{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T04:24:50Z","timestamp":1792038290266,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]],"date-time":"2024-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725494400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]],"date-time":"2024-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725494400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010607","name":"Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Perugia","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010607","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arch Sex Behav"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Image-based sexual abuse represents an increasingly common form of gender-based violence, consisting of the act of non-consensually capturing, distributing, or threatening to distribute sexually explicit material depicting another person. The purpose of the present study was to investigate how women victims\u2019 noncompliance with traditional female sexuality influences bystanders\u2019 perceptions of the phenomenon. Specifically, we experimentally examined whether a woman\u2019s sexual agency (high vs. low) and the length (steady vs. transient) of the relationship with the perpetrator affected her moral evaluation, victim blaming, and participants\u2019 willingness to support her. A sample of 597 adults (65.7% women, <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>age<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u200931.29 years) took part in the study. The findings indicated that while a transient (vs. steady) relationship with the perpetrator significantly lowered the woman\u2019s perceived moral virtue and increased the extent to which she was blamed for the incident, a high (vs. low) woman\u2019s sexual agency decreased participants\u2019 helping intentions towards her. Additionally, results showed that men were less likely than women to attribute moral virtue and help the victim. Lastly, through the mediation of moral virtue and victim blaming, the length of the relationship indirectly influenced participants\u2019 helping intentions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-024-02970-x","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]],"date-time":"2024-09-05T16:02:25Z","timestamp":1725552145000},"page":"4079-4088","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["From Non-Traditional Sexual Behavior to Non-Legitimate Victims: Moral Virtue, Victim Blame, and Helping Intentions Toward a Woman Victim of Image-Based Sexual Abuse"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6875-6961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria Giuseppina","family":"Pacilli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Pagliaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilaria","family":"Giovannelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Spaccatini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Berlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Rollero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"2970_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.84.1.111","volume":"84","author":"D Abrams","year":"2003","unstructured":"Abrams, D., Viki, G. T., Masser, B., & Bohner, G. (2003). Perceptions of stranger and acquaintance rape: The role of benevolent and hostile sexism in victim blame and rape proclivity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(1), 111\u2013125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.84.1.111","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2970_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.1080\/10304312.2012.665840","volume":"26","author":"K Albury","year":"2012","unstructured":"Albury, K., & Crawford, K. (2012). Sexting, consent and young people\u2019s ethics: Beyond Megan\u2019s story. Continuum, 26(3), 463\u2013473. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10304312.2012.665840","journal-title":"Continuum"},{"issue":"9","key":"2970_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1177\/088626051454080","volume":"30","author":"AC Baldry","year":"2015","unstructured":"Baldry, A. C., Pacilli, M. G., & Pagliaro, S. (2015). She\u2019s not a person\u2026 she\u2019s just a woman! Infra-humanization and intimate partner violence. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 30(9), 1567\u20131582. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/088626051454080","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"issue":"3","key":"2970_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1037\/a0023739","volume":"1","author":"VL Banyard","year":"2011","unstructured":"Banyard, V. L. (2011). Who will help prevent sexual violence: Creating an ecological model of bystander intervention. Psychology of Violence, 1(3), 216\u2013229. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/a0023739","journal-title":"Psychology of Violence"},{"issue":"5","key":"2970_CR5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1037\/vio0000281","volume":"10","author":"VL Banyard","year":"2020","unstructured":"Banyard, V. L., Rizzo, A. J., & Edwards, K. M. (2020). Community actionists: Understanding adult bystanders to sexual and domestic violence prevention in communities. Psychology of Violence, 10(5), 531\u2013541. