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The procurement and use of UC tissue has been ethically approved by the National Engineering Research Center of Cell Products Administration, and informed consent was obtained from all volunteer donors. The study involving the establishment of an aging type 2 diabetic rat model and exosome-based treatment was conducted in strict adherence to the Guidelines for Ethical Review of Laboratory Animal Welfare (GB\/T 35892\u2009\u2212\u20092018). The animal study was reviewed and approved by Laboratory Animal Science and Technology Work Management Committee, School of Basic Medicine, Lanzhou University (No. Lzujcyxy20240219, Title: Establishment of an Aged Type 2 Diabetic Rat Model and Investigation of Exosome Therapy; Data of approval: Feb 20, 2024).","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethics approval and consent to participate"}},{"value":"All authors have read and approved the final version of the manuscript and consent to its publication.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Consent for publication"}}],"article-number":"9"}}