{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T03:52:36Z","timestamp":1789789956085,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,6]],"date-time":"2020-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601942400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,6]],"date-time":"2020-10-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601942400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R01AI136035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01AI136035"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Exp Appl Acarol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10493-020-00555-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,6]],"date-time":"2020-10-06T22:03:03Z","timestamp":1602021783000},"page":"529-541","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Genetic diversity of Rickettsia africae isolates from Amblyomma hebraeum and blood from cattle in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"82","author":[{"given":"Alicia D.","family":"Pillay","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6843-1497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S.","family":"Mukaratirwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"555_CR1","first-page":"507","volume-title":"Infectious diseases of livestock","author":"BA Allsopp","year":"2004","unstructured":"Allsopp BA, Bezuidenhout JD, Prozesky L (2004) Infectious diseases of livestock. Oxford University Press, Cape Town, pp 507\u2013535"},{"key":"555_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2836(05)80360-2","volume":"215","author":"SF Altschul","year":"1990","unstructured":"Altschul SF, Gish W, Miller W, Meyers EW, Lipman DJ (1990) Basic Local Alignment Search Tool. J Mol Biol 215:403\u2013410","journal-title":"J Mol Biol"},{"key":"555_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.14.3.883","volume":"14","author":"N Barr\u00e9","year":"1995","unstructured":"Barr\u00e9 N, Garris G, Camus E (1995) Propagation of the tick Amblyomma variegatum in the Caribbean. Rev Sci Tech 14:841\u2013855","journal-title":"Rev Sci Tech"},{"key":"555_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D30","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku1216","volume":"43","author":"DA Benson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Benson DA, Clark K, Karsch-Mizrachi I, Lipman DJ, Ostell J, Sayers EW (2015) GenBank. Nucleic Acids Res 43:D30\u2013D35","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"555_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2005.72.249","volume":"72","author":"S Bereczky","year":"2005","unstructured":"Bereczky S, M\u00e5rtensson A, Gil JP, F\u00e4rnert A (2005) Short report: Rapid DNA extraction from archive blood spots on filter paper for genotyping of Plasmodium falciparum. Am J Trop Med Hyg 72:249\u2013251","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"555_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010639113793","volume":"24","author":"NR Bryson","year":"2000","unstructured":"Bryson NR, Horak IG, Venter EH, Yunker CE (2000) Collection of free-living nymphs and adults of Amblyomma hebraeum (Acari: Ixodidae) with pheromone\/carbon dioxide traps at 5 different ecological sites in heartwater endemic regions of South Africa. Exp Appl Acarol 24:971\u2013982","journal-title":"Exp Appl Acarol"},{"key":"555_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3156.2008.02118.x","volume":"13","author":"CIR Chandler","year":"2008","unstructured":"Chandler CIR, Chonya S, Boniface G, Juma K, Reyburn H, Whitty CJM (2008) The importance of context in malaria diagnosis and treatment decisions\u2014a quantitative analysis of observed clinical encounters in Tanzania. Trop Med Int Health 13:1131\u20131142","journal-title":"Trop Med Int Health"},{"key":"555_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4663","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.64.12.4663-4669.1998","volume":"64","author":"TJ Daniels","year":"1998","unstructured":"Daniels TJ, Boccia TM, Varde S, Marcus J, Le J, Bucher DJ, Falco RC, Schwartz I (1998) Geographic risk for lyme disease and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in southern New York state. Appl Environ Microbiol 64:4663\u20134669","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"555_CR11","first-page":"91","volume":"3","author":"NM Eisawi","year":"2017","unstructured":"Eisawi NM, Hassan DA, Hussien MO, Musa AB, El Hussein ARM (2017) Seroprevalence of spotted fever group (SFG) rickettsiae infection in domestic ruminants