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/vio0000281","journal-title":"Psychology of Violence"},{"issue":"1","key":"2970_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1177\/1557085116654565","volume":"12","author":"S Bates","year":"2017","unstructured":"Bates, S. (2017). Revenge porn and mental health: A qualitative analysis of the mental health effects of revenge porn on female survivors. Feminist Criminology, 12(1), 22\u201342. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1557085116654565","journal-title":"Feminist Criminology"},{"issue":"11\u201312","key":"2970_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-015-0482-0","volume":"72","author":"P Bernard","year":"2015","unstructured":"Bernard, P., Loughnan, S., Marchal, C., Godart, A., & Klein, O. (2015). The exonerating effect of sexual objectification: Sexual objectification decreases rapist blame in a stranger rape context. Sex Roles, 72(11\u201312), 499\u2013508. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11199-015-0482-0","journal-title":"Sex Roles"},{"issue":"1","key":"2970_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1108\/JACPR-09-2016-0253","volume":"10","author":"S Bothamley","year":"2018","unstructured":"Bothamley, S., & Tully, R. J. (2018). Understanding revenge pornography: Public perceptions of revenge pornography and victim blaming. Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research, 10(1), 1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1108\/JACPR-09-2016-0253","journal-title":"Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"2970_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1026205817132","volume":"18","author":"SA Bryant","year":"2003","unstructured":"Bryant, S. A., & Spencer, G. A. (2003). University students\u2019 attitudes about attributing blame in domestic violence. Journal of Family Violence, 18(6), 369\u2013376. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1023\/A:1026205817132","journal-title":"Journal of Family Violence"},{"issue":"4","key":"2970_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"835","DOI":"10.1007\/s12119-015-9295-0","volume":"19","author":"M Burkett","year":"2015","unstructured":"Burkett, M. (2015). Sex (t) talk: A qualitative analysis of young adults\u2019 negotiations of the pleasures and perils of sexting. Sexuality & Culture, 19(4), 835\u2013863. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12119-015-9295-0","journal-title":"Sexuality & Culture"},{"issue":"9\u201310","key":"2970_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7268","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260520967150","volume":"37","author":"JK Campbell","year":"2020","unstructured":"Campbell, J. K., Poage, S. M., Godley, S., & Rothman, E. F. (2020). Social anxiety as a consequence of non-consensually disseminated sexually explicit media victimization. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(9\u201310), 7268\u20137288. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260520967150","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"issue":"2","key":"2970_CR12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0020-8833.2005.00346.x","volume":"49","author":"RC Carpenter","year":"2005","unstructured":"Carpenter, R. C. (2005). \u201cWomen, children and other vulnerable groups\u201d: Gender, strategic frames and the protection of civilians as a transnational issue. International Studies Quarterly, 49(2), 295\u2013334. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.0020-8833.2005.00346.x","journal-title":"International Studies Quarterly"},{"issue":"3","key":"2970_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-021-02226-y","volume":"51","author":"AR Champion","year":"2022","unstructured":"Champion, A. R., Oswald, F., Khera, D., & Pedersen, C. L. (2022). Examining the gendered impacts of technology-facilitated sexual violence: A mixed methods approach. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 51(3), 1607\u20131624. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10508-021-02226-y","journal-title":"Archives of Sexual Behavior"},{"issue":"3","key":"2970_CR14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1177\/0361684312467169","volume":"37","author":"TD Conley","year":"2013","unstructured":"Conley, T. D., Ziegler, A., & Moors, A. C. (2013). Backlash from the bedroom: Stigma mediates gender differences in acceptance of casual sex offers. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 37(3), 392\u2013407. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0361684312467169","journal-title":"Psychology of Women Quarterly"},{"issue":"1","key":"2970_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1080\/00224490309552163","volume":"40","author":"M Crawford","year":"2003","unstructured":"Crawford, M., & Popp, D. (2003). Sexual double standards: A review and methodological critique of two decades of research. Journal of Sex Research, 40(1), 13\u201326. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00224490309552163","journal-title":"Journal of Sex Research"},{"issue":"1","key":"2970_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.5817\/CP2014-1-9","volume":"8","author":"N D\u00f6ring","year":"2014","unstructured":"D\u00f6ring, N. (2014). Consensual sexting among adolescents: Risk prevention through abstinence education or safer sexting. Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace, 8(1), 9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5817\/CP2014-1-9","journal-title":"Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace"},{"key":"2970_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1007\/s12024-013-9455-1","volume":"10","author":"S Elakkary","year":"2014","unstructured":"Elakkary, S., Franke, B., Shokri, D., Hartwig, S., Tsokos, M., & P\u00fcschel, K. (2014). Honor crimes: Review and proposed definition. Forensic Science, Medicine, and Pathology, 10, 76\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12024-013-9455-1","journal-title":"Forensic Science, Medicine, and Pathology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2970_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1093\/bjc\/azn077","volume":"49","author":"L Ellison","year":"2009","unstructured":"Ellison, L., & Munro, V. E. (2009). Reacting to rape: Exploring mock jurors\u2019 assessments of complainant credibility. British Journal of Criminology, 49(2), 202\u2013219.","journal-title":"British Journal of Criminology"},{"issue":"5","key":"2970_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1080\/09589236.2016.1150818","volume":"26","author":"P Farvid","year":"2017","unstructured":"Farvid, P., Braun, V., & Rowney, C. (2017). \u2018No girl wants to be called a slut!\u2019: Women, heterosexual casual sex and the sexual double standard. Journal of Gender Studies, 26(5), 544\u2013560. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09589236.2016.1150818","journal-title":"Journal of Gender Studies"},{"key":"2970_CR20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146","volume":"39","author":"F Faul","year":"2007","unstructured":"Faul, F., Erdfelder, E., Lang, A. G., & Buchner, A. (2007). G*Power 3: A flexible statistical power analysis program for the social, behavioral, and biomedical sciences. Behavior Research Methods, 39, 175\u2013191. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/BF03193146","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"2970_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1177\/26338076221135327","volume":"56","author":"A Flynn","year":"2023","unstructured":"Flynn, A., Cama, E., Powell, A., & Scott, A. J. (2023). Victim-blaming and image-based sexual abuse. Journal of Criminology, 56(1), 7\u201325. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/26338076221135327","journal-title":"Journal of Criminology"},{"issue":"3","key":"2970_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.70.3.491","volume":"70","author":"P Glick","year":"1996","unstructured":"Glick, P., & Fiske, S. T. (1996). The Ambivalent Sexism Inventory: Differentiating hostile and benevolent sexism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(3), 491\u2013512. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.70.3.491","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"key":"2970_CR23","unstructured":"Gove, E. (2022). Nearly 19,000 victims of so-called revenge porn in four years, investigation finds. 4 News. www.channel4.com\/news\/nearly-19000-victims-of-so-called-revenge-porn-in-four-years-investigation-finds-2"},{"key":"2970_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-020-01190-6","volume":"84","author":"S Gramazio","year":"2021","unstructured":"Gramazio, S., Cadinu, M., Guizzo, F., & Carnaghi, A. (2021). Does sex really sell? Paradoxical effects of sexualization in advertising on product attractiveness and purchase intentions. Sex Roles, 84, 701\u2013719. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11199-020-01190-6","journal-title":"Sex Roles"},{"issue":"11\u201312","key":"2970_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"514","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-023-01366-w","volume":"88","author":"AG Harrington","year":"2023","unstructured":"Harrington, A. G., & Maxwell, J. A. (2023). It takes two to tango: Links between traditional beliefs about both men\u2019s and women\u2019s gender roles and comfort initiating sex and comfort refusing sex. Sex Roles, 88(11\u201312), 514\u2013528. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11199-023-01366-w","journal-title":"Sex Roles"},{"issue":"4","key":"2970_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444812459171","volume":"15","author":"AA Hasinoff","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hasinoff, A. A. (2013). Sexting as media production: Rethinking social media and sexuality. New Media & Society, 15(4), 449\u2013465. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1461444812459171","journal-title":"New Media & Society"},{"issue":"15\u201316","key":"2970_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1828","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801219875821","volume":"26","author":"N Henry","year":"2020","unstructured":"Henry, N., Flynn, A., & Powell, A. (2020). Technology-facilitated domestic and sexual violence: A review. Violence against Women, 26(15\u201316), 1828\u20131854. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1077801219875821","journal-title":"Violence against Women"},{"issue":"6","key":"2970_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797620983829","volume":"32","author":"JA Krems","year":"2021","unstructured":"Krems, J. A., Ko, A., Moon, J. W., & Varnum, M. E. (2021). Lay beliefs about gender and sexual behavior: First evidence for a pervasive, robust (but seemingly unfounded) stereotype. Psychological Science, 32(6), 871\u2013889. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0956797620983829","journal-title":"Psychological Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"2970_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838016659486","volume":"18","author":"MA Krieger","year":"2017","unstructured":"Krieger, M. A. (2017). Unpacking \u201csexting\u201d: A systematic review of nonconsensual sexting in legal, educational, and psychological literatures. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 18(5), 593\u2013601. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1524838016659486","journal-title":"Trauma, Violence, & Abuse"},{"key":"2970_CR30","volume-title":"The unresponsive bystander: Why doesn't he help?","author":"B Latan\u00e9","year":"1970","unstructured":"Latan\u00e9, B., & Darley, J. M. (1970). The unresponsive bystander: Why doesn\u2019t he help? Prentice Hall."},{"issue":"4","key":"2970_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1177\/0361684313485718","volume":"37","author":"S Loughnan","year":"2013","unstructured":"Loughnan, S., Pina, A., Vasquez, E. A., & Puvia, E. (2013). Sexual objectification increases rape victim blame and decreases perceived suffering. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 37(4), 455\u2013461. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0361684313485718","journal-title":"Psychology of Women Quarterly"},{"key":"2970_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maass, A., Cadinu, M., & Galdi, S. (2013). Sexual harassment: Motivations and consequences. In R. N. Branscombe & M. K. Ryan (Eds.), The SAGE handbook of gender and psychology (pp. 341\u2013358). SAGE Publications Inc.","DOI":"10.4135\/9781446269930.n21"},{"issue":"4","key":"2970_CR33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-023-02537-2","volume":"52","author":"C Maes","year":"2023","unstructured":"Maes, C., Van Ouytsel, J., & Vandenbosch, L. (2023). Victim blaming and non-consensual forwarding of sexts among late adolescents and young adults. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 52(4), 1767\u20131783. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10508-023-02537-2","journal-title":"Archives of Sexual Behavior"},{"key":"2970_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/jj.18254216","volume-title":"Love and violence: The vexatious factors of civilization","author":"L Melandri","year":"2018","unstructured":"Melandri, L. (2018). Love and violence: The vexatious factors of civilization. State University of New York Press."},{"issue":"15","key":"2970_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3151","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260516669164","volume":"34","author":"MS Morabito","year":"2019","unstructured":"Morabito, M. S., Pattavina, A., & Williams, L. M. (2019). It all just piles up: Challenges to victim credibility accumulate to influence sexual assault case processing. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 34(15), 3151\u20133170. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260516669164","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"issue":"1","key":"2970_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1080\/09589236.2020.179976","volume":"30","author":"M Naezer","year":"2021","unstructured":"Naezer, M., & van Oosterhout, L. (2021). Only sluts love sexting: Youth, sexual norms and non-consensual sharing of digital sexual images. Journal of Gender Studies, 30(1), 79\u201390. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/09589236.2020.179976","journal-title":"Journal of Gender Studies"},{"issue":"2","key":"2970_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1111\/bjso.12169","volume":"56","author":"MG Pacilli","year":"2017","unstructured":"Pacilli, M. G., Pagliaro, S., Loughnan, S., Gramazio, S., Spaccatini, F., & Baldry, A. C. (2017). Sexualization reduces helping intentions towards female victims of intimate partner violence through mediation of moral patiency. British Journal of Social Psychology, 56(2), 293\u2013313. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/bjso.12169","journal-title":"British Journal of Social Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2970_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1482\/104808","volume":"17","author":"MG Pacilli","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pacilli, M. G., Spaccatini, F., Ballone, C., Gentile, E., & Giovannelli, I. (2022). Moral virtue, victim blaming and helping intentions towards a rape victim. The role of victim\u2019s personality from (past) media narrative to present social perception. Psicologia Sociale. 17(2), 183\u2013194. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1482\/104808","journal-title":"Psicologia Sociale."