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They are increasingly applied across various domains, including intimacy and sexuality\u2014ranging from AI-generated pornography to sexual counseling via AI chatbots. While AI-generated content holds significant potential, it is also met with skepticism. Anti-AI bias is defined as a systematic tendency to evaluate AI-produced outputs more negatively than equivalent human-created content, regardless of actual quality. Following the experimental labeling paradigm, this study examined whether identical couple images (H\n                    <jats:sub>1a<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) and couple counseling excerpts (H\n                    <jats:sub>2a<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) were evaluated less favorably when labeled as AI-generated rather than human-created, and whether AI attitudes and AI literacy moderated these effects for images (H\n                    <jats:sub>1b<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) and counseling dialogues (H\n                    <jats:sub>2b<\/jats:sub>\n                    ). Two consecutive online experiments were conducted in 2024 with a national sample of adults in Germany (\n                    <jats:italic>N<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20092,658). In Experiment 1, identical romantic couple images received less positive evaluations when labeled as AI-generated images versus as human-generated photographs (\n                    <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.21; H\n                    <jats:sub>1a<\/jats:sub>\n                    ). In Experiment 2, identical sexuality-related couple counseling excerpts labeled as involving an AI counselor were rated less favorably than those labeled as involving a human counselor (\n                    <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.23; H\n                    <jats:sub>2a<\/jats:sub>\n                    ). AI attitudes and AI literacy combined did neither moderate the labeling effect for images (\u03b7\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.005; H\n                    <jats:sub>1b<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) nor for counseling dialogues (\u03b7\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u2009=\u2009.003; H\n                    <jats:sub>2b<\/jats:sub>\n                    ). These findings extend the literature on anti-AI bias into intimate contexts. Nevertheless, user dispositions toward AI remain an important consideration when designing and implementing generative AI systems in intimacy- and sexuality-related domains.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-025-03318-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T14:38:15Z","timestamp":1759934295000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Anti-AI Bias Toward Couple Images and Couple Counseling: Findings from Two Experiments"],"prefix":"10.1007","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1299-4586","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicola","family":"D\u00f6ring","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7686-8322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M. 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The second author has no conflict of interest.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"The study, which comprised the experimental component reported here and a survey component reported elsewhere (D\u00f6ring et al.,\n                      \n                      ) was approved by the ethics committee of Technische Universit\u00e4t Ilmenau, and all participants provided informed consent.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethical approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"All participants gave informed consent.","order":3,"name":"Ethics","label":"Informed consent","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"We included this AI declaration in response to the Guest Editors\u2019 request for the special issue on \"Artificial Intelligence and Sexuality.\" The first author wrote the initial draft of the paper, with all ideas originating from her and being informed by prior research on AI-supported sexual activities, sexual content, and anti-AI bias. ChatGPT-4 was used for editing and translation purposes with prompts such as \u201ctranslate to English,\u201d \u201cimprove flow,\u201d \u201cproofread,\u201d or \u201cshorten.\u201d","order":4,"name":"Ethics","label":"Declaration of generative AI in scientific writing","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}