{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,20]],"date-time":"2026-04-20T21:39:37Z","timestamp":1776721177900,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]],"date-time":"2021-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630972800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]],"date-time":"2021-09-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630972800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003339","name":"Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2019-105428RB-I00 (CSIC) \"HYBRID EPISTEMOLOGIES: BODIES, BIOMETRICS AND ASSEMBLIES"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-105428RB-I00 (CSIC) \"HYBRID EPISTEMOLOGIES: BODIES, BIOMETRICS AND ASSEMBLIES"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003339","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003339","name":"Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cient\u00edficas","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2019-105428RB-I00 (CSIC) \"HYBRID EPISTEMOLOGIES: BODIES, BIOMETRICS AND ASSEMBLIES"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-105428RB-I00 (CSIC) \"HYBRID EPISTEMOLOGIES: BODIES, BIOMETRICS AND ASSEMBLIES"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003339","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004794","name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004794","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arch Sex Behav"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Recently, the so-called Semenya case has brought the problem of gender in sports competitions back into the spotlight. But the fact is that it is not a unique case; rather, it seems a recurrent and inconclusive problem in the history of sports. In this context, the Spanish athlete Mart\u00ednez-Pati\u00f1o is an important figure in the history of sport and gender verification, as well as the Indian sprinter Dutee Chand. Mart\u00ednez-Pati\u00f1o\u2019s story thus serves as an important case study of the gender-based anxieties that hampered women\u2019s advancement in track and field. Mart\u00ednez-Pati\u00f1o\u2019s experience in Spanish athletics demonstrates the difficulties women faced when attempting to compete in track and field, both in Spain and internationally. Moreover, her experience with gender policies shows the inadequacies of the chromosomal check as a sex marker, as well as the harms caused by the technique. Finally, Mart\u00ednez-Pati\u00f1o\u2019s protest of the International Association of Athletics Federations\u2019 policy started to dismantle compulsory sex verification used as a criterion for gender eligibility. The publicity surrounding her case pushed the track and field federation to abandon mandatory, on-site testing in 1992. Seven years later, the International Olympic Committee also dropped its compulsory control. Mart\u00ednez-Pati\u00f1o became the face of the fight against sex\/gender verification in sport and helped dismantle the practice. The case of Martinez-Pati\u00f1o remains in the collective memory of elite sports and serves as an argument for national and international sporting institutions to reconsider discriminating policies in the context of progress being made for women\u2019s rights.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-021-02073-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]],"date-time":"2021-09-07T16:03:06Z","timestamp":1631030586000},"page":"2799-2807","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The End of Compulsory Gender Verification: Is It Progress for Inclusion of Women in Sports?"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"50","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7999-9221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonathan","family":"Ospina-Betancurt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5557-3709","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eric","family":"Vilain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2721-9240","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9","family":"Martinez-Pati\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"2073_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-097792","volume":"51","author":"S Bermon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bermon, S., & Garnier, P. Y. (2017). Serum androgen levels and their relation to performance in track and field: Mass spectrometry results from 2127 observations in male and female elite athletes. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 51, 1309\u20131314.","journal-title":"British Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"key":"2073_CR2","volume-title":"Coming on strong: Gender and sexuality in twentieth-century women\u2019s sport","author":"SK Cahn","year":"1994","unstructured":"Cahn, S. K. (1994). Coming on strong: Gender and sexuality in twentieth-century women\u2019s sport. Harvard University Press."