{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T19:58:05Z","timestamp":1782590285069,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]],"date-time":"2022-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661731200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]],"date-time":"2022-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661731200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.springer.com\/tdm"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arch Sex Behav"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-022-02393-6","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]],"date-time":"2022-08-29T15:05:01Z","timestamp":1661785501000},"page":"3947-3961","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Personality Predictors of Prejudicial Attitudes, Willingness to Engage, and Actual Engagement in Consensual Non-Monogamy"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8228-0987","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sharon M.","family":"Flicker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3097-0123","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Flavia","family":"Sancier-Barbosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"2393_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1111\/jftr.12241","volume":"10","author":"SH Allen","year":"2018","unstructured":"Allen, S. H., & Mendez, S. N. (2018). hegemonic heteronormativity: Toward a new era of queer family theory. Journal of Family Theory and Review, 10, 70\u201386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/jftr.12241","journal-title":"Journal of Family Theory and Review"},{"key":"2393_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-8869(02)00097-1","volume":"34","author":"A Aluja","year":"2003","unstructured":"Aluja, A., Garc\u00eda, \u00d3., & Garc\u00eda, L. F. (2003). Psychometric properties of the Zuckerman-Kuhlman personality questionnaire (ZKPQ-III-R): A study of a shortened form. Personality and Individual Differences, 34, 1083\u20131097. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0191-8869(02)00097-1","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"issue":"1","key":"2393_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","volume":"57","author":"Y Benjamini","year":"1995","unstructured":"Benjamini, Y., & Hochberg, Y. (1995). Controlling the false discovery rate: A practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (methodological), 57(1), 289\u2013300.","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series B (methodological)"},{"key":"2393_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12119-016-9395-5","volume":"21","author":"MT Cohen","year":"2017","unstructured":"Cohen, M. T., & Wilson, K. (2017). Development of the consensual non-monogamy attitude scale (CNAS). Sexuality & Culture, 21, 1\u201314. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12119-016-9395-5","journal-title":"Sexuality & Culture"},{"issue":"2","key":"2393_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691616667925","volume":"12","author":"TD Conley","year":"2017","unstructured":"Conley, T. D., Matsick, J. L., Moors, A. C., & Ziegler, A. (2017). Investigation of consensually nonmonogamous relationships: Theories, methods, and new directions. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 12(2), 205\u2013232. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1745691616667925","journal-title":"Perspectives on Psychological Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"2393_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1080\/1047840X.2014.876908","volume":"25","author":"TD Conley","year":"2014","unstructured":"Conley, T. D., & Moors, A. C. (2014). More oxygen please!: How polyamorous relationship strategies might oxygenate marriage. Psychological Inquiry, 25(1), 56\u201363. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1047840X.2014.876908","journal-title":"Psychological Inquiry"},{"issue":"1","key":"2393_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-2415.2012.01286.x","volume":"13","author":"TD Conley","year":"2013","unstructured":"Conley, T. D., Moors, A., Matsick, J., & Ziegler, A. (2013a). The fewer the merrier?: Assessing stigma surrounding consensually nonmonogamous romantic relationships. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 13(1), 1\u201330.","journal-title":"Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy"},{"issue":"2","key":"2393_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1177\/1088868312467087","volume":"17","author":"TD Conley","year":"2013","unstructured":"Conley, T. D., Ziegler, A., Moors, A. C., Matsick, J. L., & Valentine, B. (2013b). A critical examination of popular assumptions about the benefits and outcomes of monogamous relationships. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 17(2), 124\u2013141. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1088868312467087","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Review"},{"key":"2393_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.11.017","volume":"174","author":"AL Costa","year":"2015","unstructured":"Costa, A. L., Sophia, E. C., Sanches, C., Tavares, H., & Zilberman, M. L. (2015). Pathological jealousy: Romantic relationship characteristics, emotional and personality aspects, and social adjustment. Journal of Affective Disorders, 174, 38\u201344. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jad.2014.11.017","journal-title":"Journal of Affective Disorders"},{"issue":"1","key":"2393_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1111\/0162-895x.00316\u200b","volume":"24","author":"S Feldman","year":"2003","unstructured":"Feldman, S. (2003). Enforcing social conformity: A theory of authoritarianism. Political Psychology, 24(1), 41\u201374. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/0162-895x.00316\u200b","journal-title":"Political Psychology"},{"key":"2393_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Galloway, L. F. E., (2013). Does movie viewing cultivate unrealistic expectations about love and marriage? UNLV Theses, Dissertations, Professional Papers, and Capstones. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.34917\/4478244","DOI":"10.34917\/4478244"},{"issue":"4","key":"2393_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/s0191-8869(00)00156-2","volume":"31","author":"V Greco","year":"2001","unstructured":"Greco, V., & Roger, D. (2001). Coping with uncertainty: The construction and validation of a new measure. Personality and Individual Differences, 31(4), 519\u2013534. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/s0191-8869(00)00156-2","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"key":"2393_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1016\/j.paid.2005.02.014","volume":"39","author":"S Grenier","year":"2005","unstructured":"Grenier, S., Barrette, A. M., & Ladouceur, R. (2005). Intolerance of uncertainty and intolerance of ambiguity: Similarities and differences. Personality and Individual Differences, 39, 593\u2013600. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.paid.2005.02.014","journal-title":"Personality and Individual Differences"},{"issue":"1","key":"2393_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1080\/00224499.2015.1010193","volume":"53","author":"K Grunt-Mejer","year":"2016","unstructured":"Grunt-Mejer, K., & Campbell, C. (2016). Around consensual nonmonogamies: Assessing attitudes toward nonexclusive relationships. The Journal of Sex Research, 53(1), 45\u201353. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00224499.2015.1010193","journal-title":"The Journal of Sex Research"},{"key":"2393_CR15","unstructured":"Habarth, J. M. (2009). Thinking \u201cstraight\u201d: Heteronormativity and associated outcomes across sexual orientation [ProQuest Information & Learning]. In: Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities and Social Sciences. 69(9\u2013A): 3777."},{"issue":"5","key":"2393_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1080\/0092623X.2016.1178675","volume":"43","author":"ML Haupert","year":"2017","unstructured":"Haupert, M. L., Gesselman, A. N., Moors, A. C., Fisher, H. E., & Garcia, J. R. (2017). Prevalence of experiences with consensual nonmonogamous relationships: Findings from two national samples of single Americans. Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 43(5), 424\u2013440. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/0092623X.2016.1178675","journal-title":"Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy"},{"issue":"2","key":"2393_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.50.2.392","volume":"50","author":"C Hendrick","year":"1986","unstructured":"Hendrick, C., & Hendrick, S. (1986). A Theory and method of love. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50(2), 392\u2013402.","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2393_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1177\/0265407598152001","volume":"15","author":"C Hendrick","year":"1998","unstructured":"Hendrick, C., Hendrick, S., & Dicke, A. (1998). The love attitudes scale: Short form. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 15(2), 147\u2013159.","journal-title":"Journal of Social and Personal Relationships"},{"issue":"3","key":"2393_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1177\/026540758700400303","volume":"4","author":"SS Hendrick","year":"1987","unstructured":"Hendrick, S. S., & Hendrick, C. (1987). Love and sexual attitudes, self-disclosure and sensation seeking. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 4(3), 281\u2013297. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/026540758700400303","journal-title":"Journal of Social and Personal Relationships"},{"issue":"2","key":"2393_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1080\/19419899.2015.1004102","volume":"7","author":"KT Hutzler","year":"2016","unstructured":"Hutzler, K. T., Giuliano, T. A., Herselman, J. R., & Johnson, S. M. (2016). Three\u2019s a crowd: Public awareness and (MIS)perceptions of polyamory. Psychology & Sexuality, 7(2), 69\u201387. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19419899.2015.1004102","journal-title":"Psychology & Sexuality"},{"issue":"4","key":"2393_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1080\/19419899.2014.1001774","volume":"6","author":"S Johnson","year":"2015","unstructured":"Johnson, S., Giuliano, T., Herselman, J., & Hutzler, K. (2015). Development of a brief measure of attitudes towards polyamory. Psychology & Sexuality, 6(4), 325\u2013339.","journal-title":"Psychology & Sexuality"},{"issue":"5","key":"2393_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1177\/1363460706069986","volume":"9","author":"C Klesse","year":"2006","unstructured":"Klesse, C. (2006). Polyamory and its \u2018Others\u2019: Contesting the terms of non-monogamy. Sexualities, 9(5), 565\u2013583. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1363460706069986","journal-title":"Sexualities"},{"key":"2393_CR23","volume-title":"Colours of love: An exploration of the ways of loving","author":"JA Lee","year":"1973","unstructured":"Lee, J. A. (1973). Colours of love: An exploration of the ways of loving. Toronto: New Press."},{"issue":"8","key":"2393_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2799","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-020-01788-7","volume":"49","author":"JJ Lehmiller","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lehmiller, J. J. (2020). Fantasies about consensual nonmonogamy among persons in monogamous romantic relationships. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 49(8), 2799\u20132812. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10508-020-01788-7","journal-title":"Archives of Sexual Behavior"},{"issue":"5","key":"2393_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-018-1178-7","volume":"47","author":"EC Levine","year":"2018","unstructured":"Levine, E. C., Herbenick, D., Martinez, O., Tsung-Chieh, F., & Dodge, B. (2018). Open relationships, nonconsensual nonmonogamy, and monogamy among U.S. adults: findings from the 2012 national survey of sexual health and behavior. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 47(5), 1439\u20131450. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10508-018-1178-7","journal-title":"Archives of Sexual Behavior"},{"key":"2393_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.56.091103.070137","volume":"56","author":"B Major","year":"2005","unstructured":"Major, B., & O\u2019Brien, L. T. (2005). The social psychology of stigma. Annual Review of Psychology, 56, 393\u2013421. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.psych.56.091103.070137","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2393_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1111\/asap.12020","volume":"13","author":"AC Moors","year":"2013","unstructured":"Moors, A. C., Matsick, J. L., Ziegler, A., Rubin, J. D., & Conley, T. D. (2013). Stigma toward individuals engaged in consensual nonmonogamy: Robust and worthy of additional research: Robust stigma. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 13(1), 52\u201369. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/asap.12020","journal-title":"Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy"},{"issue":"2","key":"2393_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1177\/0265407514529065","volume":"32","author":"AC Moors","year":"2015","unstructured":"Moors, A. C., Conley, T. D., Edelstein, R. S., & Chopik, W. J. (2015). Attached to monogamy? Avoidance predicts willingness to engage (but not actual engagement) in consensual non-monogamy. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 32(2), 222\u2013240. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0265407514529065","journal-title":"Journal of Social and Personal Relationships"},{"issue":"4","key":"2393_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1080\/15299716.2017.1367982","volume":"17","author":"A Moors","year":"2017","unstructured":"Moors, A., Selterman, D., & Conley, T. (2017). Personality correlates of desire to engage in consensual non-monogamy among lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals. Journal of Bisexuality, 17(4), 418\u2013434.","journal-title":"Journal of Bisexuality"},{"issue":"6","key":"2393_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"677","DOI":"10.1080\/00224499.2016.1178208","volume":"54","author":"AC Moors","year":"2017","unstructured":"Moors, A. C. (2017). Has the american public\u2019s interest in information related to relationships beyond \u201cThe Couple\u201d increased over time? The Journal of Sex Research, 54(6), 677\u2013684. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00224499.2016.1178208","journal-title":"The Journal of Sex Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"2393_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1177\/1363460706069987","volume":"9","author":"A Ritchie","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ritchie, A., & Barker, M. (2006). \u2018There aren\u2019t words for what we do or how we feel so we have to make them up\u2019: Constructing polyamorous languages in a culture of compulsory monogamy. Sexualities, 9(5), 584\u2013601. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1363460706069987","journal-title":"Sexualities"},{"issue":"1","key":"2393_CR32","first-page":"19","volume":"22","author":"JD Rubin","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rubin, J. D., Moors, A. C., Matsick, J. L., Ziegler, A., & Conley, T. D. (2014). On the margins considering diversity among consensually non-monogamous relationships [Special Issue on Polyamory]. Journal f\u00fcr Psychologie., 22(1), 19\u201337.","journal-title":"Journal f\u00fcr Psychologie."},{"issue":"11","key":"2393_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"879","DOI":"10.1037\/ccp0000349","volume":"86","author":"H Schechinger","year":"2018","unstructured":"Schechinger, H., Sakaluk, J. K., & Moors, A. C. (2018). Harmful and helpful therapy practices with consensually non-monogamous clients: Toward an inclusive framework. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 86(11), 879\u2013891. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/ccp0000349","journal-title":"Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"2393_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1177\/1363460716649337","volume":"20","author":"LJ S\u00e9guin","year":"2017","unstructured":"S\u00e9guin, L. J., Blais, M., Goyer, M.-F., Adam, B. D., Lavoie, F., Rodrigue, C., & Magontier, C. (2017). Examining relationship quality across three types of relationship agreements. Sexualities, 20(1\u20132), 86\u2013104. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1363460716649337","journal-title":"Sexualities"},{"issue":"1\/2","key":"2393_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1080\/19419899.2017.1319407","volume":"8","author":"KM Sizemore","year":"2017","unstructured":"Sizemore, K. M., & Olmstead, S. B. (2017). A systematic review of research on attitudes towards and willingness to engage in consensual non-monogamy among emerging adults: Methodological issues considered. Psychology & Sexuality, 8(1\/2), 4\u201323. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/19419899.2017.1319407","journal-title":"Psychology & Sexuality"},{"key":"2393_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3864515","author":"R Sommers","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sommers, R., & Burke, S. (2021). Reducing prejudice through law: Evidence from experimental psychology. U of Michigan Public Law Research Paper No. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.3864515","journal-title":"U of Michigan Public Law Research Paper No."},{"key":"2393_CR37","unstructured":"Vaughan, M. D., & Flicker, S. M. (2021). An Exploratory Analysis of Demographic Differences in Experiences of Compersion [Conference presentation] APA Convention 2021, virtual."},{"issue":"1","key":"2393_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsxm.2018.11.006","volume":"16","author":"MD Vaughan","year":"2019","unstructured":"Vaughan, M. D., Jones, P., Taylor, B. A., & Roush, J. (2019). Healthcare experiences and needs of consensually non-monogamous people: Results from a focus group study. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 16(1), 42\u201351. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jsxm.2018.11.006","journal-title":"Journal of Sexual Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"2393_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02249397","volume":"18","author":"T Yamagishi","year":"1994","unstructured":"Yamagishi, T., & Yamagishi, M. (1994). Trust and commitment in the United States and Japan. Motivation and Emotion, 18(2), 129\u2013166.","journal-title":"Motivation and Emotion"}],"updated-by":[{"DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-022-02431-3","type":"correction","label":"Correction","source":"publisher","updated":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,29]],"date-time":"2022-09-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1664409600000}}],"container-title":["Archives of Sexual Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10508-022-02393-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10508-022-02393-6\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10508-022-02393-6.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,2]],"date-time":"2024-10-02T19:31:01Z","timestamp":1727897461000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10508-022-02393-6"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["2393"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10508-022-02393-6","relation":{"correction":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1007\/s10508-022-02431-3","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0004-0002","1573-2800"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0004-0002","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-2800","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,29]]},"assertion":[{"value":"12 September 2021","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 June 2022","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"26 July 2022","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 August 2022","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"29 September 2022","order":5,"name":"change_date","label":"Change Date","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"Correction","order":6,"name":"change_type","label":"Change Type","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"A Correction to this paper has been published:","order":7,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10508-022-02431-3","URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10508-022-02431-3","order":8,"name":"change_details","label":"Change Details","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}},{"value":"All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and\/or national research committee (Exempt due to less than minimal risk and anonymous surveys; IRB approval numbers: flicker@csus.edu 19\u201320-3) and with the 1964 Helsinki declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}},{"value":"This article does not contain any studies with animals performed by any of the authors.","order":4,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Human and Animal Rights"}},{"value":"Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.","order":5,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Informed Consent"}}]}}