},{"issue":"6\u20137","key":"2970_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1177\/10778012211014566","volume":"28","author":"S Pagliaro","year":"2022","unstructured":"Pagliaro, S., Cavazza, N., Paolini, D., Teresi, M., Johnson, J. D., & Pacilli, M. G. (2022). Adding insult to injury: The effects of intimate partner violence spillover on the victim\u2019s reputation. Violence against Women, 28(6\u20137), 1523\u20131541. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10778012211014566","journal-title":"Violence against Women"},{"issue":"1","key":"2970_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.00586","volume":"7","author":"S Pagliaro","year":"2016","unstructured":"Pagliaro, S., Ellemers, N., Barreto, M., & Di Cesare, C. (2016). Once dishonest, always dishonest? The impact of perceived pervasiveness of moral evaluations of the self on motivation to restore a moral reputation. Frontiers in Psychology, 7(1), 12. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.00586","journal-title":"Frontiers in Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2970_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1080\/10463283.2020.1776031","volume":"31","author":"S Pagliaro","year":"2020","unstructured":"Pagliaro, S., Pacilli, M. G., & Baldry, A. C. (2020). Bystanders\u2019 reactions to intimate partner violence: An experimental approach. European Review of Social Psychology, 31(1), 149\u2013182. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/10463283.2020.1776031","journal-title":"European Review of Social Psychology"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"2970_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2929","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260518760611","volume":"36","author":"S Pagliaro","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pagliaro, S., Pacilli, M. G., Giannella, V. A., Giovannelli, I., Spaccatini, F., & Baldry, A. C. (2021b). Legitimizing intimate partner violence: Moral evaluations, attribution of responsibility, and (reduced) helping intentions. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(5\u20136), 2929\u20132941. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260518760611","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"issue":"21\u201322","key":"2970_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11593","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260519888530","volume":"36","author":"S Pagliaro","year":"2021","unstructured":"Pagliaro, S., Pacilli, M. G., & Paolini, D. (2021a). Intimate partner violence and same-sex couples: Examining the antecedents of bystanders\u2019 helping intentions. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(21\u201322), 11593\u201311617. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260519888530","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"issue":"2","key":"2970_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1177\/1524838020958057","volume":"23","author":"U Patel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Patel, U., & Roesch, R. (2022). The prevalence of technology-facilitated sexual violence: A meta-analysis and systematic review. Trauma, Violence, & Abuse, 23(2), 428\u2013443. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1524838020958057","journal-title":"Trauma, Violence, & Abuse"},{"issue":"2","key":"2970_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1482\/94264","volume":"14","author":"G Penone","year":"2019","unstructured":"Penone, G., & Spaccatini, F. (2019). Attribution of blame to gender violence victims: A literature review of antecedents, consequences and measures of victim blame. Psicologia Sociale, 14(2), 133\u2013164. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1482\/94264","journal-title":"Psicologia Sociale"},{"key":"2970_CR46","unstructured":"Permessonegato.it. (2022). State of revenge. Permesso Negato. https:\/\/www.permessonegato.it\/doc\/PermessoNegato_StateofRevenge_2022.pdf"},{"issue":"2","key":"2970_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2009.01.002","volume":"14","author":"A Pina","year":"2009","unstructured":"Pina, A., Gannon, T. A., & Saunders, B. (2009). An overview of the literature on sexual harassment: Perpetrator, theory, and treatment issues. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 14(2), 126\u2013138. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.avb.2009.01.002","journal-title":"Aggression and Violent Behavior"},{"key":"2970_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chb.2018.11.009","volume":"92","author":"A Powell","year":"2019","unstructured":"Powell, A., Henry, N., Flynn, A., & Scott, A. J. (2019). Image-based sexual abuse: The extent, nature, and predictors of perpetration in a community sample of Australian residents. Computers in Human Behavior, 92, 393\u2013402. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.chb.2018.11.009","journal-title":"Computers in Human Behavior"},{"issue":"23\u201324","key":"2970_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22864","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605211072266","volume":"37","author":"A Powell","year":"2022","unstructured":"Powell, A., Scott, A. J., Flynn, A., & McCook, S. (2022). Perpetration of image-based sexual abuse: Extent, nature and correlates in a multi-country sample. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(23\u201324), 22864\u201322889. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08862605211072266","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"key":"2970_CR50","unstructured":"Reynolds, J. (2017). Italy\u2019s Tiziana: Tragedy of a woman destroyed by viral sex video. BBC News. https:\/\/www.bbc.com\/news\/world-europe-38848528"},{"key":"2970_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Roll\u00e8, L., Giardina, G., Caldarera, A. M., Gerino, E., & Brustia, P. (2018). When intimate partner violence meets same sex couples: A review of same sex intimate partner violence. Frontiers in Psychology, 9. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.01506","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.01506"},{"issue":"21\u201322","key":"2970_CR52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11349","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260519888525","volume":"36","author":"C Rollero","year":"2021","unstructured":"Rollero, C., Bergagna, E., & Tartaglia, S. (2021). What is violence? The role of sexism and social dominance orientation in recognizing violence against women. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 36(21\u201322), 11349\u201311366. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0886260519888525","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"issue":"21","key":"2970_CR53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17218139","volume":"17","author":"C Rollero","year":"2020","unstructured":"Rollero, C., & De Piccoli, N. (2020). Myths about intimate partner violence and moral disengagement: An analysis of sociocultural dimensions sustaining violence against women. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(21). https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijerph17218139","journal-title":"International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"2970_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.4473\/TPM21.2.3","volume":"21","author":"C Rollero","year":"2014","unstructured":"Rollero, C., Glick, P., & Tartaglia, S. (2014). Psychometric properties of short versions of the ambivalent sexism inventory and ambivalence toward men inventory. TPM Testing, Psychometrics, Methodology in Applied Psychology, 21(2), 149\u2013159. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.4473\/TPM21.2.3","journal-title":"TPM Testing, Psychometrics, Methodology in Applied Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"2970_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1482\/104809","volume":"17","author":"C Rollero","year":"2022","unstructured":"Rollero, C., & Pagliaro, S. (2022). Moral foundations and victim blaming in case of non-consensual dissemination of one\u2019s sexual images: A preliminary study. Psicologia Sociale, 17(2), 195\u2013205. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1482\/104809","journal-title":"Psicologia Sociale"},{"key":"2970_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-11756-5_22","volume-title":"What people leave behind: Marks, traces, footprints and their relevance to knowledge society","author":"V Romania","year":"2022","unstructured":"Romania, V. (2022). Shameful traces and image-based sexual abuse: The case of Tiziana Cantone. In F. Comunello, F. Martire, & L. Sabetta (Eds.), What people leave behind: Marks, traces, footprints and their relevance to knowledge society (pp. 347\u2013359). Springer Nature."},{"issue":"1","key":"2970_CR57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1037\/vio0000233","volume":"10","author":"Y Ruvalcaba","year":"2020","unstructured":"Ruvalcaba, Y., & Eaton, A. A. (2020). Nonconsensual pornography among U.S. adults: A sexual scripts framework on victimization, perpetration, and health correlates for women and men. Psychology of Violence, 10(1), 68\u201378. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/vio0000233","journal-title":"Psychology of Violence"},{"issue":"4","key":"2970_CR58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1177\/1948550617715068","volume":"8","author":"AM Schoemann","year":"2017","unstructured":"Schoemann, A. M., Boulton, A. J., & Short, S. D. (2017). Determining power and sample size for simple and complex mediation models. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 8(4), 379\u2013386. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1948550617715068","journal-title":"Social Psychological and Personality Science"},{"key":"2970_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.4324\/9781003163800-6","volume-title":"Rape: Challenging contemporary thinking - 10 years on","author":"E Setty","year":"2022","unstructured":"Setty, E., Ringrose, J., & Regehr, K. (2022). Digital sexual violence and the gendered constraints of consent in youth image sharing. In M. A. H. Horvath & J. M. Brown (Eds.), Rape: Challenging contemporary thinking - 10 years on (pp. 45\u201361). Taylor and Francis."