},{"issue":"2","key":"2073_CR3","first-page":"24","volume":"13","author":"A Carlson","year":"1991","unstructured":"Carlson, A. (1991). When is a woman not a woman? Women\u2019s Sport and Fitness, 13(2), 24\u201329.","journal-title":"Women\u2019s Sport and Fitness"},{"key":"2073_CR4","unstructured":"Court of Arbitration for Sports-CAS. (2015). Dutee Chand v. Athletics Federation of India (AFI) &The International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF), CAS 2014\/A\/3759. Retrieved from http:\/\/www.tas-cas.org\/fileadmin\/user_upload\/award_internet.pdf"},{"key":"2073_CR5","unstructured":"Court of Arbitration for Sports-CAS. (2019). Caster Semenya, Athletics South Africa (ASA) and International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF): Decision, CAS 2018\/O\/5794. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.tas-cas.org\/fileadmin\/user_upload\/Media_Release_Semenya_ASA_IAAF_decision.pdf"},{"key":"2073_CR6","unstructured":"De la Chapelle, A. (1982, August 17). Letter to de Alexandre de M\u00e9rode. Commission Medicale correspondance, Avril 1983. Olympic Studies Centre, Lausanne, Switzerland."},{"issue":"14","key":"2073_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1920","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1986.03380140090028","volume":"256","author":"A De la Chapelle","year":"1986","unstructured":"De la Chapelle, A. (1986). The use and misuse of sex chromatin screening for \u201cgender identification\u201d of female athletes. Journal of the American Medical Association, 256(14), 1920\u20131923.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"key":"2073_CR8","unstructured":"De la Chapelle, A. (1987a, April 14). Letter to Martin Borbrow. Copies of correspondence between professor Albert de la Chapelle and Dr. Martin Bobrow regarding challenges to buccal smear test. Papers of Malcolm Andrew Ferguson-Smith, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom."},{"key":"2073_CR9","unstructured":"De la Chapelle, A. (1987b, May 7). Letter to Juan Antonio Samaranch. Commission Medicale correspondance, Mai-Aout 1987. Olympic Studies Centre, Lausanne, Switzerland"},{"key":"2073_CR32","unstructured":"El Pa\u00eds. (1986, July 2). La federaci\u00f3n deber\u00e1 indemnizar a Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9 Mart\u00ednez Pati\u00f1o con 20 millones. Retrieved from http:\/\/elpais.com\/diario\/1986\/07\/02\/deportes\/520639204_850215.html"},{"issue":"2","key":"2073_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1080\/09523367.2012.641221","volume":"29","author":"S Ferez","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ferez, S. (2012). From women\u2019s exclusion to gender institution: A brief history of the sexual categorisation process within sport. International Journal of the History of Sport, 29(2), 272\u2013285.","journal-title":"International Journal of the History of Sport"},{"issue":"1","key":"2073_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.25.1.17","volume":"25","author":"MA Ferguson-Smith","year":"1991","unstructured":"Ferguson-Smith, M. A., & Ferris, E. (1991). Gender verification in sport: The need for change? British Journal of Sports Medicine, 25(1), 18\u201320.","journal-title":"British Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"key":"2073_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-098513","volume":"52","author":"S Franklin","year":"2018","unstructured":"Franklin, S., Ospina-Betancurt, J., & Camporesi, S. (2018). What statistical data of observational performance can tell us and what they cannot: The case of Dutee Chand v. AFI & IAAF. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 52, 420\u2013421.","journal-title":"British Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"key":"2073_CR13","unstructured":"Gambau, V. (2002). Estudio de la Organizacion de los Clubes. Universidade da Coruna dissertation. Retrieved from https:\/\/core.ac.uk\/download\/pdf\/61897839.pdf."},{"issue":"3","key":"2073_CR14","first-page":"7218","volume":"5","author":"M Genel","year":"2000","unstructured":"Genel, M. (2000). Gender verification no more? Medscape Women\u2019s Health, 5(3), 7218.","journal-title":"Medscape Women\u2019s Health"},{"key":"2073_CR15","unstructured":"Gibb, A. (1936, May 30). No man\u2019s land of sport. Toronto Daily Star, p. 13."},{"key":"2073_CR16","volume-title":"Sporting females: Critical issues in the history and sociology of women\u2019s sports","author":"J Hargreaves","year":"1994","unstructured":"Hargreaves, J. (1994). Sporting females: Critical issues in the history and sociology of women\u2019s sports. Routledge."