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This study explored the biocontrol potential of\n                    <jats:italic>Trichoderma<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. against these mites. Specifically, we evaluated (1) the efficacy of spore suspensions from five isolates of four\n                    <jats:italic>Trichoderma<\/jats:italic>\n                    species (\n                    <jats:italic>Trichoderma afroharzianum<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>T. guizhouense<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>T. harzianum<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>T. virens<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and their combinations on different biological stages of\n                    <jats:italic>T. urticae<\/jats:italic>\n                    , (2) the efficacy of\n                    <jats:italic>T. afroharzianum<\/jats:italic>\n                    spore suspension on different populations of\n                    <jats:italic>T. urticae<\/jats:italic>\n                    (green and red forms) and\n                    <jats:italic>T. turkestani<\/jats:italic>\n                    in both Petri dish and pot experiments. Results showed that\n                    <jats:italic>Trichoderma<\/jats:italic>\n                    spore suspensions were ineffective against\n                    <jats:italic>T. urticae<\/jats:italic>\n                    eggs, with mortality rates\u2009\u2264\u20092.8% at 7 days post-application (dpa), which did not differ significantly from the control. However, the fungi caused significant mortality of 50\u201365% in the mobile stages of the mites (larvae, nymphs, and adult females) compared with the control. Based on the initial screening results, a single\n                    <jats:italic>Trichoderma<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolate (\n                    <jats:italic>T. afroharzianum<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) was selected for detailed assessment across multiple spider mite populations. Petri dish assays at 7 dpa showed that\n                    <jats:italic>T. afroharzianum<\/jats:italic>\n                    was more effective against\n                    <jats:italic>T. turkestani<\/jats:italic>\n                    (up to 60%) and the green form of\n                    <jats:italic>T. urticae<\/jats:italic>\n                    (53%) than against the red form of\n                    <jats:italic>T. urticae<\/jats:italic>\n                    (35%). Pot experiments confirmed these results, showing that\n                    <jats:italic>T. afroharzianum<\/jats:italic>\n                    reduced egg and mobile stage populations by 36\u201339% in\n                    <jats:italic>T. turkestani<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>T. urticae<\/jats:italic>\n                    (green form and laboratory culture populations), whereas reductions in the red form of\n                    <jats:italic>T. urticae<\/jats:italic>\n                    were not statistically significant. These findings suggest that\n                    <jats:italic>T. afroharzianum<\/jats:italic>\n                    has potential as a biological control agent; however, its efficacy varies among spider mite populations, highlighting the need to integrate it with other biological or chemical strategies.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10493-026-01137-8","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T06:04:51Z","timestamp":1777615491000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Efficacy of Trichoderma spp. spore suspensions against cotton-infesting spider mites (Acari: Tetranychidae)"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"96","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5859-9026","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0130smail","family":"Asrav","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3101-1330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yunus","family":"Korkom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1903-3913","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alireza","family":"Saboori","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ibrahim","family":"Cakmak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"1137_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1093\/jee\/18.2.265a","volume":"18","author":"WS Abbott","year":"1925","unstructured":"Abbott WS (1925) A method of computing the effectiveness of an insecticide. 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