},{"issue":"3","key":"2970_CR60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"811","DOI":"10.1007\/s12119-019-09592-9","volume":"23","author":"F Spaccatini","year":"2019","unstructured":"Spaccatini, F., Pacilli, M. G., Giovannelli, I., Roccato, M., & Penone, G. (2019). Sexualized victims of stranger harassment and victim blaming: The moderating role of right-wing authoritarianism. Sexuality & Culture, 23(3), 811\u2013825. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12119-019-09592-9","journal-title":"Sexuality & Culture"},{"issue":"22","key":"2970_CR61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19054","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-022-02884-8","volume":"42","author":"F Spaccatini","year":"2023","unstructured":"Spaccatini, F., Pacilli, M. G., Pagliaro, S., & Giovannelli, I. (2023). Victim blaming 2.0: Blaming sexualized victims of online harassment lowers bystanders\u2019 helping intentions. Current Psychology, 42(22), 19054\u201319064. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12144-022-02884-8","journal-title":"Current Psychology"},{"key":"2970_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/13634607231160058","author":"S Spi\u0161\u00e1k","year":"2023","unstructured":"Spi\u0161\u00e1k, S. (2023). \u2018It\u2019s a generational thing, really.\u2019 Understandings of sexual rights in a digital age. Sexualities. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/13634607231160058","journal-title":"Sexualities"},{"issue":"2","key":"2970_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.5281\/zenodo.3366179","volume":"12","author":"TS Starr","year":"2018","unstructured":"Starr, T. S., & Lavis, T. (2018). Perceptions of revenge pornography and victim blame. International Journal of Cyber Criminology, 12(2), 427\u2013438. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5281\/zenodo.3366179","journal-title":"International Journal of Cyber Criminology"},{"key":"2970_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1177\/026975800401100206","volume":"11","author":"R Strobl","year":"2004","unstructured":"Strobl, R. (2004). Constructing the victim: Theoretical reflections and empirical examples. International Review of Victimology, 11, 295\u2013311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/026975800401100206","journal-title":"International Review of Victimology"},{"issue":"1","key":"2970_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1708\/3749.37322","volume":"57","author":"V Veronica","year":"2022","unstructured":"Veronica, V., & Di Giacomo, D. (2022). Psychological aspects of revenge porn phenomena: Clinical perspective. Rivista di Psichiatria, 57(1), 10\u201317. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1708\/3749.37322","journal-title":"Rivista di Psichiatria"},{"issue":"12","key":"2970_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1608","DOI":"10.1080\/00918369.2016.1158007","volume":"63","author":"Y Zaikman","year":"2016","unstructured":"Zaikman, Y., Marks, M. J., Young, T. M., & Zeiber, J. A. (2016). Gender role violations and the sexual double standard. Journal of Homosexuality, 63(12), 1608\u20131629. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00918369.2016.1158007","journal-title":"Journal of Homosexuality"},{"issue":"21\u201322","key":"2970_CR67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20146","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605211050109","volume":"37","author":"L Zvi","year":"2022","unstructured":"Zvi, L. (2022). The double standard toward female and male victims of non-consensual dissemination of intimate images. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 37(21\u201322), 20146\u201320167. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08862605211050109","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"}],"container-title":["Archives of Sexual Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10508-024-02970-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10508-024-02970-x\/fulltext.html","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10508-024-02970-x.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,25]],"date-time":"2024-11-25T16:08:53Z","timestamp":1732550933000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10508-024-02970-x"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]}},"alternative-id":["2970"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10508-024-02970-x","relation":{},"ISSN":["0004-0002","1573-2800"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0004-0002","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-2800","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"27 June 2023","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"4 July 2024","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"30 July 2024","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"5 September 2024","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"order":1,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study followed the ethical principles of the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki. The University of Turin Bioethics Committee approved the study protocol.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Ethical Approval"}},{"value":"No conflicts of interest to declare.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Conflict of interest"}}]}}