{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,13]],"date-time":"2026-05-13T08:18:57Z","timestamp":1778660337693,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]],"date-time":"2022-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645747200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]],"date-time":"2022-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645747200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001491","name":"Belgian American Educational Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DGD-ITM 2017-2021 (FA4)"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DGD-ITM 2017-2021 (FA4)"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001491","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Exp Appl Acarol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10493-022-00696-w","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]],"date-time":"2022-02-25T12:03:19Z","timestamp":1645790599000},"page":"407-418","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Rickettsia africae infection rates and transovarial transmission in Amblyomma hebraeum ticks in Mnisi, Bushbuckridge, South Africa"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"86","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3586-0014","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Estere","family":"Mazhetese","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8403-6614","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zinathi","family":"Lukanji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5368-6400","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charles","family":"Byaruhanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5435-5996","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luis","family":"Neves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7696-8574","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Darshana","family":"Morar-Leather","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"696_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2010.0241","volume":"12","author":"S Abdel-Shafy","year":"2012","unstructured":"Abdel-Shafy S, Allam NA, Mediannikov O, Parola P, Raoult D (2012) Molecular detection of spotted fever group rickettsiae associated with ixodid ticks in Egypt. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 12(5):346\u2013359. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/vbz.2010.0241","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"696_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2050313X1877530","DOI":"10.1177\/2050313X18775301","volume":"6","author":"RN Angerami","year":"2018","unstructured":"Angerami RN, Krawczak FS, Nieri-Bastos FA, Santos F, Medorima C, Resende MR, Labruna MB (2018) First report of African tick-bite fever in a South American traveler. SAGE Open Med Case Rep 6:2050313\u2009\u00d7\u200918775301","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med Case Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"696_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12577","volume":"66","author":"AM Berrian","year":"2019","unstructured":"Berrian AM, Mart\u00ednez-L\u00f3pez B, Quan V, Conrad PA et al (2019) Risk factors for bacterial zoonotic pathogens in acutely febrile patients in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. Zoonoses Public Health 66(5):458\u2013469","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"issue":"6","key":"696_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1708-8305.2009.00370.x","volume":"16","author":"PH Consigny","year":"2009","unstructured":"Consigny PH, Schuett I, Fraitag S, Rolain JM, Buffet P (2009) Unusual location of an inoculation lesion in a traveler with African Tick-Bite Fever returning from South Africa. J Travel Med 16(6):439\u2013440. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1708-8305.2009.00370.x","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"696_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2105","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2411.162094","volume":"24","author":"W Gaowa","year":"2018","unstructured":"Gaowa W, Yin X, Guo S, Ding C et al (2018) Spotted fever group rickettsiae in Inner Mongolia, China, 2015\u20132016. Emerg Infect Dis 24(11):2105. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid2411.162094","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"696_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2018.10.007","volume":"26","author":"A Halajian","year":"2018","unstructured":"Halajian A, Palomar AM, Portillo A, Heyne H, Romero L, Oteo JA (2018) Detection of zoonotic agents and a new Rickettsia strain in ticks from donkeys from South Africa: Implications for travel medicine. Travel Med Infect Dis 26:43\u201350. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.tmaid.2018.10.007","journal-title":"Travel Med Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"696_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.2310\/7060.2004.19006","volume":"11","author":"Y Jackson","year":"2004","unstructured":"Jackson Y, Chappuis F, Loutan L (2004) African tick-bite fever: four cases among Swiss travelers returning from South Africa. J Travel Med 11(4):225\u2013230. http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/15541225","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"696_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(03)00739-4","volume":"3","author":"M Jensenius","year":"2003","unstructured":"Jensenius M, Fournier PE, Kelly P, Myrvang B, Raoult D (2003a) African tick bite fever. Lancet Infect Dis 3(9):557\u2013564","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"696_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1086\/375083","volume":"36","author":"M Jensenius","year":"2003","unstructured":"Jensenius M, Fournier PE, Vene S, Hoel T et al (2003b) African tick bite fever in travelers to rural sub-Equatorial Africa. Clin Infect Dis 36(11):1411\u20131417. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/375083","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"696_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04059-5","volume":"13","author":"F Jongejan","year":"2020","unstructured":"Jongejan F, Berger L, Busser S, Deetman I et al (2020) Amblyomma hebraeum is the predominant tick species on goats in the Mnisi Community Area of Mpumalanga Province South Africa and is co-infected with Ehrlichia ruminantium and Rickettsia africae. Parasit Vectors 13(1):1\u201312. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s13071-020-04059-5","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"2","key":"696_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1202.050903","volume":"12","author":"PJ Kelly","year":"2006","unstructured":"Kelly PJ (2006) Rickettsia africae in the West Indies. Emerg Infect Dis 12(2):224. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid1202.050903","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"696_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1093\/jmedent\/28.5.598","volume":"28","author":"PJ Kelly","year":"1991","unstructured":"Kelly PJ, Mason PR (1991) Transmission of a spotted fever group rickettsia by Amblyomma hebraeum (Acari: Ixodidae). J Med Entomol 28(5):598\u2013600","journal-title":"J Med Entomol"},{"issue":"2","key":"696_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.29.2.256-259.1991","volume":"29","author":"PJ Kelly","year":"1991","unstructured":"Kelly PJ, Mason PR, Manning T, Slater S (1991) Role of cattle in the epidemiology of tick-bite fever in Zimbabwe. J Clin Microbiol 29(2):256\u2013259","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"696_CR15","unstructured":"Kolo AO (2019) Detection of zoonotic bacterial pathogens in multiple hosts using a microbiome approach and molecular characterization of Anaplasma phagocytophilum (Doctoral dissertation, University of Pretoria)"},{"issue":"5","key":"696_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1705.101524","volume":"17","author":"MB Labruna","year":"2011","unstructured":"Labruna MB, Ogrzewalska M, Soares JF, Martins TF et al (2011) Experimental infection of Amblyomma aureolatum ticks with Rickettsia rickettsii. Emerg Infect Dis 17(5):829. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3201\/eid1705.101524","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"696_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2003.68.551","volume":"68","author":"KR Macaluso","year":"2003","unstructured":"Macaluso KR, Davis JON, Alam U, Korman AMY, Rutherford JS, Rosenberg R, Azad AF (2003) Spotted fever group rickettsiae in ticks from the Masai Mara region of Kenya. Am J Trop Med Hyg 68(5):551\u2013553","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"06","key":"696_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.11625","volume":"14","author":"V Magaia","year":"2020","unstructured":"Magaia V, Taviani E, Cangi N, Neves L (2020) Molecular detection of Rickettsia africae in Amblyomma ticks collected in cattle from Southern and Central Mozambique. J Infect Dev Ctries 14(06):614\u2013622. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3855\/jidc.11625","journal-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries"},{"issue":"10","key":"696_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2014.1578","volume":"14","author":"AN Maina","year":"2014","unstructured":"Maina AN, Jiang J, Omulo SA, Cutler SJ et al (2014) High prevalence of Rickettsia africae variants in Amblyomma variegatum ticks from domestic mammals in rural western Kenya: implications for human health. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis 14(10):693\u2013702. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/vbz.2014.1578","journal-title":"Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"696_CR20","unstructured":"Mandara S (2018) The distribution of Amblyomma variegatum and A. hebraeum in Zimbabwe and their infection with Ehrlichia ruminantium and Rickettsia africae (Doctoral dissertation, University of Pretoria)"},{"issue":"1","key":"696_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/s10493-017-0155-5","volume":"73","author":"AM Matsimbe","year":"2017","unstructured":"Matsimbe AM, Magaia V, Sanches GS, Neves L, Noormahomed E, Antunes S, Domingos A (2017) Molecular detection of pathogens in ticks infesting cattle in Nampula province, Mozambique. Exp Appl Acarol 73(1):91\u2013102","journal-title":"Exp Appl Acarol"},{"issue":"08","key":"696_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.13291","volume":"15","author":"E Mazhetese","year":"2021","unstructured":"Mazhetese E, Magaia V, Taviani E, Neves L, Morar-Leather D (2021) Rickettsia africae: identifying gaps in the current knowledge on vector-pathogen-host interactions. J Infect Dev Ctries 15(08):1039\u20131047. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3855\/jidc.13291","journal-title":"J Infect Dev Ctries"},{"issue":"10","key":"696_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1027","DOI":"10.1111\/ddg.13322","volume":"15","author":"C Menzer","year":"2017","unstructured":"Menzer C, Fink C, Enk A, Haenssle HA (2017) African tick-bite fever\u2013a tantalizing souvenir from South Africa. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 15(10):1027\u20131028. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ddg.13322","journal-title":"J Dtsch Dermatol Ges"},{"key":"696_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moore TC, Pulscher LA, Caddell L, von Fricken ME, Anderson BD, Gonchigoo B, Gray GC (2018) Evidence for transovarial transmission of tick-borne rickettsiae circulating in Northern Mongolia.PLoS Negl Trop Dis, 12(8), e0006696","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006696"},{"key":"696_CR25","unstructured":"Musoke J (2016) The epidemiology of tuberculosis in cattle and humans living in the wildlife-livestock-human interface in the rural Mnisi community Mpumalanga province South Africa (Doctoral dissertation, University of Pretoria)"},{"issue":"3","key":"696_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2004.71.363","volume":"71","author":"LM Ndip","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ndip LM, Fokam EB, Bouyer DH, Ndip RN, Titanji VP, Walker DH, McBride JW (2004) Detection of Rickettsia africae in patients and ticks along the coastal region of Cameroon. Am J Trop Med Hyg 71(3):363\u2013366","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"696_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1343081","DOI":"10.1080\/20008686.2017.1343081","volume":"7","author":"K Nilsson","year":"2017","unstructured":"Nilsson K, Wallm\u00e9nius K, Rundl\u00f6f-Nygren P, Str\u00f6mdahl S, P\u00e5hlson C (2017) African tick bite fever in returning Swedish travellers. Report of two cases and aspects of diagnostics. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 7(1):1343081. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/20008686.2017.1343081","journal-title":"Infect Ecol Epidemiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"696_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.142.10.1312","volume":"142","author":"CE Owen","year":"2006","unstructured":"Owen CE, Bahrami S, Malone JC, Callen JP, Kulp-Shorten CL (2006) African tick bite fever: a not-so-uncommon illness in international travelers. Arch Dermatol 142(10):1312\u20131314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/archderm.142.10.1312","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"696_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1014","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0706.010616","volume":"7","author":"P Parola","year":"2001","unstructured":"Parola P, Inokuma H, Camicas JL, Brouqui P, Raoult D (2001) Detection and identification of spotted fever group Rickettsiae and Ehrlichiae in African ticks. Emerg Infect Dis 7(6):1014\u20131017","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"696_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00032-13","volume":"26","author":"P Parola","year":"2013","unstructured":"Parola P, Paddock CD, Socolovschi C, Labruna MB et al (2013) Update on tick-borne rickettsioses around the world: A geographic approach. Clin Microbiol Rev 26(4):657\u2013702","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"5","key":"696_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1999.60.865","volume":"60","author":"DJ Sexton","year":"1999","unstructured":"Sexton DJ, Corey GR, Greenfield Jr JC, Burton CS, Raoult D (1999) Imported African tick bite fever: a case report. Am J Trop Med Hyg 60(5):865\u2013867","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"6","key":"696_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2017.2158","volume":"18","author":"GJ Simpson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Simpson GJ, Quan V, Frean J, Knobel DL et al (2018) Prevalence of selected zoonotic diseases and risk factors at a human-wildlife-livestock interface in Mpumalanga Province, South Africa. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 18(6):303\u2013310","journal-title":"Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis"},{"key":"696_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2008.02278.x","volume":"15","author":"C Socolovschi","year":"2009","unstructured":"Socolovschi C, Huynh T, Davoust B, Gomez J, Raoult D, Parola P (2009) Transovarial and trans-stadial transmission of Rickettsia africae in Amblyomma variegatum ticks. Clin Microbiol Infect 15:317\u2013318. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2008.02278.x","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"6","key":"696_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1697","DOI":"10.1371\/JOURNAL.PNTD.0001697","volume":"6","author":"C Socolovschi","year":"2012","unstructured":"Socolovschi C, Gaudart J, Bitam I, Huynh TP, Raoult D, Parola P (2012) Why are there so few Rickettsia conorii conorii-infected Rhipicephalus sanguineus ticks in the wild? PLoS Negl Trop Dis 6(6):e1697. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/JOURNAL.PNTD.0001697","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"696_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2005.73.1083","volume":"73","author":"J Stenos","year":"2005","unstructured":"Stenos J, Graves SR, Unsworth NB (2005) A highly sensitive and specific real-time PCR assay for the detection of spotted fever and typhus group Rickettsiae. Am J Trop Med Hyg 73(6):1083\u20131085. http:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/16354816","journal-title":"Am J Trop Med Hyg"},{"issue":"6","key":"696_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1082","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.09.005","volume":"7","author":"L Tomassone","year":"2016","unstructured":"Tomassone L, De Meneghi D, Adakal H, Rodighiero P, Pressi G, Grego E (2016) Detection of Rickettsia aeschlimannii and Rickettsia africae in ixodid ticks from Burkina Faso and Somali Region of Ethiopia by new real-time PCR assays. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 7(6):1082\u20131088. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ttbdis.2016.09.005","journal-title":"Ticks Tick Borne Dis"},{"key":"696_CR37","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Ticks of domestic animals in Africa: a guide to identification of species","author":"AR Walker","year":"2003","unstructured":"Walker AR (2003) Ticks of domestic animals in Africa: a guide to identification of species. Biosci, Edinburgh, pp 3\u2013210"},{"issue":"10","key":"696_CR38","first-page":"e00029","volume":"84","author":"M Wang","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wang M, Zhu D, Dai J, Zhong Z, Zhang Y, Wang J (2018) Tissue localization and variation of major symbionts in Haemaphysalis longicornis, Rhipicephalus haemaphysaloides, and Dermacentor silvarum in China. Environ Microbiol Rep 84(10):e00029\u2013e00018","journal-title":"Environ Microbiol Rep"}],"container-title":["Experimental and Applied Acarology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10493-022-00696-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10493-022-00696-w\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10493-022-00696-w.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,30]],"date-time":"2022-03-30T09:16:34Z","timestamp":1648631794000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10493-022-00696-w"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]]},"references-count":37,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,3]]}},"alternative-id":["696"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10493-022-00696-w","relation":{},"ISSN":["0168-8162","1572-9702"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0168-8162","type":"print"},{"value":"1572-9702","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]]},"assertion":[{"value":"8 August 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 January 2022","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"25 February 2022","order":3,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"Approval to perform this project was granted by the Animal Ethics Committee (AEC) (Certificate number V045-18) and Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria (UP) in South Africa. Approval was also obtained from the Department of Agriculture Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF), South Africa (Reference number 12\/11\/1\/1\/6(811) for collection and transportation of the samples from the collection sites to the laboratory for processing.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval"}},{"value":"This research did not involve any human participants. Before ticks were collected from the cattle at the two dip tanks, verbal consent was obtained from the cattle owners.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"C<!--Emphasis Type='Bold' removed-->onsent to participate"}},{"value":"Not applicable.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}]}}