{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T09:13:33Z","timestamp":1788599613481,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":140,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788134400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springernature.com\/gp\/researchers\/text-and-data-mining"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Antonie van Leeuwenhoek"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10482-026-02420-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T14:55:11Z","timestamp":1788188111000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Unraveling the multifaceted applications of Spirulina: a comprehensive review"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"119","author":[{"given":"Pooja V.","family":"Nagime","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piyarat","family":"Boonsawang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vijay R.","family":"Chidrawar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheeba","family":"Shafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4807-0959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rohit","family":"Doke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7929-3322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sudarshan","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"2420_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2021.09.046","volume":"29","author":"A-ME Abdel-Moneim","year":"2022","unstructured":"Abdel-Moneim A-ME, El-Saadony MT, Shehata AM, Saad AM, Aldhumri SA, Ouda SM, Mesalam NM (2022) Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of Spirulina platensis extracts and biogenic selenium nanoparticles against selected pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Saudi J Biol Sci 29:1197\u20131209","journal-title":"Saudi J Biol Sci"},{"key":"2420_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.21608\/zumj.2024.314413.3534","author":"EA Abdelmoniem","year":"2024","unstructured":"Abdelmoniem EA, Morsy MM, Rashad WA, Abd-Almotaleb NA (2024) An insight about possible neuroprotective role of Spirulina platensis. Zagazig Univ Med J. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.21608\/zumj.2024.314413.3534","journal-title":"Zagazig Univ Med J"},{"key":"2420_CR3","first-page":"955","volume":"10","author":"AP Abreu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Abreu AP, Martins R, Nunes J (2023) Emerging applications of Chlorella sp. and Spirulina (Arthrospira) sp. Bioeng (Basel) 10:955","journal-title":"Bioeng (Basel)"},{"key":"2420_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1080\/01430750.2023.2169758","volume":"44","author":"A Ahmad","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ahmad A, Yadav AK, Singh A (2023) Biodiesel yield optimisation from a third-generation feedstock (microalgae spirulina) using a hybrid statistical approach. Int J Ambient Energy 44:1202\u20131213","journal-title":"Int J Ambient Energy"},{"key":"2420_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.123211","volume":"231","author":"X Ai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ai X, Yu P, Li X, Lai X, Yang M, Liu F, Luan F, Meng X (2023) Polysaccharides from Spirulina platensis: extraction methods, structural features and bioactivities diversity. Int J Biol Macromol 231:123211","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"2420_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aqrep.2023.101553","volume":"30","author":"M Al Mamun","year":"2023","unstructured":"Al Mamun M, Hossain MA, Saha J, Khan S, Akter T, Banu MR (2023) Effects of spirulina Spirulina platensis meal as a feed additive on growth performance and immunological response of Gangetic mystus Mystus cavasius. Aquac Rep 30:101553","journal-title":"Aquac Rep"},{"key":"2420_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aqrep.2020.100390","volume":"17","author":"SH Al-Deriny","year":"2020","unstructured":"Al-Deriny SH, Dawood MA, Abou Zaid AA, El-Tras WF, Paray BA, Van Doan H, Mohamed RA (2020) The synergistic effects of Spirulina platensis and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens on the growth performance, intestinal histomorphology, and immune response of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquac Rep 17:100390","journal-title":"Aquac Rep"},{"key":"2420_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"670","DOI":"10.31925\/farmacia.2023.4.2","volume":"71","author":"HA Al-Hussaniy","year":"2023","unstructured":"Al-Hussaniy HA, Al-Tameemi Z, Al-Zubaidi B, Oraibi AI, Naji FA, Kilani S (2023) Pharmacological properties of spirulina species: hepatoprotective, antioxidant and anticancer effects. Farmacia 71:670\u2013678","journal-title":"Farmacia"},{"key":"2420_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almeida LMR, da Silva Cruz LF, Machado BAS, Nunes IL, Costa JAV, de Souza Ferreira E, Lemos PVF, Druzian JI, de Souza CO (2021) Effect of the addition of Spirulina sp. biomass on the development and characterization of functional food. Algal Research 58: 102387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2021.102387"},{"key":"2420_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11070965","volume":"11","author":"BA Altmann","year":"2022","unstructured":"Altmann BA, Rosenau S (2022) Spirulina as animal feed: opportunities and challenges. Foods 11:965","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"2420_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1071\/AN21483","volume":"63","author":"F Al-Yahyaey","year":"2022","unstructured":"Al-Yahyaey F, Shaat I, Hall E, Bush R (2022) Effect of Spirulina platensis supplementation on growth, performance and body conformation of two Omani goat breeds. Anim Prod Sci 63:133\u2013141","journal-title":"Anim Prod Sci"},{"key":"2420_CR12","first-page":"74","volume":"20","author":"R Ansari","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ansari R, Foroughinia F, Dadbakhsh AH, Afsari F, Zarshenas MM (2023) An overview of pharmacological and clinical aspects of spirulina. Curr Drug Discov Technol 20:74\u201388","journal-title":"Curr Drug Discov Technol"},{"key":"2420_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.25163\/microbbioacts.412117B0719110521","volume":"4","author":"A Anvar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Anvar A, Nowruzi B (2021a) Bioactive properties of spirulina: a review. Microb Bioact 4:134\u2013142","journal-title":"Microb Bioact"},{"issue":"1","key":"2420_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.25163\/microbbioacts.412117B0719110521","volume":"4","author":"A Anvar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Anvar A, Nowruzi B (2021b) Bioactive properties of spirulina: a review. Microb Bioact 4(1):134\u2013142","journal-title":"Microb Bioact"},{"key":"2420_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.25163\/microbbioacts.412117B0719110521","volume":"4","author":"AA Anvara","year":"2021","unstructured":"Anvara AA, Nowruzib B (2021) Bioactive properties of spirulina: a review. Microb Bioact 4:134\u2013142","journal-title":"Microb Bioact"},{"key":"2420_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1007\/s12155-022-10537-8","volume":"16","author":"F Arahou","year":"2023","unstructured":"Arahou F, Lijassi I, Wahby A, Rhazi L, Arahou M, Wahby I (2023) Spirulina-based biostimulants for sustainable agriculture: yield improvement and market trends. Bioenergy Res 16:1401\u20131416","journal-title":"Bioenergy Res"},{"key":"2420_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e15941","DOI":"10.1111\/jfpp.15941","volume":"46","author":"R Arslan","year":"2022","unstructured":"Arslan R, Aksay S (2022) Investigation of sensorial and physicochemical properties of yoghurt colored with phycocyanin of Spirulina platensis. J Food Process Preserv 46:e15941","journal-title":"J Food Process Preserv"},{"key":"2420_CR18","first-page":"345","volume":"3","author":"A Asghari","year":"2016","unstructured":"Asghari A, Fazilati M, Latifi AM, Salavati H, Choopani A (2016) A review on antioxidant properties of spirulina. J Appl Biotechnol Rep 3:345\u2013351","journal-title":"J Appl Biotechnol Rep"},{"key":"2420_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amsu.2020.11.010","volume":"60","author":"F Ata","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ata F, Bilal ABI, Javed S, Chaudhry HS, Sharma R, Malik RF, Choudry H, Kartha AB (2020) Optic neuropathy as a presenting feature of vitamin B-12 deficiency: a systematic review of literature and a case report. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 60:316\u2013322","journal-title":"Ann Med Surg (Lond)"},{"key":"2420_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2022.102784","volume":"78","author":"A Banerjee","year":"2022","unstructured":"Banerjee A, Ward V (2022) Production of recombinant and therapeutic proteins in microalgae. Curr Opin Biotechnol 78:102784","journal-title":"Curr Opin Biotechnol"},{"key":"2420_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Batista de Oliveira TT, Miranda dos Reis I, Bastos de Souza M, da Silva Bispo E, Fonseca Maciel L, Druzian JI, Lordelo Guimar\u00e3es Tavares PP, de Oliveira Cerqueira A, dos Santos Boa Morte E, Abreu Gloria MB (2021) Microencapsulation of Spirulina sp. LEB-18 and its incorporation in chocolate milk: Properties and functional potential. Lebensmittel-Wissenschaft+ Technologie 148: 111674","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2021.111674"},{"key":"2420_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2605","DOI":"10.1089\/scd.2015.0218","volume":"24","author":"EA Blaber","year":"2015","unstructured":"Blaber EA, Finkelstein H, Dvorochkin N, Sato KY, Yousuf R, Burns BP, Globus RK, Almeida EA (2015) Microgravity reduces the differentiation and regenerative potential of embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 24:2605\u20132621","journal-title":"Stem Cells Dev"},{"key":"2420_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fochms.2022.100134","volume":"5","author":"DG Bortolini","year":"2022","unstructured":"Bortolini DG, Maciel GM, Fernandes IdAA, Pedro AC, Rubio FTV, Branco IG, Haminiuk CWI (2022) Functional properties of bioactive compounds from Spirulina spp.: current status and future trends. Food Chem Mol Sci 5:100134","journal-title":"Food Chem Mol Sci"},{"key":"2420_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104825","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.1048258","volume":"9","author":"P Calella","year":"2022","unstructured":"Calella P, Cerullo G, Di Dio M, Liguori F, Di Onofrio V, Galle F, Liguori G (2022) Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects of spirulina in exercise and sport: a systematic review. Front Nutr 9:104825","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"2420_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.3390\/coatings13071158","volume":"13","author":"M Calovi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Calovi M, Rossi S (2023) Comparative analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of utilizing spirulina-derived pigment as a bio-based colorant for wood impregnator. Coatings 13:1158","journal-title":"Coatings"},{"key":"2420_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"746","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics10060746","volume":"10","author":"DA Carbone","year":"2021","unstructured":"Carbone DA, Pellone P, Lubritto C, Ciniglia C (2021) Evaluation of microalgae antiviral activity and their bioactive compounds. Antibiot (Basel) 10:746","journal-title":"Antibiot (Basel)"},{"key":"2420_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10190","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-37156-3","volume":"13","author":"B Chalermthai","year":"2023","unstructured":"Chalermthai B, Charoensuppanimit P, Nootong K, Olsen BD, Assabumrungrat S (2023) Techno-economic assessment of co-production of edible bioplastic and food supplements from Spirulina. Sci Rep 13:10190","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2420_CR28","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Handbook of nanotechnology in agriculture","author":"VS Chandak","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chandak VS, Kathwate LH, Nagime PV (2025a) Role of nanotechnology in precision agriculture. Handbook of nanotechnology in agriculture. Springer, pp 1\u201320"},{"key":"2420_CR29","first-page":"1","volume":"18","author":"VS Chandak","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chandak VS, Kathwate LH, Nagime PV (2025b) Synthesis and characterization of nanomaterials for agricultural applications. Handbook Nanotech Agri 18:1\u201328","journal-title":"Handbook Nanotech Agri"},{"key":"2420_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-443-22080-7.00013-2","volume-title":"Microalgae and one health","author":"I Chentir","year":"2025","unstructured":"Chentir I, Gnouma A, Markou G (2025) Legislative aspects of microalgae-based products. Microalgae and one health. Elsevier, pp 613\u2013624"},{"key":"2420_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1007\/s43393-024-00233-3","volume":"4","author":"N Choudhary","year":"2024","unstructured":"Choudhary N, Tripathi A, Singh PK, Parikh HS, Tiwari A (2024) Application of algae for enhanced plant growth and food productivity. Syst Microbiol Biomanuf 4:564\u2013574","journal-title":"Syst Microbiol Biomanuf"},{"key":"2420_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.3390\/ph17101321","volume":"17","author":"M Chwil","year":"2024","unstructured":"Chwil M, Miheli\u010d R, Matraszek-Gawron R, Terlecka P, Skoczylas MM, Terlecki K (2024) Comprehensive review of the latest investigations of the health-enhancing effects of selected properties of Arthrospira and Spirulina microalgae on skin. Pharmaceut (Basel) 17:1321","journal-title":"Pharmaceut (Basel)"},{"key":"2420_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.3390\/cosmetics11030068","volume":"11","author":"GM D\u2019Angelo Costa","year":"2024","unstructured":"D\u2019Angelo Costa GM, Maia Campos PMBG (2024) Development of cosmetic formulations containing olive extract and Spirulina sp.: stability and clinical efficacy studies. Cosmet (Basel) 11:68","journal-title":"Cosmet (Basel)"},{"key":"2420_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3639","DOI":"10.1007\/s12649-019-00712-y","volume":"11","author":"RA Dar","year":"2020","unstructured":"Dar RA, Phutela UG (2020) Enzymatic and hydrothermal pretreatment of newly isolated Spirulina subsalsa BGLR6 biomass for enhanced biogas production. Waste Biomass Valor 11:3639\u20133651","journal-title":"Waste Biomass Valor"},{"key":"2420_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2014.02.054","volume":"58","author":"ER De Marco","year":"2014","unstructured":"De Marco ER, Steffolani ME, Mart\u00ednez CS, Le\u00f3n AE (2014) Effects of spirulina biomass on the technological and nutritional quality of bread wheat pasta. LWT-Food Sci Technol 58:102\u2013108","journal-title":"LWT-Food Sci Technol"},{"key":"2420_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14681","DOI":"10.1080\/21655979.2022.2100863","volume":"13","author":"OA