{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T10:18:12Z","timestamp":1790072292806,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,2]],"date-time":"2007-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1191283200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/2.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,2]],"date-time":"2007-10-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1191283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/2.0"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arch Sex Behav"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,4]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-007-9240-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,1]],"date-time":"2007-10-01T17:00:02Z","timestamp":1191258002000},"page":"244-252","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Disgust and Contamination Sensitivity in Vaginismus and Dyspareunia"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"Peter J.","family":"de Jong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"van Overveld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Willibrord","family":"Weijmar Schultz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madelon L.","family":"Peters","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Femke M.","family":"Buwalda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"9240_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1159\/000292478","volume":"38","author":"L. Abromov","year":"1994","unstructured":"Abromov, L., Wolman, I., & David, M. P. (1994). Vaginismus: An important factor in the evaluation and management of vulvar vestibulitis syndrome. Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation, 38, 194\u2013197.","journal-title":"Gynecologic and Obstetric Investigation"},{"key":"9240_CR2","volume-title":"Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"2000","unstructured":"American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). Washington, DC: Author.","edition":"4"},{"key":"9240_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.54.2.140","volume":"54","author":"D. H. Barlow","year":"1986","unstructured":"Barlow, D. H. (1986). The causes of sexual dysfunction: The role of anxiety and cognitive interference. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 54, 140\u2013148.","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"9240_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.3109\/01674820309074686","volume":"34","author":"R. Basson","year":"2003","unstructured":"Basson, R., Leiblum, S., Brotto, L., Derogatis, L., Foucroy, J., Fugl-Meyer, K., et\u00a0al. (2003). Definitions of women\u2019s sexual dysfunction reconsidered: Advocating expansion and revision. Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology, 34, 221\u2013229.","journal-title":"Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"key":"9240_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1019892125163","volume":"31","author":"Y. M. Binik","year":"2002","unstructured":"Binik, Y. M., Reissing, E. D., Pukall, C., Flory, N., Payne, K. A., & Khalif\u00e9, S. M. D. (2002). The female sexual pain disorders: Genital pain or sexual dysfunction? Archives of Sexual Behavior, 31, 425\u2013429.","journal-title":"Archives of Sexual Behavior"},{"key":"9240_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.314.7080.572","volume":"314","author":"J. M. Bland","year":"1997","unstructured":"Bland, J. M., & Altman, D. G. (1997). Statistics notes: Cronbach\u2019s alpha. British Medical Journal, 314, 572.","journal-title":"British Medical Journal"},{"key":"9240_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1080\/10720169808402338","volume":"5","author":"P. J. Carnes","year":"1998","unstructured":"Carnes, P. J. (1998). The case for sexual anorexia: An interim report on 144 patients with sexual disorders. Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity, 5, 293\u2013309.","journal-title":"Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity"},{"key":"9240_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/0005-7967(93)90041-R","volume":"31","author":"G. C. L. Davey","year":"1993","unstructured":"Davey, G. C. L., Forster, L., & Mayhew, G. (1993). Familial resemblances in disgust sensitivity and animal phobias. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 31, 41\u201350.","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"9240_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(97)00002-8","volume":"35","author":"P. J. de Jong","year":"1997","unstructured":"de Jong, P. J., Andrea, H., & Muris, P. (1997). Spider phobia in children: Disgust and fear before and after treatment. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 559\u2013562.","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"9240_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-8869(97)00178-5","volume":"24","author":"P. J. de Jong","year":"1998","unstructured":"de Jong, P. J., & Merckelbach, H. (1998). Blood-injection-injury phobia and fear of spiders: Domain specific individual differences in disgust sensitivity. Personality and Individual Differences, 24, 153\u2013158.","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"9240_CR11","unstructured":"de Jong, P. J., & Peters, M. L. (in press). Sex and the sexual dysfunctions in women: The role of disgust and contamination sensitivity. In B. Olatunji & D. McKay (Eds.), Disgust and its disorders. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association."},{"key":"9240_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(99)00135-7","volume":"38","author":"P. J. de Jong","year":"2000","unstructured":"de Jong, P. J., Vorage, I., & van den Hout, M. A. (2000). Counterconditioning in the treatment of spider phobia: Effects on disgust, fear, and valence. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 38, 1055\u20131069.","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"9240_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1080\/02699930500215181","volume":"20","author":"D. M. T. Fessler","year":"2006","unstructured":"Fessler, D. M. T., & Haley, K. J. (2006). Guarding the perimeter: The outside-inside dichotomy in disgust and bodily experience. Cognition and Emotion, 20, 3\u201319.","journal-title":"Cognition and Emotion"},{"key":"9240_CR14","first-page":"279","volume":"3","author":"D. M. T. Fessler","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fessler, D. M. T., & Navarette, C. D. (2005). The effect of age on death disgust: Challenges to terror management perspectives. Evolutionary Psychology, 3, 279\u2013296.","journal-title":"Evolutionary Psychology"},{"key":"9240_CR15","unstructured":"Genten, M. H. (2005). Psychometric quality of the Sexual Disgust Questionnaire (SDQ). Unpublished master\u2019s thesis, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, the Netherlands."},{"key":"9240_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"922","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000141441.41178.6b","volume":"104","author":"S. Ghazizadeh","year":"2004","unstructured":"Ghazizadeh, S., & Nikzad, M. (2004). Botulinum toxin in the treatment of refractory vaginismus. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 104, 922\u2013925.","journal-title":"Obstetrics and Gynecology"},{"key":"9240_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198525141.003.0006","volume-title":"Understanding and treating fear of pain","author":"E. L. M. Gheldof","year":"2004","unstructured":"Gheldof, E. L. M., de Jong, P. J., Vinck, J., & Houben, R. M. A. (2004). Attitudes toward physical activity: The role of implicit versus explicit associations. In G. J. G. Asmundson, J. W. S. Vlaeyen, & G. Crombez (Eds.), Understanding and treating fear of pain (pp. 117\u2013137). Oxford: Oxford University Press."},{"key":"9240_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.74.6.1464","volume":"74","author":"A. G. Greenwald","year":"1998","unstructured":"Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. K. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The Implicit Association Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 1464\u20131480.","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"9240_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1016\/0191-8869(94)90212-7","volume":"16","author":"J. Haidt","year":"1994","unstructured":"Haidt, J., McCauley, C., & Rozin, P. (1994). Individual differences in sensitivity to disgust: A scale sampling seven domains of disgust elicitors. Personality and Individual Differences, 16, 701\u2013713.","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"9240_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2005.01.007","volume":"44","author":"J. Huijding","year":"2006","unstructured":"Huijding, J., & de Jong, P. J. (2006). Specific predictive power of automatic spider-related affective associations for controllable and uncontrollable fear responses. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 44, 161\u2013176.","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"9240_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1080\/10532528.1993.10559888","volume":"4","author":"E. Janssen","year":"1993","unstructured":"Janssen, E., & Everaerd, W. (1993). Determinants of male sexual arousal. Annual Review of Sex Research, 4, 211\u2013245.","journal-title":"Annual Review of Sex Research"},{"key":"9240_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1080\/00926230152051851","volume":"27","author":"K. Kaneko","year":"2001","unstructured":"Kaneko, K. (2001). Penetration disorder: Dyspareunia exists on the extension of vaginismus. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 27, 153\u2013155.","journal-title":"Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy"},{"key":"9240_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(96)00097-6","volume":"35","author":"E. Koukounas","year":"1997","unstructured":"Koukounas, E., & McCabe, M. (1997). Sexual and emotional variables influencing sexual response to erotica. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 221\u2013231.","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"9240_CR24","first-page":"181","volume-title":"Principles and practice of sex therapy","author":"S. R. Leiblum","year":"2000","unstructured":"Leiblum, S. R. (2000). Vaginismus: A most perplexing problem. In S. R. Leiblum & R. C. Rosen (Eds.), Principles and practice of sex therapy (3rd ed., pp. 181\u2013202). New York: Guilford Press.","edition":"3"},{"key":"9240_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1058","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)15842-X","volume":"363","author":"H. E. Lotery","year":"2004","unstructured":"Lotery, H. E., McClure, N., & Galask, R. P. (2004). Vulvodynia. Lancet, 363, 1058\u20131060.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"9240_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.320.7228.161","volume":"320","author":"A. M\u00fcnchau","year":"2000","unstructured":"M\u00fcnchau, A., & Bhatia, K. P. (2000). Uses of botulinum toxin injection in medicine today. British Medical Journal, 320, 161\u2013165.","journal-title":"British Medical Journal"},{"key":"9240_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2004.10.003","volume":"9","author":"K. A. Payne","year":"2005","unstructured":"Payne, K. A., Binik, Y. M., Amsel, R., & Khalif\u00e9, S. (2005). When sex hurts, anxiety and fear orient attention towards pain. European Journal of Pain, 9, 427\u2013436.","journal-title":"European Journal of Pain"},{"key":"9240_CR28","volume-title":"Human sexuality in a world of diversity","author":"S. A. Rathus","year":"2005","unstructured":"Rathus, S. A., Nevid, J. S., & Fichner-Rathus, L. (2005). Human sexuality in a world of diversity. Boston: Pearson Education."},{"key":"9240_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1080\/713847095","volume":"29","author":"E. D. Reissing","year":"2003","unstructured":"Reissing, E. D., Binik, Y. M., Khalif\u00e9, S. M. D., Cohen, D. M. D., & Amsel, R. M. A. (2003). Etiological correlates of vaginismus: Sexual and physical abuse, sexual knowledge, sexual self-schemata, and relationship adjustment. Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy, 29, 47\u201359.","journal-title":"Journal of Sex and Marital Therapy"},{"key":"9240_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/B:ASEB.0000007458.32852.c8","volume":"33","author":"E. D. Reissing","year":"2004","unstructured":"Reissing E. D., Yitzchak B. M., Khalif\u00e9 S. M. D., Cohen D. M. D., & Amsel, R. M. A. (2004). Vaginal spasm, pain and behavior: An empirical investigation of the diagnosis of vaginismus. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 33, 5\u201317.","journal-title":"Archives of Sexual Behavior"},{"key":"9240_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-295X.94.1.23","volume":"94","author":"P. Rozin","year":"1987","unstructured":"Rozin, P., & Fallon, A. E. (1987). A perspective on disgust. Psychological Review, 94, 23\u201341.","journal-title":"Psychological Review"},{"key":"9240_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.20.2.309","volume":"20","author":"P. Rozin","year":"1984","unstructured":"Rozin, P., Fallon, A. E., & Mandell, R. (1984). Family resemblance in attitudes to food. Developmental Psychology, 20, 309\u2013314.","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"key":"9240_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1002\/0470013494.ch21","volume-title":"Handbook of cognition and emotion","author":"P. Rozin","year":"1999","unstructured":"Rozin, P., Haidt, J., & McCauley, C. R. (1999). Disgust: The body and soul emotion. In T. Dalgleish & M. Power (Eds.), Handbook of cognition and emotion (pp. 429\u2013445). Chichester, England: Wiley."},{"key":"9240_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1006\/jrpe.1999.2251","volume":"33","author":"P. Rozin","year":"1999","unstructured":"Rozin, P., Haidt, J., McCauley, C., Dunlop, L., & Ashmore, M. (1999). Individual differences in disgust sensitivity: Comparisons and evaluations of paper-and-pencil versus behavioral measures. Journal of Research in Personality, 33, 330\u2013351.","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Personality"},{"key":"9240_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1006\/jrpe.1995.1019","volume":"29","author":"P. Rozin","year":"1995","unstructured":"Rozin, P., Nemeroff, C., Horowitz, M., Gordon, B., & Voet, W. (1995). The borders of the self: Contamination sensitivity and potency of the body apertures and other body parts. Journal of Research in Personality, 29, 318\u2013340.","journal-title":"Journal of Research in Personality"},{"key":"9240_CR36","first-page":"138","volume":"36","author":"E. Seelig","year":"1930","unstructured":"Seelig, E. (1930). Die Ambivalenz der Gef\u00fchle im Zuge des Sexualerlebens [The ambivalence of the feelings in sexual experience]. Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Angewandte Psychologie, 36, 138\u2013150.","journal-title":"Zeitschrift f\u00fcr Angewandte Psychologie"},{"key":"9240_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"220","DOI":"10.1207\/s15327957pspr0803_1","volume":"3","author":"F. Strack","year":"2004","unstructured":"Strack, F., & Deutsch, R. (2004). Reflective and impulsive determinants of social behavior. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 3, 220\u2013247.","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Review"},{"key":"9240_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1080\/01674820500165935","volume":"26","author":"M. M. ter Kuile","year":"2005","unstructured":"ter Kuile, M. M., van Lankveld, J. J. D. M., Vliet Vlieland, C., Willekes, C., & Weijenborg, P. Th. M. (2005). Vulvar vestibulitis syndrome: An important factor in the evaluation of lifelong vaginismus? Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology, 26, 245\u2013249.","journal-title":"Journal of Psychosomatic Obstetrics & Gynecology"},{"key":"9240_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2006.03.013","volume":"45","author":"M. M. ter Kuile","year":"2007","unstructured":"ter Kuile, M. M., van Lankveld, J. J. D. M., de Groot, E., Melles, R., Neffs, J., & Zandbergen, M. (2007). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for women with lifelong vaginismus: Process and prognostic factors. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 359\u2013373.","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"9240_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.74.1.168","volume":"74","author":"J. J. D. M. van Lankveld.","year":"2006","unstructured":"van Lankveld. J. J. D. M., ter Kuile, M. M., de Groot, H. E., Melles, R., Nefs, J., & Zandbergen, M. (2006). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for women with lifelong vaginismus: A randomized waiting-list controlled trial of efficacy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 74, 168\u2013178.","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"key":"9240_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(00)00007-3","volume":"39","author":"J. van der Velde","year":"2001","unstructured":"van der Velde, J., & Everaerd, W. (2001). The relationship between involuntary pelvic floor muscle activity, muscle awareness and experienced threat in women with and without vaginismus. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 39, 395\u2013408.","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"9240_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1007\/s001920170035","volume":"12","author":"J. van der Velde","year":"2001","unstructured":"van der Velde, J., Laan, E., & Everaerd, W. (2001). Vaginismus, a component of a general defensive reaction. An investigation of pelvic floor muscle activity during exposure to emotion-inducing film excerpts in women with and without vaginismus. International Urogynecology Journal and Pelvic Floor Dysfunction, 12, 328\u2013331.","journal-title":"International Urogynecology Journal and Pelvic Floor Dysfunction"},{"key":"9240_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/S0301-0511(01)00121-1","volume":"59","author":"A. R. Yartz","year":"2002","unstructured":"Yartz, A. R., & Hawk, L. W. (2002). Addressing the specificity of affective startle modulation: Fear versus disgust. Biological Psychology, 59, 55\u201368.","journal-title":"Biological Psychology"}],"container-title":["Archives of Sexual Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10508-007-9240-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10508-007-9240-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"http:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10508-007-9240-x","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10508-007-9240-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,21]],"date-time":"2025-01-21T09:57:56Z","timestamp":1737453476000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10508-007-9240-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,2]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,4]]}},"alternative-id":["9240"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10508-007-9240-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0004-0002","1573-2800"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0004-0002","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-2800","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2007,10,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"1 August 2006","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 May 2007","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 June 2007","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"2 October 2007","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}}]}}