},{"key":"2073_CR17","volume-title":"Sport and women: Social issues in international perspective","author":"I Hartmann-Tews","year":"2003","unstructured":"Hartmann-Tews, I., & Pfister, G. (2003). Sport and women: Social issues in international perspective. Routledge."},{"issue":"9","key":"2073_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1972.03200220032008","volume":"221","author":"E Hay","year":"1972","unstructured":"Hay, E. (1972). Sex determination in putative female athletes. Journal of the American Medical Association, 221(9), 998. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1001\/jama.1972.03200220032008","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"key":"2073_CR20","unstructured":"Hay, E. (1981, February 22). Letter to Elizabeth Ferris. Correspondence between Ferguson-Smith and Dr. Elizabeth A. Ferris on proposed joint article on chromosomal abnormalities and sex test of femininity. Papers of Malcolm Andrew Ferguson-Smith, University of Glasgow, United Kingdom."},{"key":"2073_CR18","unstructured":"Hay, E. (1983, April 25). Letter to Albert de la Chapelle. Commission Medicale correspondance, Avril 1983. Olympic Studies Centre, Lausanne, Switzerland"},{"issue":"4","key":"2073_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.endeavour.2010.09.005","volume":"34","author":"V Heggie","year":"2010","unstructured":"Heggie, V. (2010). Testing sex and gender in sports; reinventing, reimagining and reconstructing histories. Endeavour, 34(4), 157\u2013163.","journal-title":"Endeavour"},{"key":"2073_CR22","unstructured":"International Association of Athletics Federations. (2018). IAAF introduces new eligibility regulations for female classification. Retrieved from https:\/\/www.iaaf.org\/news\/press-release\/eligibility-regulations-for-female-classifica"},{"issue":"2","key":"2073_CR23","first-page":"11","volume":"4","author":"MH Leigh","year":"1980","unstructured":"Leigh, M. H. (1980). The enigma of Avery Brundage. Arena Review, 4(2), 11\u201321.","journal-title":"Arena Review"},{"key":"2073_CR24","volume-title":"Doping\u2019s nemesis","author":"A Ljungqvist","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ljungqvist, A. (2011). Doping\u2019s nemesis. Sports Books Limited."},{"issue":"9","key":"2073_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1080\/09523367.2014.882911","volume":"31","author":"C Lopez-Villar","year":"2014","unstructured":"Lopez-Villar, C. (2014). The beginnings of hockey in 1930s Galicia (Spain): A female phenomenon. International Journal of the History of Sport, 31(9), 1133\u20131157.","journal-title":"International Journal of the History of Sport"},{"key":"2073_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S38","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)67841-5","volume":"366","author":"MJ Martinez-Pati\u00f1o","year":"2005","unstructured":"Martinez-Pati\u00f1o, M. J. (2005). Personal account: A woman tried and tested. Lancet, 366, S38.","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"2073_CR27","unstructured":"Mora, J. (1986, January 30). Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9 Mart\u00ednez Pati\u00f1o estudia demandar a la federaci\u00f3n por la forma en que revel\u00f3 su intimidad. El Pa\u00eds. Retrieved from https:\/\/elpais.com\/diario\/1986\/01\/30\/deportes\/507423609_850215.html"},{"issue":"4","key":"2073_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1353\/jsh.2006.0051","volume":"39","author":"I Ofer","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ofer, I. (2006). Am I that body? Secci\u00f3n Femenina de la fet and the struggle for the institution of physical education and competitive sports for women in Franco\u2019s Spain. Journal of Social History, 39(4), 989\u20131010.","journal-title":"Journal of Social History"},{"issue":"11","key":"2073_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2017.1373197","volume":"36","author":"J Ospina Betancurt","year":"2018","unstructured":"Ospina Betancurt, J., Zakynthinaki, M. S., Mart\u00ednez-Pati\u00f1o, M. J., CordenteMartinez, C., & Rodr\u00edguez Fern\u00e1ndez, C. (2018). Sex-differences in elite performance track and field competition from 1983 to 2015. Journal of Sports Sciences, 36(11), 1262\u20131268.","journal-title":"Journal of Sports Sciences"},{"key":"2073_CR31","unstructured":"Pain, D. (1967, December 14). Letter to Johann Westerhoff. IAAF correspondence, 1967\u20131975, Olympic Studies Centre, Lausanne, Switzerland."