ElFar","year":"2022","unstructured":"ElFar OA, Billa N, Lim HR, Chew KW, Cheah WY, Munawaroh HSH, Balakrishnan D, Show PL (2022) Advances in delivery methods of Arthrospira platensis (spirulina) for enhanced therapeutic outcomes. Bioengineered 13:14681\u201314718","journal-title":"Bioengineered"},{"key":"2420_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128999","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.128999","volume":"258","author":"WF Elkot","year":"2024","unstructured":"Elkot WF, Elmahdy A, Talaat H, Alghamdia OA, Alhag SK, Al-Shahari EA, Ammar A-F, Ismail HA (2024) Development and characterization of a novel flavored functional fermented whey-based sports beverage fortified with Spirulina platensis. Int J Biol Macromol 258:128999","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"},{"key":"2420_CR38","first-page":"199","volume":"49","author":"S El-Moataaz","year":"2019","unstructured":"El-Moataaz S, Ismael H, Aborhyem S (2019) Assessment of chemical composition of Spirulina platensis and its effect on fasting blood glucose and lipid profile in diabetic rats. J High Inst Public Health 49:199\u2013211","journal-title":"J High Inst Public Health"},{"key":"2420_CR39","first-page":"61","volume":"61","author":"M El-Sheekh","year":"2021","unstructured":"El-Sheekh M, Morsi H, Hassan L (2021) Growth enhancement of Spirulina platensis through optimization of media and nitrogen sources. Egypt J Bot 61:61\u201369","journal-title":"Egypt J Bot"},{"key":"2420_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/10820132241248486","author":"F Erem","year":"2024","unstructured":"Erem F (2024) Investigation of the effects of corn flour, Spirulina powder, and buffalo yogurt on the quality characteristics of gluten-free muffins. Food Sci Technol Int. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10820132241248486","journal-title":"Food Sci Technol Int"},{"key":"2420_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593116","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.593116","volume":"12","author":"UT Ferdous","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ferdous UT, Yusof ZNB (2021) Medicinal prospects of antioxidants from algal sources in cancer therapy. Front Pharmacol 12:593116","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"key":"2420_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.3390\/ph16040592","volume":"16","author":"R Fernandes","year":"2023","unstructured":"Fernandes R, Campos J, Serra M, Fidalgo J, Almeida H, Casas A, Toubarro D, Barros AI (2023) Exploring the benefits of phycocyanin: from spirulina cultivation to its widespread applications. Pharmaceut (Basel) 16:592","journal-title":"Pharmaceut (Basel)"},{"key":"2420_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2024.112506","volume":"12","author":"G Gao","year":"2024","unstructured":"Gao G, Zhang S, Shao Y, Li C, Zhang L, Gao W, Ding K, Huang Y, Gholizadeh M, Hu X (2024) Oxidative pyrolysis of spirulina: impacts of oxygen on bio-oil and property of biochar. J Environ Chem Eng 12:112506","journal-title":"J Environ Chem Eng"},{"key":"2420_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.3390\/md21030160","volume":"21","author":"S Gheda","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gheda S, Abd El-Zaher EH, Abou-Zeid AM, Bedair NA, Pereira L (2023) Potential activity of Arthrospira platensis as antioxidant, cytotoxic and antifungal against some skin diseases: topical cream application. Mar Drugs 21:160","journal-title":"Mar Drugs"},{"key":"2420_CR45","first-page":"559","volume":"42","author":"S Gogna","year":"2023","unstructured":"Gogna S, Kaur J, Sharma K, Prasad R, Singh J, Bhadariya V, Kumar P, Jarial S (2023) Spirulina-an edible cyanobacterium with potential therapeutic health benefits and toxicological consequences. J Am Nutr Assoc 42:559\u2013572","journal-title":"J Am Nutr Assoc"},{"key":"2420_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1085","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-018-1611-2","volume":"31","author":"M-T Golmakani","year":"2019","unstructured":"Golmakani M-T, Soleimanian-Zad S, Alavi N, Nazari E, Eskandari MH (2019) Effect of Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) powder on probiotic bacteriologically acidified feta-type cheese. J Appl Phycol 31:1085\u20131094","journal-title":"J Appl Phycol"},{"key":"2420_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21010041","volume":"21","author":"S G\u00f3mez-Zorita","year":"2019","unstructured":"G\u00f3mez-Zorita S, Trepiana J, Gonz\u00e1lez-Arceo M, Aguirre L, Milton-Laskibar I, Gonz\u00e1lez M, Eseberri I, Fern\u00e1ndez-Quintela A, Portillo MP (2019) Anti-obesity effects of microalgae. Int J Mol Sci 21:41","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2420_CR48","first-page":"3409","volume":"45","author":"H Hadiyanto","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hadiyanto H, Christwardana M, da Costa C (2023) Electrogenic and biomass production capabilities of a microalgae\u2013microbial fuel cell (MMFC) system using tapioca wastewater and Spirulina platensis for COD reduction. Energy Sources Part A Util Environ Eff 45:3409\u20133420","journal-title":"Energy Sources Part A Util Environ Eff"},{"key":"2420_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3651","DOI":"10.1002\/fsn3.2963","volume":"10","author":"H Hassanzadeh","year":"2022","unstructured":"Hassanzadeh H, Ghanbarzadeh B, Galali Y, Bagheri H (2022) The physicochemical properties of the spirulina-wheat germ-enriched high-protein functional beverage based on pear-cantaloupe juice. Food Sci Nutr 10:3651\u20133661","journal-title":"Food Sci Nutr"},{"key":"2420_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3724","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12203724","volume":"12","author":"I Hern\u00e1ndez-L\u00f3pez","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez-L\u00f3pez I, Alamprese C, Cappa C, Prieto-Santiago V, Abadias M, Aguil\u00f3-Aguayo I (2023) Effect of Spirulina in bread formulated with wheat flours of different alveograph strength. Foods 12:3724","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"2420_CR51","first-page":"909","volume":"12","author":"MM Hoque","year":"2025","unstructured":"Hoque MM, Iannelli V, Padula F, Radice RP, Saha BK, Martelli G, Scopa A, Drosos M (2025) Microalgae: green engines for achieving carbon sequestration, circular economy, and environmental sustainability\u2014a review based on last ten years of research. Bioeng (Basel) 12:909","journal-title":"Bioeng (Basel)"},{"key":"2420_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1898","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24031898","volume":"24","author":"J Hu","year":"2023","unstructured":"Hu J, Wang D, Chen H, Wang Q (2023) Advances in genetic engineering in improving photosynthesis and microalgal productivity. Int J Mol Sci 24:1898","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"2420_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1080\/26895293.2020.1781698","volume":"13","author":"MM Hussein","year":"2020","unstructured":"Hussein MM, Samy M, Arisha AH, Saadeldin IM, Alshammari GM (2020) Anti-obesity effects of individual or combination treatment with Spirulina platensis and green coffee bean aqueous extracts in high-fat diet-induced obese rats. All Life 13:328\u2013338","journal-title":"All Life"},{"key":"2420_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4205","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.14997","volume":"21","author":"IK