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Thus, the aims of the current study were to assess and compare the prevalence and abundance of ticks on red squirrels trapped at two sites in the Warsaw area (in an urban forest reserve and an urban park) and using molecular tools, to assess the genetic diversity of three pathogens (<jats:italic>Borrelia burgdorferi<\/jats:italic> sensu lato, <jats:italic>Rickettsia<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Babesia<\/jats:italic> spp.) in <jats:italic>I. ricinus<\/jats:italic> ticks collected from squirrels. For the detection of <jats:italic>Rickettsia<\/jats:italic> spp. a 750\u00a0bp long fragment of the citrate synthase <jats:italic>gltA<\/jats:italic> gene was amplified; for <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic> s.l. 132f\/905r and 220f\/824r primers were used to amplify the bacterial <jats:italic>flaB<\/jats:italic> gene fragments (774 and 605\u00a0bp, respectively) and for <jats:italic>Babesia<\/jats:italic> spp., a 550 bpfragment of 18S rRNA gene was amplified. In total, 91 red squirrels were examined for ticks. There were differences in tick prevalence and mean abundance of infestation in squirrels from the urban forest reserve and urban park. Three species of <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic> s.l., <jats:italic>Rickettsia<\/jats:italic> spp., and <jats:italic>Babesia microti<\/jats:italic> were detected in ticks removed from the squirrels. Our results broaden knowledge of <jats:italic>S. vulgaris<\/jats:italic> as an important host for immature <jats:italic>I. ricinus<\/jats:italic> stages and support the hypothesis that red squirrels act as a reservoir of <jats:italic>B. burgdorferi<\/jats:italic>. Moreover, we conclude that red squirrels may also play a role in facilitating the circulation of other pathogens causing serious risk of tick-borne diseases in natural and urban areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10493-024-00955-y","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,9]],"date-time":"2024-09-09T12:02:10Z","timestamp":1725883330000},"page":"677-699","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Pathogens detected in ticks (Ixodes ricinus) feeding on red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) from city parks in Warsaw"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"93","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2264-8345","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorota","family":"Dwu\u017cnik-Szarek","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agata","family":"Beliniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wiktoria","family":"Malaszewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dagny","family":"Krauze-Gryz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jakub","family":"Gryz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karolina D.","family":"Jasi\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dagmara","family":"W\u0119\u017cyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Bajer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"955_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens10040386","volume":"10","author":"T Azagi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Azagi T, Jaarsma RI, van Docters A, Fonville M, Maas M, Franssen FFJ, Kik M, Rijks JM, Montizaan MG, Groenevelt M, Hoyer M, Esser HJ, Krawczyk AI, Modr\u00fd D, Sprong H, Demir S (2021) Circulation of Babesia species and their exposure to humans through Ixodes ricinus. 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