{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T03:21:42Z","timestamp":1784258502166,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654041600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654041600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HE 3342\/4-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HE 3342\/4-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TU 78\/5-2"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TU 78\/5-2"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006211","name":"Humboldt-Universit\u00e4t zu Berlin","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006211","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Models of social anxiety disorder (SAD) stress the relevance of physiological arousal. So far, limited research has been conducted in children with SAD in experimental stress designs. Thus, examining autonomic arousal, children with and without SAD completed a standardized social stressor (Trier Social Stress Test for Children-C; TSST-C). Pre-existing differences to healthy controls (HC) were expected to decrease after receiving cognitive behavior therapy (CBT). Children with SAD (n\u2009=\u200964) and HC children (n\u2009=\u200955) completed a TSST-C. Children with SAD participated in a second TSST-C after either cognitive-behavioral treatment or a waitlist-control period (WLC). As expected, children with SAD showed blunted heart rate reactivity compared to HC children. Further, children with SAD had elevated levels of tonic sympathetic arousal as indexed by skin conductance level compared to HC. Children with SAD showed lower parasympathetic arousal during the baseline compared to HC. Children receiving treatment did not differ from children in the WLC condition in a repeated social stress test. Psychophysiological differences between children with SAD and HC children could be confirmed as indicated by previous research. The lack of physiological effects of the intervention as an experimental manipulation might be related to slower changes in physiology compared to e.g. cognition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10484-022-09548-0","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T02:02:45Z","timestamp":1654048965000},"page":"199-212","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Autonomic Dysregulation in Child Social Anxiety Disorder: An Experimental Design Using CBT Treatment"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"47","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2740-6070","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Julia","family":"Asbrand","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claus","family":"V\u00f6gele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nina","family":"Heinrichs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Nitschke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brunna","family":"Tuschen-Caffier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"9548_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.11.056","volume":"175C","author":"A Alkozei","year":"2014","unstructured":"Alkozei, A., Creswell, C., Cooper, P. J., & Allen, J. J. B. (2014). Autonomic arousal in childhood anxiety disorders: Associations with state anxiety and social anxiety disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 175C, 25\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2014.11.056","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"key":"9548_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.11.056","volume":"175","author":"A Alkozei","year":"2015","unstructured":"Alkozei, A., Creswell, C., Cooper, P. J., & Allen, J. J. B. (2015). Autonomic arousal in childhood anxiety disorders: Associations with state anxiety and social anxiety disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 175, 25\u201333. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2014.11.056","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"key":"9548_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2013.11.005","volume":"38","author":"AP Allen","year":"2014","unstructured":"Allen, A. P., Kennedy, P. J., Cryan, J. F., Dinan, T. G., & Clarke, G. (2014). Biological and psychological markers of stress in humans: Focus on the Trier Social Stress Test. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 38, 94\u2013124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2013.11.005","journal-title":"Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"9548_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2016.11.001","volume":"6","author":"AP Allen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Allen, A. P., Kennedy, P. J., Dockray, S., Cryan, J. F., Dinan, T. G., & Clarke, G. (2017). The Trier Social Stress Test: Principles and practice. Neurobiology of Stress, 6, 113\u2013126. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ynstr.2016.11.001","journal-title":"Neurobiology of Stress"},{"issue":"1","key":"9548_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.janxdis.2008.03.011","volume":"23","author":"ER Anderson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Anderson, E. R., & Hope, D. A. (2009). The relationship among social phobia, objective and perceived physiological reactivity, and anxiety sensitivity in an adolescent population. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 23(1), 18\u201326.","journal-title":"Journal of Anxiety Disorders"},{"key":"9548_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-016-0147-7","author":"J Asbrand","year":"2017","unstructured":"Asbrand, J., Blechert, J., Nitschke, K., Tuschen-Caffier, B., & Schmitz, J. (2017). Aroused at home: Basic autonomic regulation during orthostatic and physical activation is altered in children with social anxiety disorder. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10802-016-0147-7","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology"},{"key":"9548_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-019-00954-w","author":"J Asbrand","year":"2020","unstructured":"Asbrand, J., Heinrichs, N., Schmidtendorf, S., Nitschke, K., & Tuschen-Caffier, B. (2020). Experience versus report: Where are changes seen after exposure-based cognitive\u2014Behavioral therapy? A randomized controlled group treatment of childhood social anxiety disorder. Child Psychiatry & Human Development. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10578-019-00954-w","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry & Human Development"},{"issue":"12","key":"9548_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1945","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-019-00558-x","volume":"47","author":"J Asbrand","year":"2019","unstructured":"Asbrand, J., Schmitz, J., Kr\u00e4mer, M., Nitschke, K., Heinrichs, N., & Tuschen-Caffier, B. (2019). Effects of group-based CBT on post-event processing in children with social anxiety disorder following an experimental social stressor. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 47(12), 1945\u20131956.","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology"},{"key":"9548_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Asbrand, J., Schulz, A., Heinrichs, N., & Tuschen-Caffier, B. (2020). Biased perception of physiological arousal in child social anxiety disorder before and after cognitive behavioral treatment. Clinical Psychology in Europe 2(2). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.32872\/cpe.v2i2.2691","DOI":"10.32872\/cpe.v2i2.2691"},{"key":"9548_CR10","unstructured":"Barto\u0144, K. (2019). MuMIn: Multi-Model Inference. R package version 1.43.15. https:\/\/CRAN.R-project.org\/package=MuMIn"},{"issue":"2","key":"9548_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579401002012","volume":"13","author":"TP Beauchaine","year":"2001","unstructured":"Beauchaine, T. P. (2001). Vagal tone, development, and Gray\u2019s motivational theory: Toward an integrated model of autonomic nervous system functioning in psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 13(2), 183\u2013214. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0954579401002012","journal-title":"Development and Psychopathology"},{"issue":"1","key":"9548_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7894(00)80005-2","volume":"31","author":"DC Beidel","year":"2001","unstructured":"Beidel, D. C., Turner, S. M., Hamlin, K., & Morris, T. L. (2001). The Social Phobia and Anxiety Inventory for Children (SPAI-C): External and discriminative validity. Behavior Therapy, 31(1), 75\u201387.","journal-title":"Behavior Therapy"},{"key":"9548_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1994.tb01024.x","volume":"31","author":"GG Berntson","year":"1994","unstructured":"Berntson, G. G., Cacioppo, J. T., Quigley, K. S., & Fabro, V. T. (1994). Autonomic space and psychophysiological response. Psychophysiology, 31, 44\u201361.","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"9548_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-015-0665-1","volume":"48","author":"J Blechert","year":"2016","unstructured":"Blechert, J., Peyk, P., Liedlgruber, M., & Wilhelm, F. H. (2016). ANSLAB: Integrated multichannel peripheral biosignal processing in psychophysiological science. Behavior Research Methods, 48(4), 1528\u20131545. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13428-015-0665-1","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"key":"9548_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Britton, Willoughby, B., Shahar, B., Szepsenwol, O., & Jacobs, W. J. (2012). Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy improves emotional reactivity to social stress: Results from a randomized controlled trial. Behavior Therapy, 43(2), 365\u2013380. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.beth.2011.08.006","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beth.2011.08.006"},{"issue":"9","key":"9548_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"870","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2011.06.005","volume":"50","author":"M Burstein","year":"2011","unstructured":"Burstein, M., He, J. P., Kattan, G., Albano, A. M., Avenevoli, S., & Merikangas, K. R. (2011). Social phobia and subtypes in the National Comorbidity Survey-Adolescent Supplement: Prevalence, correlates, and comorbidity. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 50(9), 870\u2013880. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jaac.2011.06.005","journal-title":"Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"issue":"4","key":"9548_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-199707000-00012","volume":"59","author":"A Buske-Kirschbaum","year":"1997","unstructured":"Buske-Kirschbaum, A., Jobst, S., Wustmans, A., Kirschbaum, C., Rauh, W., & Hellhammer, D. H. (1997). Attenuated free cortisol response to psychosocial stress in children with atopic dermatitis. Psychosomatic Medicine, 59(4), 419\u2013426.","journal-title":"Psychosomatic Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"9548_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"352","DOI":"10.1007\/s10567-007-0028-2","volume":"10","author":"BC Chu","year":"2007","unstructured":"Chu, B. C., & Harrison, T. L. (2007). Disorder-specific effects of CBT for anxious and depressed youth: A meta-analysis of candidate mediators of change. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 10(4), 352\u2013372.","journal-title":"Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review"},{"issue":"4","key":"9548_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1002\/mus.25573","volume":"56","author":"AB Ciccone","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ciccone, A. B., Siedlik, J. A., Wecht, J. M., Deckert, J. A., Nguyen, N. D., & Weir, J. P. (2017). Reminder: RMSSD and SD1 are identical heart rate variability metrics. Muscle & Nerve, 56(4), 674\u2013678.","journal-title":"Muscle & Nerve"},{"key":"9548_CR20","first-page":"69","volume-title":"Social phobia: Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment","author":"DM Clark","year":"1995","unstructured":"Clark, D. M., & Wells, A. (1995). A cognitive model of social phobia. In R. G. Heimberg, M. Liebowitz, D. Hope, & F. Scheier (Eds.), Social phobia: Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment (pp. 69\u201393). Guilford Press."},{"issue":"6","key":"9548_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.3109\/15622975.2014.892632","volume":"15","author":"J Diemer","year":"2014","unstructured":"Diemer, J., M\u00fchlberger, A., Pauli, P., & Zwanzger, P. (2014). Virtual reality exposure in anxiety disorders: Impact on psychophysiological reactivity. World Journal of Biological Psychiatry, 15(6), 427\u2013442. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3109\/15622975.2014.892632","journal-title":"World Journal of Biological Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"9548_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2005.08.009","volume":"74","author":"BH Friedman","year":"2007","unstructured":"Friedman, B. H. (2007). An autonomic flexibility-neurovisceral integration model of anxiety and cardiac vagal tone. Biological Psychology, 74(2), 185\u2013199. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2005.08.009","journal-title":"Biological Psychology"},{"issue":"15","key":"9548_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2578","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291717001003","volume":"47","author":"VC Goessl","year":"2017","unstructured":"Goessl, V. C., Curtiss, J. E., & Hofmann, S. G. (2017). The effect of heart rate variability biofeedback training on stress and anxiety: A meta-analysis. Psychological Medicine, 47(15), 2578\u20132586. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0033291717001003","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"key":"9548_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2009.04.014","volume":"179","author":"K Greaves-Lord","year":"2010","unstructured":"Greaves-Lord, K., Tulen, J., Dietrich, A., Sondeijker, F., van Roon, A., Oldehinkel, A., et al. (2010). Reduced autonomic flexibility as a predictor for future anxiety in girls from the general population: The TRAILS study. Psychiatry Research, 179, 187\u2013193.","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"9548_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1080\/15374416.2015.1046177","volume":"45","author":"CK Higa-McMillan","year":"2016","unstructured":"Higa-McMillan, C. K., Francis, S. E., Rith-Najarian, L., & Chorpita, B. F. (2016). Evidence base update: 50 years of research on treatment for child and adolescent anxiety. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 45(2), 91\u2013113.","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology"},{"issue":"262","key":"9548_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.01.006","volume":"2","author":"EA Hoge","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hoge, E. A., Bui, E., Palitz, S. A., Schwarz, N. R., Owens, M. E., Johnston, J. M., et al. (2018). The effect of mindfulness meditation training on biological acute stress responses in generalized anxiety disorder. Psychiatry Research, 2(262), 328\u2013332. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.01.006","journal-title":"Psychiatry Research"},{"key":"9548_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2015.06.007","volume":"72","author":"JL Hudson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hudson, J. L., Rapee, R. M., Lyneham, H. J., McLellan, L. F., Wuthrich, V. M., & Schniering, C. A. (2015). Comparing outcomes for children with different anxiety disorders following cognitive behavioural therapy. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 72, 30\u201337. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brat.2015.06.007","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"issue":"3","key":"9548_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.12518","volume":"53","author":"MJ Kozak","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kozak, M. J., & Cuthbert, B. N. (2016). The NIMH research domain criteria initiative: Background, issues, and pragmatics. Psychophysiology, 53(3), 286\u2013297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/psyp.12518","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"9548_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-011-9548-9","volume":"40","author":"M Kr\u00e4mer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kr\u00e4mer, M., Seefeldt, W. L., Heinrichs, N., Tuschen-Caffier, B., Schmitz, J., Wolf, O. T., & Blechert, J. (2012). Subjective, autonomic, and endocrine reactivity during social stress in children with social phobia. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 40(1), 95\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10802-011-9548-9","journal-title":"Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"9548_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"394","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2010.03.010","volume":"84","author":"SD Kreibig","year":"2010","unstructured":"Kreibig, S. D. (2010). Autonomic nervous system activity in emotion: A review. Biological Psychology, 84(3), 394\u2013421. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2010.03.010","journal-title":"Biological Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"9548_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327558ijbm1102_8","volume":"11","author":"BM Kudielka","year":"2004","unstructured":"Kudielka, B. M., Buske-Kirschbaum, A., Hellhammer, D. H., & Kirschbaum, C. (2004). Differential heart rate reactivity and recovery after psychosocial stress (TSST) in health children, younger adults, and elderly adults: The impact of age and gender. International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 11(2), 116\u2013121.","journal-title":"International Journal of Behavioral Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"9548_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7894(98)80024-5","volume":"29","author":"PJ Lang","year":"1998","unstructured":"Lang, P. J., Cuthbert, B. N., & Bradley, M. M. (1998). Measuring emotion in therapy: Imagery, activation, and feeling. Behavior Therapy, 29(4), 655\u2013674. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0005-7894(98)80024-5","journal-title":"Behavior Therapy"},{"issue":"3","key":"9548_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.12462","volume":"53","author":"PJ Lang","year":"2016","unstructured":"Lang, P. J., Mcteague, L. M., & Bradley, M. M. (2016). RDoC, DSM, and the reflex physiology of fear: A biodimensional analysis of the anxiety disorders spectrum. Psychophysiology, 53(3), 336\u2013347. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/psyp.12462","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"9548_CR34","first-page":"4","volume":"1","author":"R Lenth","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lenth, R. (2020). emmeans: Estimated Marginal Means, aka Least-Squares Means. R Package Version, 1(4), 4.","journal-title":"R Package Version"},{"issue":"2","key":"9548_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1986.tb00618.x","volume":"23","author":"KA Matthews","year":"1986","unstructured":"Matthews, K. A., Manuck, S. B., & Saab, P. G. (1986). Cardiovascular responses of adolescents during a naturally occurring stressor and their behavioral and psychophysiological predictors. Psychophysiology, 23(2), 198\u2013209.","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"9548_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1024\/1422-4917\/a000138","volume":"39","author":"S Melfsen","year":"2011","unstructured":"Melfsen, S., Walitza, S., & Warnke, A. (2011). Psychometrische Eigenschaften und Normierung des Sozialphobie und -angstinventars f\u00fcr Kinder (SPAIK) an einer klinischen Stichprobe. Zeitschrift F\u00fcr Kinder- Und Jugendpsychiatrie Und Psychotherapie, 39(6), 399\u2013406. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1024\/1422-4917\/a000138","journal-title":"Zeitschrift F\u00fcr Kinder- Und Jugendpsychiatrie Und Psychotherapie"},{"issue":"4","key":"9548_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.1997.tb01531.x","volume":"38","author":"E Mezzacappa","year":"1997","unstructured":"Mezzacappa, E., Tremblay, R. E., Kindlon, D., Saul, J. P., Arseneault, L., Seguin, J., et al. (1997). Anxiety, antisocial behavior, and heart rate regulation in adolescent males. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 38(4), 457\u2013469.","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines"},{"issue":"4","key":"9548_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.5127\/jep.019411","volume":"2","author":"AC Miers","year":"2011","unstructured":"Miers, A. C., Bl\u00f6te, A. W., Sumter, S. R., Kallen, V. L., & Westenberg, P. M. (2011). Subjective and objective arousal correspondence and the role of self-monitoring processes in high and low socially anxious youth. Journal of Experimental Psychopathology, 2(4), 531\u2013550.","journal-title":"Journal of Experimental Psychopathology"},{"issue":"2","key":"9548_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1017\/S146114570100236X","volume":"4","author":"C Monk","year":"2001","unstructured":"Monk, C., Kovelenko, P., Ellman, L. M., Sloan, R. P., Bagiella, E., Gorman, J. M., & Pine, D. S. (2001). Enhanced stress reactivity in paediatric anxiety disorders: Implications for future cardiovascular health. The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 4(2), 199\u2013206. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S146114570100236X","journal-title":"The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"9548_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116072","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2019.116072","volume":"202","author":"JS Mulcahy","year":"2019","unstructured":"Mulcahy, J. S., Larsson, D. E., Garfinkel, S. N., & Critchley, H. D. (2019). Heart rate variability as a biomarker in health and affective disorders: A perspective on neuroimaging studies. NeuroImage, 202, 116072.","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"issue":"5","key":"9548_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-6185(01)00073-1","volume":"15","author":"S Mulkens","year":"2001","unstructured":"Mulkens, S., B\u00f6gels, S. M., De Jong, P. J., & Louwers, J. (2001). Fear of blushing: Effects of task concentration training versus exposure in vivo on fear and physiology. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 15(5), 413\u2013432. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0887-6185(01)00073-1","journal-title":"Journal of Anxiety Disorders"},{"key":"9548_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autneu.2017.08.008","volume":"208","author":"M Paniccia","year":"2017","unstructured":"Paniccia, M., Paniccia, D., Thomas, S., Taha, T., & Reed, N. (2017). Clinical and non-clinical depression and anxiety in young people: A scoping review on heart rate variability. Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical, 208, 1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.autneu.2017.08.008","journal-title":"Autonomic Neuroscience: Basic and Clinical"},{"issue":"2","key":"9548_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2006.06.009","volume":"74","author":"SW Porges","year":"2007","unstructured":"Porges, S. W. (2007). The polyvagal perspective. Biological Psychology, 74(2), 116\u2013143. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.biopsycho.2006.06.009","journal-title":"Biological Psychology"},{"key":"9548_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2302(199612)29:8<697::AID-DEV5>3.0.CO;2-O","volume":"29","author":"SW Porges","year":"1996","unstructured":"Porges, S. W., Doussard-Roosevelt, J. A., Portales, A. L., & Greenspan, S. I. (1996). Infant regulation of the vagal \u2018brake\u2019 predicts child behavior problems: A psychobiological model of social behavior. Developmental Psychobiology, 29, 697\u2013712.","journal-title":"Developmental Psychobiology"},{"key":"9548_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8986.1996.tb02438.x","volume":"33","author":"KS Quigley","year":"1996","unstructured":"Quigley, K. S., & Berntson, G. G. (1996). Autonomic interactions and chronotropic control of the heart: Heart period versus heart rate. Psychophysiology, 33, 605\u2013611.","journal-title":"Psychophysiology"},{"issue":"6","key":"9548_CR46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1181","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2006.07.015","volume":"45","author":"PA Rao","year":"2007","unstructured":"Rao, P. A., Beidel, D. C., Turner, S. M., Ammerman, R. T., Crosby, L. E., & Sallee, F. R. (2007). Social anxiety disorder in childhood and adolescence: Descriptive psychopathology. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(6), 1181\u20131191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brat.2006.07.015","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"issue":"3","key":"9548_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1037\/met0000184","volume":"24","author":"JD Rights","year":"2019","unstructured":"Rights, J. D., & Sterba, S. K. (2019). Quantifying explained variance in multilevel models: An integrative framework for defining R-squared measures. Psychological Methods, 24(3), 309.","journal-title":"Psychological Methods"},{"issue":"12","key":"9548_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-017-1001-3","volume":"26","author":"M Rozenman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rozenman, M., Sturm, A., McCracken, J. T., & Piacentini, J. (2017). Autonomic arousal in anxious and typically developing youth during a stressor involving error feedback. European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 26(12), 1423\u20131432. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-017-1001-3","journal-title":"European Child and Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"9548_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1098-2302(199909)35:2<119::AID-DEV5>3.0.CO;2-G","volume":"35","author":"LA Schmidt","year":"1999","unstructured":"Schmidt, L. A., Fox, N. A., Schulkin, J., & Gold, P. W. (1999). Behavioral and psychophysiological correlates of self-presentation in temperamentally shy children. Developmental Psychobiology, 35(2), 119\u2013135.","journal-title":"Developmental Psychobiology"},{"issue":"11","key":"9548_CR50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2011.02417.x","volume":"52","author":"J Schmitz","year":"2011","unstructured":"Schmitz, J., Kr\u00e4mer, M., Tuschen-Caffier, B., Heinrichs, N., & Blechert, J. (2011). Restricted autonomic flexibility in children with social phobia. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 52(11), 1203\u20131211. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-7610.2011.02417.x","journal-title":"Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry"},{"issue":"10","key":"9548_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-013-0405-y","volume":"22","author":"J Schmitz","year":"2013","unstructured":"Schmitz, J., Tuschen-Caffier, B., Wilhelm, F. H., & Blechert, J. (2013). Taking a closer look: Autonomic dysregulation in socially anxious children. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 22(10), 631\u2013640. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-013-0405-y","journal-title":"European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"key":"9548_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"104582","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2020.104582","volume":"116","author":"JA Seddon","year":"2020","unstructured":"Seddon, J. A., Rodriguez, V. J., Provencher, Y., Raftery-Helmer, J., Hersh, J., Labelle, P. R., & Thomassin, K. (2020). Meta-analysis of the effectiveness of the Trier Social Stress Test in eliciting physiological stress responses in children and adolescents. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 116, 104582.","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"issue":"3","key":"9548_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-013-0443-5","volume":"23","author":"J Siess","year":"2014","unstructured":"Siess, J., Blechert, J., & Schmitz, J. (2014). Psychophysiological arousal and biased perception of bodily anxiety symptoms in socially anxious children and adolescents: A systematic review. European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 23(3), 127\u2013142. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00787-013-0443-5","journal-title":"European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"9548_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2011.11.009","volume":"36","author":"JF Thayer","year":"2012","unstructured":"Thayer, J. F., \u00c5hs, F., Fredrikson, M., Sollers, J. J., III., & Wager, T. D. (2012). A meta-analysis of heart rate variability and neuroimaging studies: Implications for heart rate variability as a marker of stress and health. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 36(2), 747\u2013756.","journal-title":"Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews"},{"key":"9548_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-0327(00)00338-4","volume":"61","author":"JF Thayer","year":"2000","unstructured":"Thayer, J. F., & Lane, R. D. (2000). A model of neurovisceral integration in ER and dysregulation. Journal of Affective Disorders, 61, 201\u2013216.","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"key":"9548_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2015.00261","volume":"6","author":"DP Williams","year":"2015","unstructured":"Williams, D. P., Cash, C., Rankin, C., Bernardi, A., Koenig, J., & Thayer, J. F. (2015). Resting heart rate variability predicts self-reported difficulties in emotion regulation: A focus on different facets of emotion regulation. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 261.","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"9548_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1002\/da.1019","volume":"13","author":"VK Yeragani","year":"2001","unstructured":"Yeragani, V. K., Rao, K. A., Pohl, R., Jampala, V. C., & Balon, R. (2001). Heart rate and QT variability in children with anxiety disorders: A preliminary report. Depression and Anxiety, 13(2), 72\u201377.","journal-title":"Depression and Anxiety"}],"container-title":["Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10484-022-09548-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10484-022-09548-0\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10484-022-09548-0.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,19]],"date-time":"2022-07-19T17:09:39Z","timestamp":1658250579000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10484-022-09548-0"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9]]}},"alternative-id":["9548"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10484-022-09548-0","relation":{},"ISSN":["1090-0586","1573-3270"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1090-0586","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-3270","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"4 May 2022","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"1 June 2022","order":2,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and\/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. An independent ethics committee (ethic committee of the German Society for Psychology [DGPs]) granted ethical approval for this study.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants (both parents and children) included in the study in written form.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed Consent"}}]}}