Ikeda","year":"2022","unstructured":"Ikeda IK, Sydney EB, Sydney ACN (2022) Potential application of Spirulina in dermatology. J Cosmet Dermatol 21:4205\u20134214","journal-title":"J Cosmet Dermatol"},{"key":"2420_CR55","first-page":"33","volume":"11","author":"T Indhumathi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Indhumathi T, Ramya M (2020) Application of Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina) as biofertilizer for sustainable agriculture. J Algal Biomass Util 11:33\u201340","journal-title":"J Algal Biomass Util"},{"key":"2420_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-84282-5_11","volume-title":"Microalgae horizons: fundamentals, innovations, and industrial applications","author":"H Iwamoto","year":"2025","unstructured":"Iwamoto H, Mart\u00ednez-Burgos WJ, Cardoso J, Pozzan R, dos Reis GA, Mu\u00f1oz AP, de Mello AFM, de Carvalho JC, Soccol CR (2025) Patent mapping in microalgae-mediated processes. Microalgae horizons: fundamentals, innovations, and industrial applications. Springer, pp 319\u2013342"},{"key":"2420_CR57","first-page":"48","volume":"13","author":"S Izadi","year":"2023","unstructured":"Izadi S, Sadeghi M (2023) Biosorption of lead heavy metal from aqueous solutions using spirulina microalgae. J Oceanogr 13:48\u201363","journal-title":"J Oceanogr"},{"key":"2420_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e287134","DOI":"10.1590\/1519-6984.287134","volume":"84","author":"J Jacuinde-Ru\u00edz","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jacuinde-Ru\u00edz J, Gonz\u00e1lez-Hern\u00e1ndez J (2024) Exploring the biotechnological applications of Spirulina maxima: a comprehensive review. Braz J Biol 84:e287134","journal-title":"Braz J Biol"},{"key":"2420_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110314","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2021.110314","volume":"143","author":"DP Jaeschke","year":"2021","unstructured":"Jaeschke DP, Teixeira IR, Marczak LDF, Mercali GD (2021) Phycocyanin from Spirulina: a review of extraction methods and stability. Food Res Int 143:110314","journal-title":"Food Res Int"},{"key":"2420_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1007\/s11694-023-02231-w","volume":"18","author":"S Jalili","year":"2024","unstructured":"Jalili S, Aryan S, Mousavinezhad SA, Moeini H, Dehnad D (2024) Optimizing Spirulina platensis, Chlorella vulgaris microalgae and curcumin application in functional cheese production and investigating its physicochemical properties and sensory evaluation by RSM. J Food Meas Charact 18:1144\u20131157","journal-title":"J Food Meas Charact"},{"key":"2420_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"956","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-022-01249-7","volume":"40","author":"BW Jester","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jester BW, Zhao H, Gewe M, Adame T, Perruzza L, Bolick DT, Agosti J, Khuong N, Kuestner R, Gamble C (2022) Development of spirulina for the manufacture and oral delivery of protein therapeutics. Nat Biotechnol 40:956\u2013964","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"2420_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2021.101469","volume":"45","author":"P Jiang","year":"2022","unstructured":"Jiang P, Meng J, Zhang L, Huang L, Wei L, Bai Y, Liu X, Li S (2022) Purification and anti-inflammatory effect of selenium-containing protein fraction from selenium-enriched Spirulina platensis. Food Biosci 45:101469","journal-title":"Food Biosci"},{"key":"2420_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2023.129009","volume":"378","author":"L Jiang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Jiang L, Yu S, Chen H, Pei H (2023) Enhanced phycocyanin production from Spirulina subsalsa via freshwater and marine cultivation with optimized light source and temperature. Bioresour Technol 378:129009","journal-title":"Bioresour Technol"},{"key":"2420_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11070979","volume":"11","author":"DK Koli","year":"2022","unstructured":"Koli DK, Rudra SG, Bhowmik A, Pabbi S (2022) Nutritional, functional, textural and sensory evaluation of spirulina enriched green pasta: a potential dietary and health supplement. Foods 11:979","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"2420_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-85577-8.00013-5","volume-title":"New and future developments in microbial biotechnology and bioengineering","author":"S Kumar","year":"2022","unstructured":"Kumar S, Korra T, Singh U, Singh S, Bisen K (2022) Microalgal based biostimulants as alleviator of biotic and abiotic stresses in crop plants. New and future developments in microbial biotechnology and bioengineering. Elsevier, pp 195\u2013216"},{"key":"2420_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E120124225622","DOI":"10.2174\/0126668629269256231222092721","volume":"3","author":"S Kumar","year":"2025","unstructured":"Kumar S, Saha S, Singh K, Singh T, Mishra AK, Dubey BN, Singh S (2025) Beneficial effects of spirulina on brain health: a systematic review. Curr Funct Foods 3:E120124225622","journal-title":"Curr Funct Foods"},{"key":"2420_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2019.05.037","volume":"111","author":"T Lafarga","year":"2019","unstructured":"Lafarga T, Aci\u00e9n-Fern\u00e1ndez FG, Castellari M, Villar\u00f3 S, Bobo G, Aguil\u00f3-Aguayo I (2019) Effect of microalgae incorporation on the physicochemical, nutritional, and sensorial properties of an innovative broccoli soup. LWT 111:167\u2013174","journal-title":"LWT"},{"key":"2420_CR68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3315","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-024-03345-4","volume":"36","author":"HJ-Y Leong","year":"2024","unstructured":"Leong HJ-Y, Teoh M-L, Beardall J, Convey P (2024) Green beauty unveiled: exploring the potential of microalgae for skin whitening, photoprotection and anti-aging applications in cosmetics. J Appl Phycol 36:3315\u20133328","journal-title":"J Appl Phycol"},{"key":"2420_CR70","first-page":"e00591","volume":"36","author":"K Liao","year":"2023","unstructured":"Liao K, Grandgeorge P, Jimenez AM, Nguyen BH, Roumeli E (2023) Effects of mechanical cell disruption on the morphology and properties of spirulina-PLA biocomposites. Sustain Mater Technol 36:e00591","journal-title":"Sustain Mater Technol"},{"key":"2420_CR71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lucas BF, MORAIS MGd, Santos TD, COSTA JAV (2017) Effect of Spirulina addition on the physicochemical and structural properties of extruded snacks. Food Sci Technol 37: 16\u201323","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-457x.06217"},{"key":"2420_CR72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2019.101716","volume":"44","author":"G Markou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Markou G, Arapoglou D, Eliopoulos C, Balafoutis A, Taddeo R, Panara A, Thomaidis N (2019) Cultivation and safety aspects of Arthrospira platensis (Spirulina) grown with struvite recovered from anaerobic digestion plant as phosphorus source. Algal Res 44:101716","journal-title":"Algal Res"},{"key":"2420_CR73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10122933","volume":"10","author":"CF Martins","year":"2021","unstructured":"Martins CF, Ribeiro DM, Costa M, Coelho D, Alfaia CM, Lordelo M, Almeida AM, Freire JP, Prates JA (2021a) Using microalgae as a sustainable feed resource to enhance quality and nutritional value of pork and poultry meat. Foods 