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To induce lung cancer, DENA at a dose of 150\u00a0mg\/kg body weight (b.wt) for 2\u00a0weeks were intraperitoneally injected once each week and AAF was administered orally at a dose of 20\u00a0mg\/kg b.wt. four times each week for the next 3\u00a0weeks. DENA\/AAF-administered rats were orally supplemented with eugenol at a dose of 20\u00a0mg\/kg b.wt administered once a day until 17\u00a0weeks starting from the 1st week of DENA administration. Lung histological lesions, including sheets of tumor cells, micropapillary adenocarcinoma, and apoptotic cells, resulting from the DENA\/AAF dosage, were ameliorated by eugenol treatment. However, a significant drop in the levels of LPO in the lungs and a remarkable rise in GSH content and GPx and SOD activities were observed in DENA\/AAF-administered rats treated with eugenol compared with those in DENA\/AAF-administered controls. Moreover, in DENA\/AAF-administered rats, eugenol supplementation significantly reduced TNF-\u03b1 and IL-1\u03b2 levels and mRNA expression levels of NF-\u03baB, NF-\u03baB p65, and MCP-1 but significantly elevated the level of Nrf2. Furthermore, the DENA\/AAF-administered rats treated with eugenol exhibited a significant downregulation of Bcl-2 expression levels in addition to a significant upregulation in P53 and Bax expression levels. Otherwise, the administration of DENA\/AAF elevated the protein expression level of Ki-67, and this elevation was reversed by eugenol treatment. In conclusion, eugenol has effective antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, proapoptotic, and antiproliferative properties against lung cancer.<\/jats:p>\n                <jats:p><jats:bold>Graphical abstract<\/jats:bold><\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-023-01852-2","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,15]],"date-time":"2023-05-15T11:58:17Z","timestamp":1684151897000},"page":"1184-1197","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The anticarcinogenic effect of eugenol on lung cancer induced by diethylnitrosamine\/2-acetylaminofluorene in Wistar rats: insight on the mechanisms of action"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Hadeer M.","family":"Morsy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Osama M.","family":"Ahmed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khairy M. 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