{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T14:45:51Z","timestamp":1785768351600,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":131,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784937600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antonie van Leeuwenhoek"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10482-026-02373-z","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T13:32:12Z","timestamp":1784986332000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Bacterial immune systems"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"119","author":[{"given":"Hamra Sude","family":"Gen\u00e7o\u011flu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Esra","family":"Aydemir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0271-0594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Furkan","family":"Ayaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"2373_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.699597","volume":"9","author":"SA Abdelnour","year":"2021","unstructured":"Abdelnour SA, Xie L, Hassanin AA, Zuo E, Lu Y (2021) The potential of CRISPR\/Cas9 gene editing as a treatment strategy for inherited diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 9:699597. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fcell.2021.699597","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"key":"2373_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1039\/D4CB00070F","volume":"5","author":"MA Addo","year":"2024","unstructured":"Addo MA, Zang Z, Gerdt JP (2024) Chemical inhibition of cell surface modification sensitizes bacteria to phage infection. RSC Chem Biol 5:1132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/D4CB00070F","journal-title":"RSC Chem Biol"},{"key":"2373_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/FERMENTATION9100874","volume":"9","author":"IV Alekseeva","year":"2023","unstructured":"Alekseeva IV, Kuznetsov NA (2023) Historical aspects of restriction endonucleases as intelligent scissors for genetic engineering. Fermentation 9:874. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/FERMENTATION9100874","journal-title":"Fermentation"},{"key":"2373_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/S41467-022-35203-7","volume":"13","author":"CF Arias","year":"2022","unstructured":"Arias CF, Acosta FJ, Bertocchini F, Herrero MA, Fern\u00e1ndez-Arias C (2022) The coordination of anti-phage immunity mechanisms in bacterial cells. Nat Commun 13:7412. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/S41467-022-35203-7","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2373_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/J.COI.2014.12.008","volume":"32","author":"R Barrangou","year":"2015","unstructured":"Barrangou R (2015) The roles of CRISPR\u2013Cas systems in adaptive immunity and beyond. Curr Opin Immunol 32:36\u201341. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.COI.2014.12.008","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"2373_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1016\/J.MOLCEL.2014.03.011","volume":"54","author":"R Barrangou","year":"2014","unstructured":"Barrangou R, Marraffini LA (2014) CRISPR-Cas systems: prokaryotes upgrade to adaptive immunity. Mol Cell 54:234. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.MOLCEL.2014.03.011","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"2373_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/S41467-024-46489-0","volume":"15","author":"A Beavogui","year":"2024","unstructured":"Beavogui A, Lacroix A, Wiart N, Poulain J, Delmont TO, Paoli L, Wincker P, Oliveira PH (2024) The defensome of complex bacterial communities. Nat Commun 15:2146. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/S41467-024-46489-0","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2373_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/J.YMETH.2019.07.015","volume":"172","author":"J Behler","year":"2020","unstructured":"Behler J, Hess WR (2020) Approaches to study CRISPR RNA biogenesis and the key players involved. Methods 172:12\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.YMETH.2019.07.015","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"2373_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/CELLS12081103","volume":"12","author":"N Bhokisham","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bhokisham N, Laudermilch E, Traeger LL, Bonilla TD, Ruiz-Estevez M, Becker JR (2023) CRISPR-Cas system: the current and emerging translational landscape. Cells 12:1103. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/CELLS12081103","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"2373_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/V13071389","volume":"13","author":"KRH Biggs","year":"2021","unstructured":"Biggs KRH, Bailes CL, Scott L, Wichman HA, Schwartz EJ (2021) Ecological approach to understanding superinfection inhibition in bacteriophage. Viruses 13:1389. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/V13071389","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2373_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"dlae017","DOI":"10.1093\/JACAMR\/DLAE017","volume":"6","author":"I Bleriot","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bleriot I, Pacios O, Blasco L, Fern\u00e1ndez-Garc\u00eda L, L\u00f3pez M, Ortiz-Cartagena C, Barrio-Pujante A, Garc\u00eda-Contreras R, Pirnay JP, Wood TK, Tom\u00e1s M (2024) Improving phage therapy by evasion of phage resistance mechanisms. JAC-Antimicrob Res. 6:dlae017. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/JACAMR\/DLAE017","journal-title":"JAC-Antimicrob Res."},{"key":"2373_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6029","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00720-09","volume":"191","author":"TR Blower","year":"2009","unstructured":"Blower TR, Fineran PC, Johnson MJ, Toth IK, Humphreys DP, Salmond GPC (2009) Mutagenesis and functional characterization of the RNA and protein components of the toxIN abortive infection and toxin-antitoxin locus of Erwinia. J Bacteriol 191:6029. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JB.00720-09","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"2373_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/JOURNAL.PGEN.1003023","volume":"8","author":"TR Blower","year":"2012","unstructured":"Blower TR, Evans TJ, Przybilski R, Fineran PC, Salmond GPC (2012) Viral evasion of a bacterial suicide system by RNA\u2013based molecular mimicry enables infectious altruism. PLoS Genet 8:e1003023. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/JOURNAL.PGEN.1003023","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"2373_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1038\/NATURE15254","volume":"526","author":"J Bondy-Denomy","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bondy-Denomy J, Garcia B, Strum S, Du M, Rollins MF, Hidalgo-Reyes Y, Wiedenheft B, Maxwell KL, Davidson AR (2015) Multiple mechanisms for CRISPR\u2013Cas inhibition by anti\u2013CRISPR proteins. Nature 526:136.https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/NATURE15254","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2373_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9067","DOI":"10.1093\/NAR\/GKY760","volume":"46","author":"EKM Bower","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bower EKM, Cooper LP, Roberts GA, White JH, Luyten Y, Morgan RD, Dryden DTF (2018) A model for the evolution of prokaryotic DNA restriction-modification systems based upon the structural malleability of type I restriction-modification enzymes. Nucleic Acids Res 46:9067. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/NAR\/GKY760","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2373_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CHOM.2022.10.009","volume":"30","author":"TA Boyle","year":"2022","unstructured":"Boyle TA, Hatoum-Aslan A (2022) Microbial genome mining expedition unearths trove of antiviral defenses. Cell Host Microbe 30:1501\u20131503. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.CHOM.2022.10.009","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"2373_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.MIB.2023.102324","volume":"73","author":"TA Boyle","year":"2023","unstructured":"Boyle TA, Hatoum-Aslan A (2023) Recurring and emerging themes in prokaryotic innate immunity. Curr Opin Microbiol 73:102324. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.MIB.2023.102324","journal-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol"},{"key":"2373_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/V16091348","volume":"16","author":"MJ Bucher","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bucher MJ, Czy\u017c DM (2024) Phage against the machine: the SIE-ence of superinfection exclusion. Viruses 16:1348. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/V16091348","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2373_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/IJMS21031122","volume":"21","author":"M Burmistrz","year":"2020","unstructured":"Burmistrz M, Krakowski K, Krawczyk-Balska A (2020) RNA-targeting CRISPR\u2013Cas systems and their applications. Int J Mol Sci 21:1122. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/IJMS21031122","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2373_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"601","DOI":"10.1038\/S41586-023-06612-5","volume":"623","author":"S Camara-Wilpert","year":"2023","unstructured":"Camara-Wilpert S, Mayo-Mu\u00f1oz D, Russel J, Fagerlund RD, Madsen JS, Fineran PC, S\u00f8rensen SJ, Pinilla-Redondo R (2023) Bacteriophages suppress CRISPR\u2013Cas immunity using RNA-based anti-CRISPRs. Nature 623:601. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/S41586-023-06612-5","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2373_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/ERM.2025.10","volume":"27","author":"B Cetin","year":"2025","unstructured":"Cetin B, Erendor F, Eksi YE, Sanlioglu AD, Sanlioglu S (2025) Advancing CRISPR genome editing into gene therapy clinical trials: progress and future prospects. Expert Rev Mol Med 27:e16. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/ERM.2025.10","journal-title":"Expert Rev Mol Med"},{"key":"2373_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/S41581-022-00636-2","volume":"19","author":"M Chavez","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chavez M, Chen X, Finn PB, Qi LS (2023) Advances in CRISPR therapeutics. Nat Rev Nephrol 19:9\u201322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/S41581-022-00636-2","journal-title":"Nat Rev Nephrol"},{"key":"2373_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3764","DOI":"10.1073\/PNAS.1817248116","volume":"116","author":"X Chen","year":"2019","unstructured":"Chen X, Alonzo F (2019) Bacterial lipolysis of immune-activating ligands promotes evasion of innate defenses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 116:3764\u20133773. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/PNAS.1817248116","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2373_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms13051126","volume":"13","author":"C Chen","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chen C, Zhang Y, Wu H, Qiao J, Caiyin Q (2025) Advances in diversity, evolutionary dynamics and biotechnological potential of restriction-modification systems. Microorganisms 13:1126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/microorganisms13051126","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"2373_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0101710","volume":"9","author":"LM Childs","year":"2014","unstructured":"Childs LM, England WE, Young MJ, Weitz JS, Whitaker RJ (2014) CRISPR-induced distributed immunity in microbial populations. PLoS ONE 9:e101710. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0101710","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2373_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.VMBF-0006-2015","author":"JN Cole","year":"2016","unstructured":"Cole JN, Nizet V (2016) Bacterial evasion of host antimicrobial peptide defenses. Microbiol Spectrum. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/microbiolspec.VMBF-0006-2015","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectrum"},{"key":"2373_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1111\/MMI.12918","volume":"96","author":"N Cumby","year":"2015","unstructured":"Cumby N, Reimer K, Mengin-Lecreulx D, Davidson AR, Maxwell KL (2015) The phage tail tape measure protein, an inner membrane protein and a periplasmic chaperone play connected roles in the genome injection process of E. coli phage HK97. Mol Microbiol 96:437\u2013447. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/MMI.12918","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"2373_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms1937","volume":"3","author":"KA Datsenko","year":"2012","unstructured":"Datsenko KA, Pougach K, Tikhonov A, Wanner BL, Severinov K, Semenova E (2012) Molecular memory of prior infections activates the CRISPR\/Cas adaptive bacterial immunity system. Nat Commun 3:945. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/ncomms1937","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2373_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1007\/S12223-022-00993-2","volume":"67","author":"V Devi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Devi V, Harjai K, Chhibber S (2022) CRISPR-Cas systems: role in cellular processes beyond adaptive immunity. Folia Microbiol 67:837. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S12223-022-00993-2","journal-title":"Folia Microbiol"},{"key":"2373_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.4161\/RNA.24023","volume":"10","author":"C D\u00edez-Villase\u00f1or","year":"2013","unstructured":"D\u00edez-Villase\u00f1or C, Guzm\u00e1n NM, Almendros C, Garc\u00eda-Mart\u00ednez J, Mojica FJM (2013) CRISPR-spacer integration reporter plasmids reveal distinct genuine acquisition specificities among CRISPR-Cas I-E variants of Escherichia coli. RNA Biol 10:792. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4161\/RNA.24023","journal-title":"RNA Biol"},{"key":"2373_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae1322","volume":"53","author":"M Djordjevic","year":"2025","unstructured":"Djordjevic M, Zivkovic L, Ou HY, Djordjevic M (2025) Nonlinear regulatory dynamics of bacterial restriction-modification systems modulates horizontal gene transfer susceptibility. Nucleic Acids Res 53:gkae1322. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/gkae1322","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2373_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1038\/S41467-024-45068-7","volume":"15","author":"N Duan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Duan N, Hand E, Pheko M, Sharma S, Emiola A (2024) Structure-guided discovery of anti-CRISPR and anti-phage defense proteins. Nat Commun 15:649. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/S41467-024-45068-7","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2373_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4590","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/GKT1419","volume":"42","author":"RL Dy","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dy RL, Przybilski R, Semeijn K, Salmond GPC, Fineran PC (2014) A widespread bacteriophage abortive infection system functions through a Type IV toxin\u2013antitoxin mechanism. Nucleic Acids Res 42:4590. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/GKT1419","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2373_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/GKT1324","volume":"42","author":"W Dynan","year":"2014","unstructured":"Dynan W, Fox K, Stoddard B (2014) Editorial: NAR surveys the past, present and future of restriction endonucleases. Nucleic Acids Res 42:1\u20132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/GKT1324","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2373_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26146611","volume":"26","author":"MR El-Gewely","year":"2025","unstructured":"El-Gewely MR (2025) Recombinant DNA the bio-revolution, between promise, hurdles, and achievements. Int J Mol Sci 26:6611. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms26146611","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2373_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4327","DOI":"10.1242\/JCS.02619","volume":"118","author":"H Engelberg-Kulka","year":"2005","unstructured":"Engelberg-Kulka H, Hazan R, Amitai S (2005) MazEF: a chromosomal toxin-antitoxin module that triggers programmed cell death in bacteria. J Cell Sci 118:4327\u20134332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1242\/JCS.02619","journal-title":"J Cell Sci"},{"key":"2373_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-7915.14543","volume":"17","author":"L Fern\u00e1ndez-Garc\u00eda","year":"2024","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Garc\u00eda L, Kirigo J, Huelgas-M\u00e9ndez D, Benedik MJ, Tom\u00e1s M, Garc\u00eda-Contreras R, Wood TK (2024) Phages produce persisters. Microb Biotechnol 17:e14543. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1751-7915.14543","journal-title":"Microb Biotechnol"},{"key":"2373_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1073\/PNAS.0808832106","volume":"106","author":"PC Fineran","year":"2009","unstructured":"Fineran PC, Blower TR, Foulds IJ, Humphreys DP, Lilley KS, Salmond GPC (2009) The phage abortive infection system, ToxIN, functions as a protein\u2013RNA toxin\u2013antitoxin pair. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 106:894. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/PNAS.0808832106","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"2373_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JBC.2024.107295","volume":"300","author":"C Ganguly","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ganguly C, Rostami S, Long K, Aribam SD, Rajan R (2024) Unity among the diverse RNA-guided CRISPR-Cas interference mechanisms. J Biol Chem 300:107295. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JBC.2024.107295","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"2373_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1126\/SCIENCE.ABA0372","volume":"369","author":"L Gao","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gao L, Altae-Tran H, B\u00f6hning F, Makarova KS, Segel M, Schmid-Burgk JL, Koob J, Wolf YI, Koonin EV, Zhang F (2020) Diverse enzymatic activities mediate antiviral immunity in prokaryotes. Science (New York, N.y.) 369:1077. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/SCIENCE.ABA0372","journal-title":"Science (New York, N.y.)"},{"key":"2373_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"eabm4096","DOI":"10.1126\/SCIENCE.ABM4096","volume":"377","author":"LA Gao","year":"2022","unstructured":"Gao LA, Wilkinson ME, Strecker J, Makarova KS, Macrae RK, Koonin EV, Zhang F (2022) Prokaryotic innate immunity via pattern recognition of conserved viral proteins. Science (New York, N.y.) 377:eabm4096. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/SCIENCE.ABM4096","journal-title":"Science (New York, N.y.)"},{"key":"2373_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1038\/S41587-023-01759-Y","volume":"42","author":"YE Gencay","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gencay YE, Jasinskyt\u0117 D, Robert C, Semsey S, Mart\u00ednez V, Petersen A\u00d8 et al (2024) Engineered phage with antibacterial CRISPR\u2013Cas selectively reduce E. coli burden in mice. Nat Biotechnol 42:265\u2013274. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/S41587-023-01759-Y","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"2373_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.LFS.2019.116636","volume":"232","author":"D Gupta","year":"2019","unstructured":"Gupta D, Bhattacharjee O, Mandal D, Sen MK, Dey D, Dasgupta A, Kazi TA, Gupta R, Sinharoy S, Acharya K, Chattopadhyay D, Ravichandiran V, Roy S, Ghosh D (2019) CRISPR-Cas9 system: a new-fangled dawn in gene editing. Life Sci 232:116636. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.LFS.2019.116636","journal-title":"Life Sci"},{"key":"2373_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JMB.2018.02.022","volume":"430","author":"HG Hampton","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hampton HG, Jackson SA, Fagerlund RD, Vogel AIM, Dy RL, Blower TR, Fineran PC (2018) AbiEi binds cooperatively to the type IV abiE toxin-antitoxin operator via a positively-charged surface and causes DNA bending and negative autoregulation. J Mol Biol 430:1141\u20131156. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JMB.2018.02.022","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"2373_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.3390\/ANTIBIOTICS11070915","volume":"11","author":"M Hasan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hasan M, Ahn J (2022) Evolutionary dynamics between phages and bacteria as a possible approach for designing effective phage therapies against antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Antibiotics Basel 11:915. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ANTIBIOTICS11070915","journal-title":"Antibiotics Basel"},{"key":"2373_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e01386-25","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.01386-25","volume":"16","author":"Y He","year":"2025","unstructured":"He Y, Jiang S, Wang F, Bi J, Li S, Yin F, Chen S, Chen C, Wang L (2025) Mechanistic insights into JSS1_004-mediated antagonism of the DndBCDE-FGH restriction system and engineering applications. Mbio 16:e01386-25. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mbio.01386-25","journal-title":"Mbio"},{"key":"2373_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.11.032","volume":"172","author":"F Hille","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hille F, Richter H, Wong SP, Bratovi\u010d M, Ressel S, Charpentier E (2018) The biology of CRISPR-Cas: backward and forward. Cell 172:1239\u20131259. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.cell.2017.11.032","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2373_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1089\/crispr.2018.0052","volume":"2","author":"S Hwang","year":"2019","unstructured":"Hwang S, Maxwell KL (2019) Meet the anti-CRISPRs: widespread protein inhibitors of CRISPR-Cas systems. CRISPR J 2:23\u201330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/crispr.2018.0052","journal-title":"CRISPR J"},{"key":"2373_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9604","DOI":"10.3390\/IJMS21249604","volume":"21","author":"E Janik","year":"2020","unstructured":"Janik E, Niemcewicz M, Ceremuga M, Krzowski L, Saluk-Bijak J, Bijak M (2020) Various aspects of a gene editing system\u2014CRISPR\u2013Cas9. Int J Mol Sci 21:9604. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/IJMS21249604","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2373_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/JOURNAL.PGEN.1003844","volume":"9","author":"W Jiang","year":"2013","unstructured":"Jiang W, Maniv I, Arain F, Wang Y, Levin BR, Marraffini LA (2013) Dealing with the evolutionary downside of CRISPR immunity: bacteria and beneficial plasmids. PLoS Genet 9:e1003844. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/JOURNAL.PGEN.1003844","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"key":"2373_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00933-23","volume":"14","author":"S Jiang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jiang S, Chen K, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Tang Y, Huang W, Xiong X, Chen S, Chen C, Wang L (2023) A DNA phosphorothioation-based Dnd defense system provides resistance against various phages and is compatible with the Ssp defense system. Mbio 14:e00933-23. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mbio.00933-23","journal-title":"Mbio"},{"key":"2373_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1126\/SCIENCE.1225829","volume":"337","author":"M Jinek","year":"2012","unstructured":"Jinek M, Chylinski K, Fonfara I, Hauer M, Doudna JA, Charpentier E (2012) A programmable dual RNA-guided DNA endonuclease in adaptive bacterial immunity. Science (New York, N.y.) 337:816. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/SCIENCE.1225829","journal-title":"Science (New York, N.y.)"},{"key":"2373_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.52601\/BPR.2025.240070","volume":"11","author":"H Kang","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kang H, Gao A, Zhu Y (2025) Bacterial restriction-modification systems: mechanisms of defense against phage infection. Biophys Rep 11:330. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.52601\/BPR.2025.240070","journal-title":"Biophys Rep"},{"key":"2373_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1146\/ANNUREV-MICRO-090816-093830","volume":"71","author":"EV Koonin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Koonin EV, Makarova KS, Wolf YI (2017) Evolutionary genomics of defense systems in archaea and bacteria. Annu Rev Microbiol 71:233. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/ANNUREV-MICRO-090816-093830","journal-title":"Annu Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"2373_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.COI.2024.102445","volume":"89","author":"MT Laub","year":"2024","unstructured":"Laub MT, Typas A (2024) Principles of bacterial innate immunity against viruses. Curr Opin Immunol 89:102445. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.COI.2024.102445","journal-title":"Curr Opin Immunol"},{"key":"2373_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.02169-23","volume":"15","author":"JC Leavitt","year":"2024","unstructured":"Leavitt JC, Woodbury BM, Gilcrease EB, Bridges CM, Teschke CM, Casjens SR (2024) Bacteriophage P22 SieA-mediated superinfection exclusion. Mbio 15:e02169-23. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mbio.02169-23","journal-title":"Mbio"},{"key":"2373_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1038\/S41579-024-01017-1","volume":"22","author":"HE Ledvina","year":"2024","unstructured":"Ledvina HE, Whiteley AT (2024) Conservation and similarity of bacterial and eukaryotic innate immunity. Nat Rev Microbiol 22:420. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/S41579-024-01017-1","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"2373_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.02321-18","volume":"9","author":"J Lee","year":"2018","unstructured":"Lee J, Mir A, Edraki A, Garcia B, Amrani N, Lou HE, Gainetdinov I, Pawluk A, Ibraheim R, Gao XD, Liu P, Davidson AR, Maxwell KL, Sontheimer EJ (2018) Potent Cas9 inhibition in bacterial and human cells by AcrIIC4 and AcrIIC5 anti-CRISPR proteins. Mbio 9:e02321-18. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mbio.02321-18","journal-title":"Mbio"},{"key":"2373_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CHOM.2020.12.007","volume":"29","author":"Y Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li Y, Bondy-Denomy J (2021) Anti-CRISPRs go viral: the infection biology of CRISPR-Cas inhibitors. Cell Host Microbe 29:704. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.CHOM.2020.12.007","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"2373_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1631\/JZUS.B2100009","volume":"22","author":"C Li","year":"2021","unstructured":"Li C, Brant E, Budak H, Zhang B (2021) CRISPR\/Cas: a Nobel Prize award-winning precise genome editing technology for gene therapy and crop improvement. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 22:253. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1631\/JZUS.B2100009","journal-title":"J Zhejiang Univ Sci B"},{"key":"2373_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8580","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/GKAE608","volume":"52","author":"S Li","year":"2024","unstructured":"Li S, Xu T, Meng X, Yan Y, Zhou Y, Duan L, Tang Y, Zhu L, Sun L (2024) Ocr-mediated suppression of BrxX unveils a phage counter-defense mechanism. Nucleic Acids Res 52:8580. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/GKAE608","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2373_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.4292\/WJGPT.V8.I3.162","volume":"8","author":"DM Lin","year":"2017","unstructured":"Lin DM, Koskella B, Lin HC (2017) Phage therapy: an alternative to antibiotics in the age of multi-drug resistance. World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther 8:162. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4292\/WJGPT.V8.I3.162","journal-title":"World J Gastrointest Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"2373_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01630-20","volume":"94","author":"Y Liu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Liu Y, Dai L, Dong J, Chen C, Zhu J, Rao VB, Tao P (2020) Covalent modifications of the bacteriophage genome confer a degree of resistance to bacterial CRISPR systems. J Virol 94:e01630-20. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JVI.01630-20","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2373_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/J.MOLCEL.2021.12.002","volume":"82","author":"G Liu","year":"2022","unstructured":"Liu G, Lin Q, Jin S, Gao C (2022) The CRISPR-Cas toolbox and gene editing technologies. Mol Cell 82:333\u2013347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.MOLCEL.2021.12.002","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"2373_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/GKT990","volume":"42","author":"WAM Loenen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Loenen WAM, Dryden DTF, Raleigh EA, Wilson GG, Murray NE (2014) Highlights of the DNA cutters: a short history of the restriction enzymes. Nucleic Acids Res 42:3\u201319. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/GKT990","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2373_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-virology-011620-040628","volume":"7","author":"A Lopatina","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lopatina A, Tal N, Sorek R (2020) Abortive infection: bacterial suicide as an antiviral immune strategy. Annu Rev Virol 7:371\u2013384. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev-virology-011620-040628","journal-title":"Annu Rev Virol"},{"key":"2373_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"620","DOI":"10.1038\/S41564-020-0692-2","volume":"5","author":"C Mahendra","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mahendra C, Christie KA, Osuna BA, Pinilla-Redondo R, Kleinstiver BP, Bondy-Denomy J (2020) Broad-spectrum anti-CRISPR proteins facilitate horizontal gene transfer. Nat Microbiol 5:620. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/S41564-020-0692-2","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"2373_CR69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6206","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01053-08","volume":"74","author":"J Mahony","year":"2008","unstructured":"Mahony J, McGrath S, Fitzgerald GF, Van Sinderen D (2008) Identification and characterization of lactococcal-prophage-carried superinfection exclusion genes. Appl Environ Microbiol 74:6206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/AEM.01053-08","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"2373_CR70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-2687-9_4","volume":"1311","author":"KS Makarova","year":"2015","unstructured":"Makarova KS, Koonin EV (2015) Annotation and classification of CRISPR-Cas systems. Methods Mol Biol (Clifton, N.J.) 1311:47. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-1-4939-2687-9_4","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol (Clifton, N.J.)"},{"key":"2373_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1038\/NRMICRO2577","volume":"9","author":"KS Makarova","year":"2011","unstructured":"Makarova KS, Haft DH, Barrangou R, Brouns SJJ, Charpentier E, Horvath P, Moineau S, Mojica FJM, Wolf YI, Yakunin AF, Van Der Oost J, Koonin EV (2011) Evolution and classification of the CRISPR-Cas systems. Nat Rev Microbiol 9:467. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/NRMICRO2577","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"2373_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1038\/NRMICRO3569","volume":"13","author":"KS Makarova","year":"2015","unstructured":"Makarova KS, Wolf YI, Alkhnbashi OS, Costa F, Shah SA, Saunders SJ et al (2015) An updated evolutionary classification of CRISPR\u2013Cas systems. Nat Rev Microbiol 13:722. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/NRMICRO3569","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"2373_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1038\/S41579-019-0299-X","volume":"18","author":"KS Makarova","year":"2020","unstructured":"Makarova KS, Wolf YI, Iranzo J, Shmakov SA, Alkhnbashi OS, Brouns SJJ et al (2020) Evolutionary classification of CRISPR\u2013Cas systems: a burst of class 2 and derived variants. Nat Rev Microbiol 18:67\u201383. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/S41579-019-0299-X","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"2373_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1556\/1886.2024.00126","volume":"15","author":"S Malik","year":"2025","unstructured":"Malik S, Ahsan O, Muhammad K, Munawar N, Waheed Y (2025) Phagetherapy updates: new frontiers against antibiotic resistance. Eur J Microbiol Immunol 15:1. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1556\/1886.2024.00126","journal-title":"Eur J Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"2373_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/J.COPBIO.2020.09.008","volume":"68","author":"LM Malone","year":"2021","unstructured":"Malone LM, Birkholz N, Fineran PC (2021) Conquering CRISPR: how phages overcome bacterial adaptive immunity. Curr Opin Biotechnol 68:30\u201336. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.COPBIO.2020.09.008","journal-title":"Curr Opin Biotechnol"},{"key":"2373_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1016\/J.TPLANTS.2019.09.006","volume":"24","author":"H Manghwar","year":"2019","unstructured":"Manghwar H, Lindsey K, Zhang X, Jin S (2019) CRISPR\/Cas system: recent advances and future prospects for genome editing. Trends Plant Sci 24:1102\u20131125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.TPLANTS.2019.09.006","journal-title":"Trends Plant Sci"},{"key":"2373_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/RSOB.210188","volume":"11","author":"S M\u00e4ntynen","year":"2021","unstructured":"M\u00e4ntynen S, Laanto E, Oksanen HM, Poranen MM, D\u00edaz-Mu\u00f1oz SL (2021) Black box of phage\u2013bacterium interactions: exploring alternative phage infection strategies. Open Biol 11:210188. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/RSOB.210188","journal-title":"Open Biol"},{"key":"2373_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"gkaf926","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/GKAF926","volume":"53","author":"A Martinez-Cazorla","year":"2025","unstructured":"Martinez-Cazorla A, Martinez-Jimenez C, Elio-Lucas P, Fineran PC, Jackson S, Sanchez-Amat A (2025) The early injected genomic region determines sensitivity to Type I restriction-modification defence against Autographiviridae phages. Nucleic Acids Res 53:gkaf926. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/GKAF926","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2373_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CELREP.2023.112672","volume":"42","author":"D Mayo-Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2023","unstructured":"Mayo-Mu\u00f1oz D, Pinilla-Redondo R, Birkholz N, Fineran PC (2023) A host of armor: prokaryotic immune strategies against mobile genetic elements. Cell Rep 42:112672. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.CELREP.2023.112672","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"key":"2373_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1046\/J.1365-2958.2002.02763.X","volume":"43","author":"S McGrath","year":"2002","unstructured":"McGrath S, Fitzgerald GF, Van Sinderen D (2002) Identification and characterization of phage-resistance genes in temperate lactococcal bacteriophages. Mol Microbiol 43:509\u2013520. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/J.1365-2958.2002.02763.X","journal-title":"Mol Microbiol"},{"key":"2373_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1002\/2211-5463.12770","volume":"10","author":"E Mikhalchik","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mikhalchik E, Balabushevich N, Vakhrusheva T, Sokolov A, Baykova J, Rakitina D, Scherbakov P, Gusev S, Gusev A, Kharaeva Z, Bukato O, Pobeguts O (2019) Mucin adsorbed by E. coli can affect neutrophil activation in vitro. FEBS Open Bio 10:180. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2211-5463.12770","journal-title":"FEBS Open Bio"},{"key":"2373_CR82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1556","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CHOM.2022.09.017","volume":"30","author":"A Millman","year":"2022","unstructured":"Millman A, Melamed S, Leavitt A, Doron S, Bernheim A, H\u00f6r J et al (2022) An expanded arsenal of immune systems that protect bacteria from phages. Cell Host Microbe 30:1556-1569.e5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.CHOM.2022.09.017","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"2373_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1042\/BSR20221198","volume":"43","author":"D Miti\u0107","year":"2023","unstructured":"Miti\u0107 D, Bolt EL, Ivan\u010di\u0107-Ba\u0107e I (2023) CRISPR-Cas adaptation in Escherichia coli. Biosci Rep 43:BSR20221198. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1042\/BSR20221198","journal-title":"Biosci Rep"},{"key":"2373_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/SCIENCE.AAD5147","author":"P Mohanraju","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mohanraju P, Makarova KS, Zetsche B, Zhang F, Koonin EV, Van Der Oost J (2016) Diverse evolutionary roots and mechanistic variations of the CRISPR-Cas systems. Science. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1126\/SCIENCE.AAD5147","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"2373_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.02135-25","volume":"16","author":"A Moreno-Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2025","unstructured":"Moreno-Rodr\u00edguez A, Rubio A, Garz\u00f3n A, Smani Y, P\u00e9rez-Pulido AJ (2025) The evolutionary replacement of restriction-modification by Ssp antiviral systems is associated with the distribution of prophages in the major clonal group of Acinetobacter baumannii. Mbio 16:e02135-25. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mbio.02135-25","journal-title":"Mbio"},{"key":"2373_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1183","DOI":"10.1007\/S00109-011-0797-4","volume":"89","author":"H Mutschler","year":"2011","unstructured":"Mutschler H, Meinhart A (2011) \u03b5\/\u03b6 systems: their role in resistance, virulence, and their potential for antibiotic development. J Mol Med (Berl) 89:1183. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/S00109-011-0797-4","journal-title":"J Mol Med (Berl)"},{"key":"2373_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FCIMB.2020.619763","volume":"10","author":"S Newsom","year":"2021","unstructured":"Newsom S, Parameshwaran HP, Martin L, Rajan R (2021) The CRISPR-Cas mechanism for adaptive immunity and alternate bacterial functions fuels diverse biotechnologies. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 10:619763. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/FCIMB.2020.619763","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"2373_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1016\/J.SBI.2016.11.013","volume":"43","author":"H Nishimasu","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nishimasu H, Nureki O (2017) Structures and mechanisms of CRISPR RNA-guided effector nucleases. Curr Opin Struct Biol 43:68\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.SBI.2016.11.013","journal-title":"Curr Opin Struct Biol"},{"key":"2373_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1038\/NATURE15760","volume":"527","author":"JK Nu\u00f1ez","year":"2015","unstructured":"Nu\u00f1ez JK, Harrington LB, Kranzusch PJ, Engelman AN, Doudna JA (2015) Foreign DNA capture during CRISPR\u2013Cas adaptive immunity. Nature 527:535. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/NATURE15760","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2373_CR90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JMB.2018.06.029","volume":"431","author":"MR O\u2019Connell","year":"2019","unstructured":"O\u2019Connell MR (2019) Molecular mechanisms of RNA targeting by Cas13-containing type VI CRISPR\u2013Cas systems. J Mol Biol 431:66\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JMB.2018.06.029","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"2373_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1076","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CELL.2024.01.042","volume":"187","author":"M Pacesa","year":"2024","unstructured":"Pacesa M, Pelea O, Jinek M (2024) Past, present, and future of CRISPR genome editing technologies. Cell 187:1076\u20131100. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.CELL.2024.01.042","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2373_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00262","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.00262-15","volume":"6","author":"D Paez-Espino","year":"2015","unstructured":"Paez-Espino D, Sharon I, Morovic W, Stahl B, Thomas BC, Barrangou R, Banfielda JF (2015) CRISPR immunity drives rapid phage genome evolution in Streptococcus thermophilus. Mbio 6:e00262-e315. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/mbio.00262-15","journal-title":"Mbio"},{"key":"2373_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1038\/S41580-019-0131-5","volume":"20","author":"A Pickar-Oliver","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pickar-Oliver A, Gersbach CA (2019) The next generation of CRISPR\u2013Cas technologies and applications. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 20:490. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/S41580-019-0131-5","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"2373_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11257","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/GKAB906","volume":"49","author":"DM Picton","year":"2021","unstructured":"Picton DM, Luyten YA, Morgan RD, Nelson A, Smith DL, Dryden DTF, Hinton JCD, Blower TR (2021) The phage defence island of a multidrug resistant plasmid uses both BREX and type IV restriction for complementary protection from viruses. Nucleic Acids Res 49:11257. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/GKAB906","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2373_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7489","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/GKU447","volume":"42","author":"A Pingoud","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pingoud A, Wilson GG, Wende W (2014) Type II restriction endonucleases\u2014a historical perspective and more. Nucleic Acids Res 42:7489. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/GKU447","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2373_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CUB.2015.12.041","volume":"26","author":"M Ple\u0161ka","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ple\u0161ka M, Qian L, Okura R, Bergmiller T, Wakamoto Y, Kussell E, Guet CC (2016) Bacterial autoimmunity due to a restriction-modification system. Curr Biol 26:404\u2013409. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.CUB.2015.12.041","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"key":"2373_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JMB.2023.167974","volume":"435","author":"BJ Pons","year":"2023","unstructured":"Pons BJ, van Houte S, Westra ER, Chevallereau A (2023) Ecology and evolution of phages encoding anti-CRISPR proteins. J Mol Biol 435:167974. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JMB.2023.167974","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"2373_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1093\/NAR\/GKT616","volume":"42","author":"DN Rao","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rao DN, Dryden DTF, Bheemanaik S (2014) Type III restriction-modification enzymes: a historical perspective. Nucleic Acids Res 42:45\u201355. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/NAR\/GKT616","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2373_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/J.BIOCHI.2015.03.025","volume":"117","author":"D Rath","year":"2015","unstructured":"Rath D, Amlinger L, Rath A, Lundgren M (2015) The CRISPR-Cas immune system: biology, mechanisms and applications. Biochimie 117:119\u2013128. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.BIOCHI.2015.03.025","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"2373_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2291","DOI":"10.3390\/V4102291","volume":"4","author":"C Richter","year":"2012","unstructured":"Richter C, Chang JT, Fineran PC (2012) Function and regulation of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) \/ CRISPR associated (Cas) systems. Viruses 4:2291. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/V4102291","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"2373_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1559","DOI":"10.3892\/IJMM.2019.4112","volume":"43","author":"DR Rodr\u00edguez-Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Rodr\u00edguez DR, Ram\u00edrez-Sol\u00eds R, Garza-Elizondo MA, Garza-Rodr\u00edguez MDL, Barrera-Salda\u00f1a HA (2019) Genome editing: a perspective on the application of CRISPR\/Cas9 to study human diseases (review). Int J Mol Med 43:1559. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3892\/IJMM.2019.4112","journal-title":"Int J Mol Med"},{"key":"2373_CR102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1038\/S41586-020-1936-2","volume":"578","author":"C Rollie","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rollie C, Chevallereau A, Watson BNJ, Chyou T, Fradet O, McLeod I, Fineran PC, Brown CM, Gandon S, Westra ER (2020) Targeting of temperate phages drives loss of type I CRISPR-Cas systems. Nature 578:149. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/S41586-020-1936-2","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2373_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.MIB.2023.102312","volume":"74","author":"F Rousset","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rousset F, Sorek R (2023) The evolutionary success of regulated cell death in bacterial immunity. Curr Opin Microbiol 74:102312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.MIB.2023.102312","journal-title":"Curr Opin Microbiol"},{"key":"2373_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1038\/NBT.2842","volume":"32","author":"JD Sander","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sander JD, Joung JK (2014) CRISPR-Cas systems for genome editing, regulation and targeting. Nat Biotechnol 32:347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/NBT.2842","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"2373_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/S40560-024-00759-7","volume":"12","author":"T Sawa","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sawa T, Moriyama K, Kinoshita M (2024) Current status of bacteriophage therapy for severe bacterial infections. J Intensive Care 12:44. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/S40560-024-00759-7","journal-title":"J Intensive Care"},{"key":"2373_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/JOURNAL.PPAT.1004847","volume":"11","author":"KD Seed","year":"2015","unstructured":"Seed KD (2015) Battling phages: how bacteria defend against viral attack. PLoS Pathog 11:e1004847. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/JOURNAL.PPAT.1004847","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"2373_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2022.2113717","volume":"14","author":"H Shuwen","year":"2022","unstructured":"Shuwen H, Kefeng D (2022) Intestinal phages interact with bacteria and are involved in human diseases. Gut Microbes 14:2113717. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19490976.2022.2113717","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"2373_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/J.MOLCEL.2016.01.030","volume":"61","author":"SH Sternberg","year":"2016","unstructured":"Sternberg SH, Richter H, Charpentier E, Qimron U (2016) Adaptation in CRISPR-Cas systems. Mol Cell 61:797\u2013808. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.MOLCEL.2016.01.030","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"2373_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1863","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CELL.2023.02.029","volume":"186","author":"A Stokar-Avihail","year":"2023","unstructured":"Stokar-Avihail A, Fedorenko T, H\u00f6r J, Garb J, Leavitt A, Millman A, Shulman G, Wojtania N, Melamed S, Amitai G, Sorek R (2023) Discovery of phage determinants that confer sensitivity to bacterial immune systems. Cell 186:1863-1876.e16. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.CELL.2023.02.029","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2373_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0035888","volume":"7","author":"DC Swarts","year":"2012","unstructured":"Swarts DC, Mosterd C, van Passel MWJ, Brouns SJJ (2012) CRISPR interference directs strand specific spacer acquisition. PLoS ONE 7:e35888. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/JOURNAL.PONE.0035888","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"2373_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/FEMSLE\/FNZ098","volume":"366","author":"D Trasanidou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Trasanidou D, Ger\u00f3s AS, Mohanraju P, Nieuwenweg AC, Nobrega FL, Staals RHJ (2019) Keeping crispr in check: diverse mechanisms of phage-encoded anti-crisprs. FEMS Microbiol Lett 366:fnz098. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/FEMSLE\/FNZ098","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett"},{"key":"2373_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/PNAS.2211672119","volume":"119","author":"B van den Berg","year":"2022","unstructured":"van den Berg B, Silale A, Basl\u00e9 A, Brandner AF, Mader SL, Khalid S (2022) Structural basis for host recognition and superinfection exclusion by bacteriophage T5. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 119:e2211672119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/PNAS.2211672119","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"2373_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1038\/NATURE17436","volume":"532","author":"S Van Houte","year":"2016","unstructured":"Van Houte S, Ekroth AKE, Broniewski JM, Chabas H, Ashby B, Bondy-Denomy J, Gandon S, Boots M, Paterson S, Buckling A, Westra ER (2016) The diversity-generating benefits of a prokaryotic adaptive immune system. Nature 532:385. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/NATURE17436","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2373_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00599-23","volume":"97","author":"S Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang S, Sun E, Liu Y, Yin B, Zhang X, Li M, Huang Q, Tan C, Qian P, Rao VB, Tao P (2023a) Landscape of new nuclease-containing antiphage systems in Escherichia coli and the counterdefense roles of bacteriophage T4 genome modifications. J Virol 97:e00599-23. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1128\/JVI.00599-23","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"2373_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/IJMS24054363","volume":"24","author":"Y Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang Y, Fan H, Tong Y (2023b) Unveil the secret of the bacteria and phage arms race. Int J Mol Sci 24:4363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/IJMS24054363","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2373_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/S41467-019-13445-2","volume":"10","author":"BNJ Watson","year":"2019","unstructured":"Watson BNJ, Vercoe RB, Salmond GPC, Westra ER, Staals RHJ, Fineran PC (2019) Type I-F CRISPR-Cas resistance against virulent phages results in abortive infection and provides population-level immunity. Nat Commun 10:5526. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/S41467-019-13445-2","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"2373_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.ENGMIC.2023.100101","volume":"3","author":"J Wei","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wei J, Li Y (2023) CRISPR-based gene editing technology and its application in microbial engineering. Engineering Microbiology 3:100101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.ENGMIC.2023.100101","journal-title":"Engineering Microbiology"},{"key":"2373_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20190101","DOI":"10.1098\/RSTB.2019.0101","volume":"374","author":"ER Westra","year":"2019","unstructured":"Westra ER, Van Houte S, Gandon S, Whitaker R (2019) The ecology and evolution of microbial CRISPR-Cas adaptive immune systems. Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci 374:20190101. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/RSTB.2019.0101","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci"},{"key":"2373_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1146\/ANNUREV-MICRO-020518-120107","volume":"74","author":"T Wiegand","year":"2020","unstructured":"Wiegand T, Karambelkar S, Bondy-Denomy J, Wiedenheft B (2020) Structures and strategies of anti-CRISPR mediated immune suppression. Annu Rev Microbiol 74:21. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/ANNUREV-MICRO-020518-120107","journal-title":"Annu Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"2373_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1038\/S41564-022-01317-3","volume":"8","author":"JC Wohlfarth","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wohlfarth JC, Feldm\u00fcller M, Schneller A, Kilcher S, Burkolter M, Meile S, Pilhofer M, Schuppler M, Loessner MJ (2023) L-form conversion in Gram-positive bacteria enables escape from phage infection. Nat Microbiol 8:387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/S41564-022-01317-3","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"2373_CR121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1038\/NATURE24020","volume":"550","author":"Y Xiao","year":"2017","unstructured":"Xiao Y, Ng S, Hyun Nam K, Ke A (2017) How type II CRISPR-Cas establish immunity through Cas1-Cas2 mediated spacer integration. Nature 550:137. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/NATURE24020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2373_CR122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2401","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CSBJ.2020.08.031","volume":"18","author":"Y Xu","year":"2020","unstructured":"Xu Y, Li Z (2020) CRISPR-Cas systems: overview, innovations and applications in human disease research and gene therapy. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 18:2401. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.CSBJ.2020.08.031","journal-title":"Comput Struct Biotechnol J"},{"key":"2373_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1038\/S42003-025-07730-8","volume":"8","author":"W Yamashita","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yamashita W, Chihara K, Azam AH, Kondo K, Ojima S, Tamura A, Imanaka M, Nobrega FL, Takahashi Y, Watashi K, Tsuneda S, Kiga K (2025) Phage engineering to overcome bacterial Tmn immunity in Dhillonvirus. Commun Biol 8:290. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/S42003-025-07730-8","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"2373_CR124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.IJANTIMICAG.2021.106475","volume":"59","author":"TK Yeh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Yeh TK, Jean SS, Lee YL, Lu MC, Ko WC, Lin HJ, Liu PY, Hsueh PR (2022) Bacteriophages and phage-delivered CRISPR-Cas system as antibacterial therapy. Int J Antimicrob Agents 59:106475. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.IJANTIMICAG.2021.106475","journal-title":"Int J Antimicrob Agents"},{"key":"2373_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/J.CELL.2019.09.015","volume":"179","author":"K Yehl","year":"2019","unstructured":"Yehl K, Lemire S, Yang AC, Ando H, Mimee M, Torres MDT, de la Fuente-Nunez C, Lu TK (2019) Engineering phage host-range and suppressing bacterial resistance through phage tail fiber mutagenesis. Cell 179:459. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.CELL.2019.09.015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"2373_CR126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.JMB.2023.167996","volume":"435","author":"P Yin","year":"2023","unstructured":"Yin P, Zhang Y, Yang L, Feng Y (2023) Non-canonical inhibition strategies and structural basis of anti-CRISPR proteins targeting type I CRISPR-Cas systems. J Mol Biol 435:167996. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/J.JMB.2023.167996","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"2373_CR127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.3390\/BLSF2024035004","volume":"35","author":"AK Yunusova","year":"2024","unstructured":"Yunusova AK, Spirina EV, Antipova VN, Artyukh RI (2024) MspGI restriction-modification system and its flanking genes of Microbacterium sp. Gd 4\u201313. Biol Life Sci Forum 35:4. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/BLSF2024035004","journal-title":"Biol Life Sci Forum"},{"key":"2373_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.657356","volume":"12","author":"KM Zatopek","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zatopek KM, Burkhart BW, Morgan RD, Gehring AM, Scott KA, Santangelo TJ, Gardner AF (2021) The hyperthermophilic restriction-modification systems of Thermococcus kodakarensis protect genome integrity. Front Microbiol 12:657356. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2021.657356","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2373_CR129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1562","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/GKAB1193","volume":"50","author":"X Zhang","year":"2021","unstructured":"Zhang X, Garrett S, Graveley BR, Terns MP (2021) Unique properties of spacer acquisition by the type III-A CRISPR-Cas system. Nucleic Acids Res 50:1562. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/nar\/GKAB1193","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"2373_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1038\/S41586-022-05444-Z","volume":"612","author":"T Zhang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zhang T, Tamman H, Coppieters \u2019t Wallant K, Kurata T, LeRoux M, Srikant S, Brodiazhenko T, Cepauskas A, Talavera A, Martens C, Atkinson GC, Hauryliuk V, Garcia-Pino A, Laub MT (2022) Direct activation of a bacterial innate immune system by a viral capsid protein. Nature 612:132. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/S41586-022-05444-Z","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"2373_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1407039","volume":"15","author":"H Zhang","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhang H, You J, Pan X, Hu Y, Zhang Z, Zhang X, Zhang W, Rao Z (2024) Genomic and biological insights of bacteriophages JNUWH1 and JNUWD in the arms race against bacterial resistance. Front Microbiol 15:1407039. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2024.1407039","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"2373_CR132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/S41392-024-01995-X","volume":"9","author":"Y Zhong","year":"2024","unstructured":"Zhong Y, Lauschke VM (2024) The phage anti-restriction induced system: new insights into bacterial immunity and bacteriophage escape strategies. Signal Transduct Target Ther 9:269. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/S41392-024-01995-X","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"}],"container-title":["Antonie van Leeuwenhoek"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10482-026-02373-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10482-026-02373-z","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10482-026-02373-z.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T13:46:21Z","timestamp":1785764781000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10482-026-02373-z"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]]},"references-count":131,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["2373"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10482-026-02373-z","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-6072","1572-9699"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-6072","type":"print"},{"value":"1572-9699","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"19 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"27 June 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 July 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Competing interests","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to participate","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Consent to publish","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"174"}}