10:2933","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"2420_CR74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1772","DOI":"10.1021\/acssuschemeng.0c07880","volume":"9","author":"M Martins","year":"2021","unstructured":"Martins M, Albuquerque CM, Pereira CF, Coutinho JoA, Neves MGaP, GA Pinto DC, Faustino MAF, Ventura SP (2021b) Recovery of chlorophyll a derivative from Spirulina maxima: its purification and photosensitizing potential. ACS Sustain Chem Eng 9:1772\u20131780","journal-title":"ACS Sustain Chem Eng"},{"key":"2420_CR75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5344","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules28145344","volume":"28","author":"T Martins","year":"2023","unstructured":"Martins T, Barros AN, Rosa E, Antunes L (2023) Enhancing health benefits through chlorophylls and chlorophyll-rich agro-food: a comprehensive review. Molecules 28:5344","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"2420_CR76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7632","DOI":"10.3390\/app13137632","volume":"13","author":"A Marzec","year":"2023","unstructured":"Marzec A, Kramarczuk P, Kowalska H, Kowalska J (2023) Effect of type of flour and microalgae (Chlorella vulgaris) on the rheological, microstructural, textural, and sensory properties of vegan muffins. Appl Sci 13:7632","journal-title":"Appl Sci"},{"key":"2420_CR77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1039\/C9GC03292D","volume":"22","author":"S Marzorati","year":"2020","unstructured":"Marzorati S, Schievano A, Id\u00e0 A, Verotta L (2020) Carotenoids, chlorophylls and phycocyanin from Spirulina: supercritical CO2 and water extraction methods for added value products cascade. Green Chem 22:187\u2013196","journal-title":"Green Chem"},{"key":"2420_CR78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcab.2024.103387","volume":"61","author":"A Mondal","year":"2024","unstructured":"Mondal A, Dey I, Mukherjee A, Ismail A, Satpati GG, Banerjee S, Paul S, Paul S, Pal R (2024) Spirulina biomass loaded with iron nanoparticles: a novel biofertilizer for the growth and enrichment of iron content in rice plants. Biocatal Agric Biotechnol 61:103387","journal-title":"Biocatal Agric Biotechnol"},{"key":"2420_CR79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2022.111357","volume":"157","author":"G Montevecchi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Montevecchi G, Santunione G, Licciardello F, K\u00f6ker \u00d6, Masino F, Antonelli A (2022) Enrichment of wheat flour with Spirulina. Evaluation of thermal damage to essential amino acids during bread preparation. Food Res Int 157:111357","journal-title":"Food Res Int"},{"key":"2420_CR80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1038\/s41526-017-0019-7","volume":"3","author":"M Moreno-Villanueva","year":"2017","unstructured":"Moreno-Villanueva M, Wong M, Lu T, Zhang Y, Wu H (2017) Interplay of space radiation and microgravity in DNA damage and DNA damage response. Npj Microgravity 3:14","journal-title":"Npj Microgravity"},{"key":"2420_CR81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s40643-025-00888-3","volume":"12","author":"MN Musa","year":"2025","unstructured":"Musa MN, Jirgi GM, Zango ZU, Isah MN, Abdurrazak M, Adamu AA, Wadi IA, Adeleke AA, Garba ZN, Bello U (2025) A review on techno-economic assessment of Spirulina for sustainable nutraceutical, medicinal, environmental, and bioenergy applications. Bioresources Bioprocess 12:51","journal-title":"Bioresources Bioprocess"},{"key":"2420_CR82","first-page":"1","volume":"19","author":"PV Nagime","year":"2025","unstructured":"Nagime PV, Chandak VS (2025) Nanotechnology in plant-based agricultural innovations. Handbook Nanotechn Agri 19:1\u201335","journal-title":"Handbook Nanotechn Agri"},{"key":"2420_CR83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.3390\/fermentation9040369","volume":"9","author":"PV Nagime","year":"2023","unstructured":"Nagime PV, Upaichit A, Cheirsilp B, Boonsawang P (2023) Bio-succinic acid production from palm oil mill effluent using Enterococcus gallinarum with sequential purification of biogas. Ferment (Basel) 9:369","journal-title":"Ferment (Basel)"},{"key":"2420_CR84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s44316-025-00041-2","volume":"2","author":"PV Nagime","year":"2025","unstructured":"Nagime PV, Boonsawang P, Cheirsilp B, Upaichit A (2025a) Potential of bio-based succinic acid: pathways, feedstocks, and industrial perspectives. Biotechnol Sustain Mater 2:16","journal-title":"Biotechnol Sustain Mater"},{"key":"2420_CR85","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-96-9298-9_4","volume-title":"Nanobiotechnology for abiotic stress adaptation and mitigation in agricultural crops: physiological and molecular intervention","author":"PV Nagime","year":"2025","unstructured":"Nagime PV, Singh AK, Singh S (2025b) Role of metal and metal-oxide nanoparticles in agricultural crop heavy metal-stress adaptation and mitigation. Nanobiotechnology for abiotic stress adaptation and mitigation in agricultural crops: physiological and molecular intervention. Springer, pp 99\u2013127"},{"key":"2420_CR86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.3390\/md23030128","volume":"23","author":"S Navalho","year":"2025","unstructured":"Navalho S, Ferrer-Ledo N, Barbosa MJ, Varela J (2025) Nannochloropsis lipids and polyunsaturated fatty acids: potential applications and strain improvement. Mar Drugs 23:128","journal-title":"Mar Drugs"},{"key":"2420_CR87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19433","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-55840-1","volume":"9","author":"A Niccolai","year":"2019","unstructured":"Niccolai A, Venturi M, Galli V, Pini N, Rodolfi L, Biondi N, D\u2019Ottavio M, Batista AP, Raymundo A, Granchi L (2019) Development of new microalgae-based sourdough \u201ccrostini\u201d: functional effects of Arthrospira platensis (spirulina) addition. Sci Rep 9:19433","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"2420_CR88","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5260","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.10576","volume":"100","author":"N Nourmohammadi","year":"2020","unstructured":"Nourmohammadi N, Soleimanian-Zad S, Shekarchizadeh H (2020) Effect of Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) microencapsulated in alginate and whey protein concentrate addition on physicochemical and organoleptic properties of functional stirred yogurt. J Sci Food Agric 100:5260\u20135268","journal-title":"J Sci Food Agric"},{"key":"2420_CR89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3039","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12163039","volume":"12","author":"BC Oliveira","year":"2023","unstructured":"Oliveira BC, Machado M, Machado S, Costa AS, Bessada S, Alves RC, Oliveira MBP (2023) Algae incorporation and nutritional improvement: the case of a whole-wheat pasta. Foods 12:3039","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"2420_CR90","unstructured":"Onacik-G\u00fcr S, \u017bbikowska A, Majewska B (2018) Effect of Spirulina (Spirulina platensis) addition on textural and quality properties of cookies. Italian J Food Sci 30"},{"key":"2420_CR91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.33714\/masteb.972128","volume":"10","author":"A Padgaonkar","year":"2021","unstructured":"Padgaonkar A, Paramanya A, Poojari P, Ali A (2021) Current insights on wastewater treatment and application of Spirulina platensis in improving the water quality. Mar Sci Technol Bull 10:286\u2013294","journal-title":"Mar Sci Technol