in Khartoum State, Sudan. Vet Med 3:91\u201398","journal-title":"Vet Med"},{"key":"555_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5456","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.12.5456-5465.2003","volume":"41","author":"PE Fournier","year":"2003","unstructured":"Fournier PE, Dumler JS, Greub G, Zhang J, Wu Y, Raoult D (2003) Gene sequence-based criteria for identification of new Rickettsia isolates and description of Rickettsia heilongjiangensis sp. nov. J Clin Microbiol 41:5456\u20135465","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"555_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa051331","volume":"354","author":"DO Freedman","year":"2006","unstructured":"Freedman DO, Weld LH, Kozarsky PE, Fisk T, Robins R, von Sonnenburg F, Keystone JS, Pandey P et al (2006) Spectrum of disease and relation to place of exposure among Ill returned travelers. N Engl J Med 354:119\u2013130","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"555_CR14","first-page":"95","volume":"41","author":"TA Hall","year":"1999","unstructured":"Hall TA (1999) BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95\/98\/NT. Nucleic Acids Res 41:95\u201398","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"555_CR15","first-page":"1","volume":"78","author":"IG Horak","year":"2011","unstructured":"Horak IG, Gallivan GJ, Spickett AM (2011) The dynamics of questing ticks collected for 164 consecutive months off the vegetation of two landscape zones in the Kruger National Park (1988\u20132002). Part I. Total ticks, Amblyomma hebraeum and Rhipicephalus decoloratus. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 78:1\u201310","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J Vet Res"},{"key":"555_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.4102\/ojvr.v74i3.126","volume":"74","author":"IG Horak","year":"2007","unstructured":"Horak IG, Golezardy H, Uys AC (2007) Ticks associated with the three largest wild ruminant species in southern Africa. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 74:231\u2013242","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J Vet Res"},{"key":"555_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1086\/375083","volume":"36","author":"M Jensenius","year":"2003","unstructured":"Jensenius M, Fournier PE, Vene S, Hoel T, Hasle G, Henriksen AZ, Hellum KB, Raoult D, Myrvang B (2003) African tick bite fever in travelers to rural sub-Equatorial Africa. Clin Infect Dis 36:1411\u20131417","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"555_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0004788","volume":"10","author":"G Kimita","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kimita G, Mutai B, Nyanjom SG, Wamunyokoli F, Waitumbi J (2016) Phylogenetic variants of Rickettsia africae, and incidental identification of \"Candidatus Rickettsia moyalensis\" in Kenya. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 10:1\u201314","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"555_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1870","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msw054","volume":"33","author":"S Kumar","year":"2016","unstructured":"Kumar S, Stecher G, Tamura K (2016) MEGA7: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis version 7.0 for Bigger Datasets. Mol Biol Evol 33:1870\u20131874","journal-title":"Mol Biol Evol"},{"key":"555_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2003.68.551","volume":"68","author":"KR Macaluso","year":"2003","unstructured":"Macaluso KR, Davis J, Alam U, Korman A, Rutherford JS, Rosenberg R, Azad AF (2003) Spotted fever group rickettsiae in ticks from the Masai Mara region of Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68:551\u2013553","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"555_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2014.1578","volume":"14","author":"AN Maina","year":"2014","unstructured":"Maina AN, Jiang J, Omulo SA, Cutler SJ, Ade F, Ogola E, Feikin DR, Njenga MK, Cleaveland S, Mpoke S, Ng'ang'a Z, Breiman RF, Knobel DL, Richards AL (2014) High prevalence of Rickettsia africae variants in Amblyomma variegatum ticks from domestic mammals in rural Western Kenya: Implications for Human Health. Vector-Borne Zoonot Dis 14:693\u2013702","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonot Dis"},{"key":"555_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1292\/jvms.15-0170","volume":"77","author":"K Mtshali","year":"2016","unstructured":"Mtshali K, Khumalo Z, Nakao R, Grab