},{"issue":"13","key":"2073_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1080\/09523367.2014.927184","volume":"31","author":"LP Pieper","year":"2014","unstructured":"Pieper, L. P. (2014). Sex testing and the maintenance of western femininity in international sport. International Journal of the History of Sport, 31(13), 1557\u20131576.","journal-title":"International Journal of the History of Sport"},{"issue":"8\u20139","key":"2073_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1138","DOI":"10.1080\/17430437.2015.1096258","volume":"19","author":"LP Pieper","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pieper, L. P. (2016a). \u2018Preserving la difference\u2019: The elusiveness of sex-segregated sport. Sport in Society, 19(8\u20139), 1138\u20131155.","journal-title":"Sport in Society"},{"key":"2073_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5406\/illinois\/9780252040221.001.0001","volume-title":"Sex testing: Gender policing in women\u2019s sport","author":"LP Pieper","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pieper, L. P. (2016b). Sex testing: Gender policing in women\u2019s sport. University of Illinois Press."},{"issue":"1","key":"2073_CR36","first-page":"64","volume":"5","author":"RA Priyadharscini","year":"2013","unstructured":"Priyadharscini, R. A., & Sabarinath, T. (2013). Barr bodies in sex determination. Journal of Forensic Dental Sciences, 5(1), 64\u201367.","journal-title":"Journal of Forensic Dental Sciences"},{"key":"2073_CR37","first-page":"83","volume-title":"Sport and women: Social issues in international perspective","author":"N Puig","year":"2003","unstructured":"Puig, N., & Soler, S. (2003). Women and sport in Spain. In I. Hartmann-Tews & G. Pfister (Eds.), Sport and women: Social issues in international perspective (pp. 83\u2013101). Routledge."},{"issue":"1","key":"2073_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1123\/shr.34.1.80","volume":"34","author":"I Ritchie","year":"2003","unstructured":"Ritchie, I. (2003). Sex tested, gender verified: Controlling female sexuality in the age of containment. Sport History Review, 34(1), 80\u201398.","journal-title":"Sport History Review"},{"issue":"14","key":"2073_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1938","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1986.03380140108033","volume":"256","author":"JL Simpson","year":"1986","unstructured":"Simpson, J. L. (1986). Gender testing in the Olympics. Journal of the American Medical Association, 256(14), 1938.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"key":"2073_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2017-098446","volume":"52","author":"PH S\u0151nksen","year":"2018","unstructured":"S\u0151nksen, P. H., Bavington, L. D., Boehning, T., et al. (2018). Hyperandrogenism controversy in elite women\u2019s sport: An examination and critique of recent evidence. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 52, 1481\u20131482.","journal-title":"British Journal of Sports Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"2073_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1996.03540030011004","volume":"276","author":"J Stephenson","year":"1996","unstructured":"Stephenson, J. (1996). \u201cFemale Olympians\u201d sex tests outmoded. Journal of the American Medical Association, 276(3), 177.","journal-title":"Journal of the American Medical Association"},{"issue":"4","key":"2073_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"400","DOI":"10.1177\/0193723511426293","volume":"35","author":"C Sullivan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Sullivan, C. (2011). Gender verification and gender policies in elite sport: Eligibility and \u201cfair play.\u201d Journal of Sport & Social Issues, 35(4), 400\u2013419.","journal-title":"Journal of Sport & Social Issues"},{"key":"2073_CR44","unstructured":"Wengler, K. (2014). Phone interview by Lindsay Parks Pieper."}],"container-title":["Archives of Sexual Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10508-021-02073-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10508-021-02073-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10508-021-02073-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,2]],"date-time":"2021-11-02T20:44:39Z","timestamp":1635885879000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10508-021-02073-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]}},"alternative-id":["2073"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10508-021-02073-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0004-0002","1573-2800"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0004-0002","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-2800","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"29 October 2020","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 June 2021","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"8 June 2021","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"7 September 2021","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors have no conflicts to declare.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}