Bull"},{"key":"2420_CR92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.52403\/ijrr.20220334","volume":"9","author":"R Pandey","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pandey R, Singh S (2022) Spirulina and herbal combination on metabolic alterations of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Int J Res Rev 9:308\u2013317","journal-title":"Int J Res Rev"},{"key":"2420_CR93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1080\/09670262.2019.1624832","volume":"54","author":"G Papapanagiotou","year":"2019","unstructured":"Papapanagiotou G, Gkelis S (2019) Taxonomic revision of commercially used Arthrospira (Cyanobacteria) strains: a polyphasic approach. Eur J Phycol 54:595\u2013608","journal-title":"Eur J Phycol"},{"key":"2420_CR94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13081257","volume":"13","author":"A Paraskevopoulou","year":"2024","unstructured":"Paraskevopoulou A, Kaloudis T, Hiskia A, Steinhaus M, Dimotikali D, Triantis TM (2024) Volatile profiling of spirulina food supplements. Foods 13:1257","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"2420_CR95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-014-0709-9","volume":"220","author":"VK Parihar","year":"2015","unstructured":"Parihar VK, Pasha J, Tran KK, Craver BM, Acharya MM, Limoli CL (2015) Persistent changes in neuronal structure and synaptic plasticity caused by proton irradiation. Brain Struct Funct 220:1161\u20131171","journal-title":"Brain Struct Funct"},{"key":"2420_CR96","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8416763","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/8416763","volume":"2017","author":"G Pizzino","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pizzino G, Irrera N, Cucinotta M, Pallio G, Mannino F, Arcoraci V, Squadrito F, Altavilla D, Bitto A (2017) Oxidative stress: harms and benefits for human health. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2017:8416763","journal-title":"Oxid Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"2420_CR97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pradana YS, Azmi FA, Masruri W, Hartono M (2018) Biodiesel production from wet Spirulina sp. by one-step extraction-transesterification. MATEC web of conferences. EDP Sci, 03009","DOI":"10.1051\/matecconf\/201815603009"},{"key":"2420_CR98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Prasetiyo H, Purwaningsih S, Setyaningsih I, Nurilmala M, Uju U, Tarman K (2024) Off-odour identification from volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of Spirulina. BIO Web of Conferences. EDP Sci, 02006","DOI":"10.1051\/bioconf\/20249202006"},{"key":"2420_CR99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16050642","volume":"16","author":"V Prete","year":"2024","unstructured":"Prete V, Abate AC, Di Pietro P, De Lucia M, Vecchione C, Carrizzo A (2024) Beneficial effects of spirulina supplementation in the management of cardiovascular diseases. Nutrients 16:642","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2420_CR100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2371","DOI":"10.1111\/raq.12439","volume":"12","author":"JA Ragaza","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ragaza JA, Hossain MS, Meiler KA, Velasquez SF, Kumar V (2020) A review on Spirulina: alternative media for cultivation and nutritive value as an aquafeed. Rev Aquac 12:2371\u20132395","journal-title":"Rev Aquac"},{"issue":"1","key":"2420_CR101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.14421\/biomedich.2025.141.129-141","volume":"14","author":"FA Rahmawati","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rahmawati FA, Pratiwi IW, Samtani K, Atuillah N, Hidayatullah RA, Ermawati N, Sya\u2019ban RA, Kurniasari L, Adnan MR (2025) The Potential of Spirulina platensis Biostimulan as a Seed Priming Agent to Enhance the Vigor and Viability of Cucumber Seeds (Cucumis sativus). Biol Med Natural Prod Chem 14(1):129\u2013141","journal-title":"Biol Med Natural Prod Chem"},{"key":"2420_CR102","first-page":"586","volume":"2","author":"B Ramakrishnan","year":"2023","unstructured":"Ramakrishnan B, Maddela NR, Venkateswarlu K, Megharaj M (2023) Potential of microalgae and cyanobacteria to improve soil health and agricultural productivity: a critical view. Environ Sci: Adv 2:586\u2013611","journal-title":"Environ Sci: Adv"},{"key":"2420_CR103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.3390\/biotech14020041","volume":"14","author":"SdP Ramos","year":"2025","unstructured":"Ramos SdP, B\u00fcrck M, Costa SFFd, Assis M, Braga ARC (2025) Spirulina as a key ingredient in the evolution of eco-friendly cosmetics. Biotech 14:41","journal-title":"Biotech"},{"key":"2420_CR104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.3390\/biomass4040059","volume":"4","author":"P Renganathan","year":"2024","unstructured":"Renganathan P, Gaysina LA, Holgu\u00edn-Pe\u00f1a RJ, Sainz-Hern\u00e1ndez JC, Ortega-Garc\u00eda J, Rueda-Puente EO (2024) Phycoremediated microalgae and cyanobacteria biomass as biofertilizer for sustainable agriculture: a holistic biorefinery approach to promote circular bioeconomy. Biomass 4:1047\u20131077","journal-title":"Biomass"},{"key":"2420_CR105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2017.05.076","volume":"129","author":"R Rodr\u00edguez","year":"2018","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez R, Espada JJ, Moreno J, Vicente G, Bautista LF, Morales V, S\u00e1nchez-Bayo A, Dufour J (2018) Environmental analysis of Spirulina cultivation and biogas production using experimental and simulation approach. Renew Energy 129:724\u2013732","journal-title":"Renew Energy"},{"key":"2420_CR106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"739522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2023.739522","volume":"572","author":"S Rosenau","year":"2023","unstructured":"Rosenau S, Wolgast T, Altmann B, Risius A (2023) Consumer preference for altered color of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) fillet induced by Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis). Aquaculture 572:739522","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"2420_CR107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"978","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197-020-04612-1","volume":"58","author":"V Saharan","year":"2021","unstructured":"Saharan V, Jood S (2021) Effect of storage on Spirulina platensis powder supplemented breads. J Food Sci Technol 58:978\u2013984","journal-title":"J Food Sci Technol"},{"key":"2420_CR108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11218","DOI":"10.3390\/su162411218","volume":"16","author":"NK Sarker","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sarker NK, Kaparaju P (2024) Microalgal bioeconomy: a green economy approach towards achieving sustainable development goals. Sustainability 16:11218","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"2420_CR109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667072","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.667072","volume":"8","author":"E Satyaraj","year":"2021","unstructured":"Satyaraj E, Reynolds A, Engler R, Labuda J, Sun P (2021) Supplementation of diets with spirulina influences immune and gut function in dogs. Front Nutr 8:667072","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"key":"2420_CR110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-69417-2_14","volume-title":"Environment, climate, plant and vegetation growth","author":"S Saud","year":"2024","unstructured":"Saud S, Nawaz T, Hassan S, Ur Rahman T, Rasheed MN, Hussain S, Fahad S (2024) Nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria and soil enrichment for a greener future. Environment, climate, plant and vegetation growth. Springer, pp 391\u2013424"},{"key":"2420_CR111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2015.09.007","volume":"35","author":"M-C Serban","year":"2016","unstructured":"Serban M-C, Sahebkar A, Dragan S, Stoichescu-Hogea G, Ursoniu S, Andrica F, Banach M (2016) A systematic review and meta-analysis of the impact of Spirulina supplementation on plasma lipid concentrations. Clin Nutr 35:842\u2013851","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"2420_CR112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"100204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dche.2024.100204","volume":"14","author":"M Shahbaz","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shahbaz M, Ammar M, Sukarni S (2025) Conversion of Spirulina platensis into methanol via gasification: process simulation modeling and economic evaluation. Digit Chem Eng 14:100204","journal-title":"Digit Chem Eng"},{"key":"2420_CR113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2631","DOI":"10.21608\/ejabf.2025.414251","volume":"29","author":"O Shalaby","year":"2025","unstructured":"Shalaby O, Elsayed N (2025) The multifaceted role of Spirulina in environmental sustainability: applications in aquatic systems and ecosystem management. Egypt J Aquat Biol Fish 29:2631\u20132652","journal-title":"Egypt J Aquat Biol Fish"},{"key":"2420_CR114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2899","DOI":"10.1007\/s10343-023-00870-z","volume":"75","author":"AA Shawky","year":"2023","unstructured":"Shawky AA, Khalifa GS, Hegazi A, ElSherif M (2023) Growth, productivity, and essential oil content of fennel plants treated with Spirulina platensis extract and compost tea under low nitrogen doses. Gesunde Pfl 75:2899\u20132908","journal-title":"Gesunde Pfl"},{"key":"2420_CR115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2984","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11192984","volume":"11","author":"MP Sp\u00ednola","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sp\u00ednola MP, Costa MM, Prates JA (2022) Digestive constraints of Arthrospira platensis in poultry and swine feeding. Foods 11:2984","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"2420_CR116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3656","DOI":"10.3390\/foods13223656","volume":"13","author":"MP Sp\u00ednola","year":"2024","unstructured":"Sp\u00ednola MP, Mendes AR, Prates JA (2024) Chemical composition, bioactivities, and applications of Spirulina (Limnospira platensis) in food, feed, and medicine. Foods 13:3656","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"2420_CR117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"836056","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2022.836056","volume":"10","author":"A Sreenikethanam","year":"2022","unstructured":"Sreenikethanam A, Raj S, Gugulothu P, Bajhaiya AK (2022) Genetic engineering of microalgae for secondary metabolite production: recent developments, challenges, and future prospects. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 10:836056","journal-title":"Front Bioeng Biotechnol"},{"key":"2420_CR118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.3390\/ani13081275","volume":"13","author":"D Stefanutti","year":"2023","unstructured":"Stefanutti D, Tonin G, Morelli G, Zampieri RM, La Rocca N, Ricci R (2023) Oral palatability and owner\u2019s perception of the effect of increasing amounts of Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) in the diet of a cohort of healthy dogs and cats. Animals (Basel) 13:1275","journal-title":"Animals (Basel)"},{"key":"2420_CR119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2320","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13072320","volume":"13","author":"H Subramaiam","year":"2021","unstructured":"Subramaiam H, Chu W-L, Radhakrishnan AK, Chakravarthi S, Selvaduray KR, Kok Y-Y (2021) Evaluating anticancer and immunomodulatory effects of spirulina (Arthrospira) platensis and gamma-tocotrienol supplementation in a syngeneic mouse model of breast cancer. Nutrients 13:2320","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"2420_CR120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijhydene.2024.10.161","volume":"138","author":"D Susilaningsih","year":"2025","unstructured":"Susilaningsih D, Farida H, Rahman DY, Susanti H, Praharyawan S, Anam K, Wiastomo RL, Chu C-Y (2025) Assessing the mass-culture system and proximate content of Arthrospira maxima local for biogas and biohydrogen productions. Int J Hydrog Energy 138:1271\u20131278","journal-title":"Int J Hydrog Energy"},{"key":"2420_CR121","first-page":"607","volume":"63","author":"MA Taha","year":"2023","unstructured":"Taha MA, Moussa HR, Dessoky ES (2023) The influence of Spirulina platensis on physiological characterization and mitigation of DNA damage in salt-stressed Phaseolus vulgaris L. plants. Egypt J Bot 63:607\u2013620","journal-title":"Egypt J Bot"},{"key":"2420_CR122","first-page":"101139","volume":"28","author":"E Tajvidi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Tajvidi E, Nahavandizadeh N, Pournaderi M, Pourrashid AZ, Bossaghzadeh F, Khoshnood Z (2021) Study the antioxidant effects of blue-green algae spirulina extract on ROS and MDA production in human lung cancer cells. Biochem Biophys Rep 28:101139","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Rep"},{"key":"2420_CR123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S43","DOI":"10.4103\/jpbs.jpbs_570_25","volume":"17","author":"SN Thitame","year":"2025","unstructured":"Thitame SN, Aher AA, Mopagar V (2025) The detoxifying effects of spirulina in promoting liver health and heavy metal elimination\u2013a review. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 17:S43\u2013S45","journal-title":"J Pharm Bioallied Sci"},{"key":"2420_CR125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Thorat DS, Singh S, Ushir YV, Tiwari K, kokate S, Nagime PV (2025) Biomaterials-based biofilters from sugarcane waste: an eco-friendly way to clean water and manage nutrients. Discover Mater 5: 56","DOI":"10.1007\/s43939-025-00234-6"},{"key":"2420_CR127","volume-title":"Microalgae","author":"L Valente","year":"2021","unstructured":"Valente L, Cabrita A, Maia M, Valente I, Engrola S, Fonseca A, Ribeiro D, Lordelo M, Martins C, E Cunha LF (2021) Microalgae. Elsevier, Amsterdam"},{"key":"2420_CR128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2022.111042","volume":"299","author":"J Varia","year":"2022","unstructured":"Varia J, Kamaleson C, Lerer L (2022) Biostimulation with phycocyanin-rich Spirulina extract in hydroponic vertical farming. Sci Hortic 299:111042","journal-title":"Sci Hortic"},{"key":"2420_CR129","first-page":"137","volume":"27","author":"CD Venkatachalam","year":"2022","unstructured":"Venkatachalam CD, Ravichandran SR, Sengottian M (2022) Lignocellulosic and algal biomass for bio-crude production using hydrothermal liquefaction: conversion techniques, mechanism and process conditions: a review. Environ Eng Res 27:137\u2013153","journal-title":"Environ Eng Res"},{"key":"2420_CR130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.5530\/ajbls.2024.13.37","volume":"13","author":"JK Venkatasamy","year":"2024","unstructured":"Venkatasamy JK, Duraisamy R, Chockalingam V (2024) The growth performance of Spirulina platensis on media supplemented with digested poultry droppings slurry of biogas plant. Asian J Biol Life Sci 13:287","journal-title":"Asian