DJ, Sugimoto C, Thekisoe O (2016) Molecular detection of zoonotic tick-borne pathogens from ticks collected from ruminants in four South African provinces. J Vet Med Sci 77:1573\u20131579","journal-title":"J Vet Med Sci"},{"key":"555_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2012.0977","volume":"13","author":"BK Mutai","year":"2013","unstructured":"Mutai BK, Wainaina JM, Magiri CG, Nganga JK, Ithondeka PM, Njagi ON, Jiang J, Richards AL, Waitumbi JN (2013) Zoonotic surveillance for Rickettsiae in domestic animals in Kenya. Vector-Borne Zoonot Dis 13:360\u2013366","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonot Dis"},{"key":"555_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2013.07.001","volume":"4","author":"R Nakao","year":"2013","unstructured":"Nakao R, Qiu Y, Igarashi M, Magona JW, Zhou L, Ito K, Sugimoto C (2013) High prevalence of spotted fever group rickettsiae in Amblyomma variegatum from Uganda and their identification using sizes of intergenic spacers. Ticks Tick-Borne Dis 4:506\u2013512","journal-title":"Ticks Tick-Borne Dis"},{"key":"555_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01193659","volume":"13","author":"RAI Norval","year":"1991","unstructured":"Norval RAI, Andrew HR, Meltzer MI (1991) Seasonal occurrence of the bont tick (Amblyomma hebraeum) in the southern lowveld of Zimbabwe. Exp Appl Acarol 13:81\u201396","journal-title":"Exp Appl Acarol"},{"key":"555_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.4102\/ojvr.v78i1.320","volume":"78","author":"N Nyangiwe","year":"2011","unstructured":"Nyangiwe N, Goni S, Herv\u00e9-Claude LP, Ruddat I, Horak IG (2011) Ticks on pastures and on two breeds of cattle in the Eastern Cape province, South Africa. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 78:9","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J Vet Res"},{"key":"555_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1078","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.23.6.1078-1083.1986","volume":"23","author":"GH Palmer","year":"1986","unstructured":"Palmer GH, Barbet AF, Kuttler KL, McGuire TC (1986) Detection of an Anaplasma marginale common surface protein present in all stages of infection. J Clin Microbiol 23:1078\u20131083","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"555_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.18.4.719-756.2005","volume":"18","author":"P Parola","year":"2005","unstructured":"Parola P, Paddock CD, Raoult D (2005) Tick-borne rickettsioses around the world: emerging diseases challenging old concepts. Clin Microbiol Rev 18:719\u2013756","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"555_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1999.60.888","volume":"60","author":"P Parola","year":"1999","unstructured":"Parola P, Vestris G, Martinez D, Brochier B, Roux V, Raoult D (1999) Tick-borne rickettiosis in Guadeloupe, the French West Indies: Isolation of Rickettsia africae from Amblyomma variegatum ticks and serosurvey in humans, cattle, and goats. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60:888\u2013893","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"key":"555_CR45","first-page":"381","volume":"54","author":"TN Petney","year":"1987","unstructured":"Petney TN, Horak IG, Rechav Y (1987) The ecology of the african vectors of heartwater, with particular reference to Amblyomma hebraeum and Amblyomma variegatum. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 54:381\u2013395","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J Vet Res"},{"key":"555_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"694","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.10.4.694","volume":"10","author":"D Raoult","year":"1997","unstructured":"Raoult D, Roux V (1997) Rickettsioses as paradigms of new or emerging infectious diseases. Clin Microbiol Rev 10:694\u2013719","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"555_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1603\/033.046.0429","volume":"46","author":"JB Robinson","year":"2009","unstructured":"Robinson JB, Eremeeva ME, Olson PE, Thornton SA, Medina MJ, Sumner JW, Daschi FA (2009) New approaches to detection and identification of Rickettsia africae and Ehrlichia ruminantium in Amblyomma variegatum (Acari: Ixodidae) ticks from the Caribbean. J Med Entomol 46:942\u2013951","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"key":"555_CR36","unstructured":"Spickett AM (2013) Ixodid Ticks of Major Economic Importance and Their Distribution in South Africa, pp 79\u201379"},{"key":"555_CR37","first-page":"27","volume":"58","author":"AM Spickett","year":"1991","unstructured":"Spickett AM, Horak IG, Braack LE, van Ark H (1991) Drag-sampling of free-living ixodid ticks in the Kruger National Park. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 58:27\u201332","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J Vet Res"},{"key":"555_CR38","volume-title":"Veterinary Epidemiology","author":"M Thrusfield","year":"1995","unstructured":"Thrusfield M (1995) Veterinary Epidemiology, 2nd edn. Black Wellscience Ltd, London","edition":"2"},{"key":"555_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-37836-5","volume":"9","author":"MJ Thu","year":"2019","unstructured":"Thu MJ, Qiu Y, Matsuno K, Kajihara M, Mori-Kajihara A, Omori R, Monma N, Chiba K, Seto J, Gokuden M, Andoh M, Oosako H, Katakura K, Takada A, Sugimoto C, Isoda N, Nakao R (2019) Diversity of spotted fever group rickettsiae and their association with host ticks in Japan. Sci Rep 9:1500\u20131500","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"555_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.2.575-583.2002","volume":"40","author":"MLC Tondella","year":"2002","unstructured":"Tondella MLC, Talkington DF, Holloway BP, Dowell SF, Cowley K, Soriano-Gabarro M, Elkind MS, Fields BS (2002) Development and evaluation of real-time PCR-based fluorescence assays for detection of Chlamydia pneumoniae. J Clin Microbiol 40:575\u2013583","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"555_CR41","unstructured":"Walker AR, Bouattour A, Camicas JL, Estrada-Pena A, Horak IG, Latif AA, Pegram RG, PrestonPM (2003) Ticks of domestic animals in Africa: a guide to identification of species. Edinburgh (Scotland) Bioscience Reports."},{"key":"555_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-318","volume":"7","author":"K Wallm\u00e9nius","year":"2014","unstructured":"Wallm\u00e9nius K, Barboutis C, Fransson T, Jaenson TGT, Lindgren PE, Nystr\u00f6m F, Olsen B, Salaneck E, Nilsson K (2014) Spotted fever Rickettsia species in Hyalomma and Ixodes ticks infesting migratory birds in the European Mediterranean area. Parasites Vectors 7:318","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"},{"key":"555_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/s10493-018-0234-2","volume":"74","author":"M Yawa","year":"2018","unstructured":"Yawa M, Nyangiwe N, Muchenje V, Kadzere CT, Mpendulo TC, Marufu MC (2018) Ecological preferences and seasonal dynamics of ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) on and off bovine hosts in the Eastern Cape province, South Africa. Exp Appl Acarol 74:317\u2013328","journal-title":"Exp Appl Acarol"},{"key":"555_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-7-444","volume":"7","author":"A Yssouf","year":"2014","unstructured":"Yssouf A, Socolovschi C, Kernif T, Temmam S, Lagadec E, Tortosa P, Parola P (2014) First molecular detection of Rickettsia africae in ticks from the Union of the Comoros. Parasites Vectors 7:444\u2013444","journal-title":"Parasites Vectors"}],"container-title":["Experimental and Applied Acarology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10493-020-00555-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10493-020-00555-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10493-020-00555-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,6]],"date-time":"2021-10-06T06:01:19Z","timestamp":1633500079000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10493-020-00555-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,6]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]}},"alternative-id":["555"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10493-020-00555-6","relation":{},"ISSN":["0168-8162","1572-9702"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0168-8162","type":"print"},{"value":"1572-9702","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 July 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 September 2020","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"6 October 2020","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Compliance with ethical standards"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no competing interests.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interests"}},{"value":"Ethical considerations were fulfilled by obtaining approval of the study from the Animal Research Ethics Committee, University of KwaZulu Natal (Ref: AREC\/056\/017).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical approval"}}]}}