenebrio molitor<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection model, and phage activity tests. Genetic fingerprinting and virulence gene profiles revealed a high degree of similarity between environmental and clinical isolates, indicating the presence of shared virulence-associated determinants. Environmental strains exhibited resistance to multiple antibiotics and showed biofilm formation and larval survival patterns comparable to those observed for clinical isolates. Exposure to sub-inhibitory concentrations of ciprofloxacin increased biofilm formation in several strains. Bacteriophage CSF, originally isolated from swine farm effluent, displayed lytic and antibiofilm activity against a substantial proportion of the isolates. These findings highlight the presence of clinically relevant traits among environmental\n                    <jats:italic>S. saprophyticus<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains and underscore the importance of continued microbiological surveillance in anthropized aquatic environments.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10482-026-02367-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]],"date-time":"2026-06-28T06:05:39Z","timestamp":1782626739000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pathogens in the bay: environmental Staphylococcus saprophyticus strains mirror clinical counterparts in virulence, biofilm formation, antimicrobial resistance, pathogenicity, and phage susceptibility"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"119","author":[{"given":"Isabella","family":"Monteiro Carvalho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erica Cristina","family":"Soares e Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geovana","family":"Lacerda Rodrigues","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nat\u00e1llia","family":"Duarte dos Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raienne Vit\u00f3ria","family":"da Silva Soares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monalessa F\u00e1bia","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ciro C\u00e9sar","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcia","family":"Giambiagi-deMarval","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"2367_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-025-04079-3","volume":"82","author":"F Ahmad","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ahmad F, Martuchelle SS, Andrade-Oliveira AL et al (2025a) From farm to community: dispersal of potentially pathogenic Staphylococcus and Mammaliicoccus species and antimicrobial resistance across shared environments. 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