J Biol Life Sci"},{"key":"2420_CR131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2023.104280","volume":"143","author":"S Villar\u00f3-Cos","year":"2024","unstructured":"Villar\u00f3-Cos S, S\u00e1nchez JLG, Aci\u00e9n G, Lafarga T (2024) Research trends and current requirements and challenges in the industrial production of spirulina as a food source. Trends Food Sci Technol 143:104280","journal-title":"Trends Food Sci Technol"},{"key":"2420_CR132","first-page":"342","volume":"14","author":"DM Waheed","year":"2024","unstructured":"Waheed DM, El-Diasty M, Gabr EM (2024) Spirulina as an animal feed and its effect on animal health and productivity. J Adv Vet Res 14:342\u2013344","journal-title":"J Adv Vet Res"},{"key":"2420_CR133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1001621","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2023.1001621","volume":"10","author":"Z Wang","year":"2023","unstructured":"Wang Z, Liang Y, Lu J, Wei Z, Bao Y, Yao X, Fan Y, Wang F, Wang D, Zhang Y (2023) Dietary spirulina supplementation modifies rumen development, fermentation and bacteria composition in Hu sheep when consuming high-fat dietary. Front Vet Sci 10:1001621","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"2420_CR135","unstructured":"Wen YD (2025) From Microalgae to Sustainable Plastics: Preparing Protein Aggregates From Algal Biomass. Queen\u2019s University (Canada)"},{"key":"2420_CR136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1186\/s40643-020-00315-9","volume":"7","author":"EB Werlang","year":"2020","unstructured":"Werlang EB, Julich J, Muller MV, de Farias NF, Sierra-Ibarra E, Martinez A, Schneider RdCdS (2020) Bioethanol from hydrolyzed Spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) biomass using ethanologenic bacteria. Bioresour Bioprocess 7:27","journal-title":"Bioresour Bioprocess"},{"key":"2420_CR137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-025-03443-x","volume":"37","author":"A Williams","year":"2025","unstructured":"Williams A, Payne E, Harrison S, Fagan-Endres M (2025) The effect of the Spirulina platensis market price, C-phycocyanin selling price and process scale on the techno-economic profitability of a commercial, cosmetic-grade C-phycocyanin process in South Africa. J Appl Phycol 37:913\u2013939","journal-title":"J Appl Phycol"},{"key":"2420_CR138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.9734\/ajaar\/2020\/v12i130072","volume":"12","author":"YG Yanni","year":"2020","unstructured":"Yanni YG, Elashmouny AA, Elsadany AY (2020) Differential response of cotton growth, yield and fiber quality to foliar application of Spirulina platensis and urea fertilizer. Asian J Adv Agric Res 12:29\u201340","journal-title":"Asian J Adv Agric Res"},{"key":"2420_CR139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2024.131757","volume":"416","author":"C Yu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yu C, Xu R, Shao S, Zhou W (2025a) Enhancing lead tolerance in spirulina using glycine betaine under high CO2 and salinity for sustainable carbon capture. Bioresour Technol 416:131757","journal-title":"Bioresour Technol"},{"key":"2420_CR140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biortech.2025.132043","volume":"419","author":"C Yu","year":"2025","unstructured":"Yu C, Zheng J, Zhang Y, Hu Y, Luo W, Zhang J, Yu J, Liu J, Nixon PJ, Zhou W (2025b) Towards sustainable spirulina farming: enhancing productivity and biosafety with a salinity-biostimulants strategy. Bioresour Technol 419:132043","journal-title":"Bioresour Technol"},{"key":"2420_CR141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2018","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.10219","volume":"100","author":"CK Zen","year":"2020","unstructured":"Zen CK, Tiepo CBV, da Silva RV, Reinehr CO, Gutkoski LC, Oro T, Colla LM (2020) Development of functional pasta with microencapsulated Spirulina: technological and sensorial effects. J Sci Food Agric 100:2018\u20132026","journal-title":"J Sci Food Agric"},{"key":"2420_CR142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1016\/j.enconman.2016.10.034","volume":"141","author":"M Zheng","year":"2017","unstructured":"Zheng M, Schideman LC, Tommaso G, Chen W-T, Zhou Y, Nair K, Qian W, Zhang Y, Wang K (2017) Anaerobic digestion of wastewater generated from the hydrothermal liquefaction of Spirulina: toxicity assessment and minimization. Energy Convers Manag 141:420\u2013428","journal-title":"Energy Convers Manag"},{"key":"2420_CR143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.algal.2024.103826","volume":"85","author":"NO Zhila","year":"2025","unstructured":"Zhila NO, Kiselev EG, Shishatskaya EI, Ghorabe FD, Kazachenko AS, Volova TG (2025) Comparative study of the synthesis of polyhydroxyalkanoates by cyanobacteria Spirulina platensis and green microalga Chlorella vulgaris. Algal Res 85:103826","journal-title":"Algal Res"},{"key":"2420_CR144","first-page":"11","volume":"3","author":"MB Zrimec","year":"2023","unstructured":"Zrimec MB, Sforza E, Pattaro L, Carecci D, Ficara E, Id\u00e0 A, Ferrer-Ledo N, Canziani S, Mangini S, Lazar B, Papadaki S (2023) Advances in Spirulina cultivation: Techniques, challenges, and applications. Insights into Algae 3:11","journal-title":"Insights into Algae"}],"container-title":["Antonie van Leeuwenhoek"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10482-026-02420-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10482-026-02420-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10482-026-02420-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T09:03:11Z","timestamp":1788598991000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10482-026-02420-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"references-count":140,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["2420"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10482-026-02420-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["0003-6072","1572-9699"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0003-6072","type":"print"},{"value":"1572-9699","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"25 March 2026","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"23 August 2026","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"31 August 2026","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflicts of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"During the preparation of this manuscript, the authors used artificial intelligence (AI)-based tools solely to assist with preparation of figures, language editing, grammatical corrections, text refinement, and organization of the manuscript. The AI tools were used only to improve clarity, readability, and formatting of the manuscript. The AI system was not used to generate original research data, conduct independent analysis, interpret results, or draw scientific conclusions. All scientific concepts, methodology, analysis, and interpretations presented in this manuscript were developed and validated entirely by the authors. The authors have carefully reviewed and verified all AI-assisted content to ensure accuracy, reliability, and compliance with ethical and publication standards. No confidential, proprietary, or patient-identifiable data were uploaded to any AI platform. The authors take full responsibility for the integrity, originality, and accuracy of the content presented in this manuscript.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Artificial intelligence (AI) use disclosure statement","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}],"article-number":"209"}}