{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T04:24:49Z","timestamp":1792038289913,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"Springer Science and Business Media LLC","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1777593600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":41,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2022-138665NB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2022-138665NB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100023561","name":"Ministerio de Universidades","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FPU20\/01987"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FPU20\/01987"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100023561","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006393","name":"Universidad de Granada","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006393","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["link.springer.com"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Arch Sex Behav"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>The unsolicited receipt of genital images is a widespread form of cyber-sexual violence against women. While many women describe these experiences as humiliating or disgusting, others perceive them as harmless or even flattering. Building on a qualitative pilot study (92 women participants), we investigated how women evaluate and emotionally react to unsolicited genital images, and how these responses are influenced by prior sexual context and myths about cyber-sexual violence. A total of 218 Spanish women participants reported their acceptance of myths about cyber-sexual violence and evaluated a hypothetical incident of receiving an unsolicited genital image with the sexual context manipulated in a between-participants design. Results showed that women evaluated the incidents less positively and exhibited more anxiety, anger-hostility, and sadness, and less happiness and fewer feelings of power after exposure to both incidents of unsolicited genital images. Importantly, women with a higher acceptance of myths about cyber-sexual violence evaluated the incidents more positively, which in turn was associated with more positive and fewer negative feelings when the woman previously showed sexual interest toward the perpetrator (vs. no sexual interest or the control condition). These findings highlight the need for interventions that challenge these myths, empowering women to resist pressures to normalize such behaviors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-026-03463-9","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]],"date-time":"2026-06-11T18:29:39Z","timestamp":1781202579000},"page":"2139-2155","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/springer_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["\u201cLiking You Doesn\u2019t Mean I Want Your Dickpic\u201d: (Cyber)Rape Culture Predicts Women\u2019s Perception and Emotional Responses to Unsolicited Genital Images"],"prefix":"10.1007","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5612-9829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roc\u00edo","family":"Vizca\u00edno-Cuenca","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8822-3791","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo","family":"Carretero-Dios","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8355-8151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"M\u00f3nica","family":"Romero-S\u00e1nchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"297","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,11]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"3463_CR1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.84.1.111","volume":"84","author":"D Abrams","year":"2003","unstructured":"Abrams, D., Viki, G. T., Masser, B., & Bohner, G. (2003). Perceptions of stranger and acquaintance rape: The role of benevolent and hostile sexism in victim blame and rape proclivity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(1), 111\u2013125. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/0022-3514.84.1.111","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"issue":"6","key":"3463_CR2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444820907025","volume":"23","author":"R Amundsen","year":"2021","unstructured":"Amundsen, R. (2021). \u2018A male dominance kind of vibe\u2019: Approaching unsolicited dick pics as sexism. New Media & Society, 23(6), 1465\u20131480. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1461444820907025","journal-title":"New Media & Society"},{"key":"3463_CR3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-024-02724-z","volume":"11","author":"K Anciones-Anguita","year":"2024","unstructured":"Anciones-Anguita, K., & Checa-Romero, M. (2024). Sexualized culture on livestreaming platforms: A content analysis of Twitch.tv. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 11, Article 257. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1057\/s41599-024-02724-z","journal-title":"Humanities and Social Sciences Communications"},{"key":"3463_CR4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1080\/07448481.2022.2086005","volume":"72","author":"E Bernstein","year":"2024","unstructured":"Bernstein, E., Kanefsky, R., Cook, M., & Newins, A. R. (2024). Acceptance of rape myths and psychological symptoms: The indirect effect of self-blame. Journal of American College Health, 72, 1641\u20131645. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/07448481.2022.2086005","journal-title":"Journal of American College Health"},{"key":"3463_CR5","first-page":"159","volume-title":"Rape: Challenging contemporary thinking 10 years on","author":"G Bohner","year":"2023","unstructured":"Bohner, G., Eyssel, F., & S\u00fcssenbach, P. (2023). Modern myths about sexual aggression: New methods and findings. In M. Horvath & J. M. Brown (Eds.), Rape: Challenging contemporary thinking 10 years on (pp. 159\u2013171). Routledge."},{"issue":"6","key":"3463_CR6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsp.2420230603","volume":"23","author":"G Bohner","year":"1993","unstructured":"Bohner, G., Weisbrod, C., Raymond, P., Barzvi, A., & Schwarz, N. (1993). Salience of rape affects self-esteem: The moderating role of gender and rape myth acceptance. European Journal of Social Psychology, 23(6), 561\u2013579. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejsp.2420230603","journal-title":"European Journal of Social Psychology"},{"issue":"5","key":"3463_CR7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1177\/1461444820909517","volume":"23","author":"S Bonilla","year":"2021","unstructured":"Bonilla, S., McGinley, M., & Lamb, S. (2021). Sexting, power, and patriarchy: Narratives of sexting from a college population. New Media & Society, 23(5), 1099\u20131116. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1461444820909517","journal-title":"New Media & Society"},{"issue":"1","key":"3463_CR8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-021-00964-x","volume":"8","author":"P Brooker","year":"2021","unstructured":"Brooker, P., & Butler, C. (2021). Rape myths in practice: The everyday work of accounting for rape survivors. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 8(1), Article 299. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1057\/s41599-021-00964-x","journal-title":"Humanities and Social Sciences Communications"},{"issue":"6","key":"3463_CR9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1037\/pspi0000344","volume":"121","author":"RM Calogero","year":"2021","unstructured":"Calogero, R. M., Tylka, T. L., Siegel, J. A., Pina, A., & Roberts, T.-A. (2021). Smile pretty and watch your back: Personal safety anxiety and vigilance in objectification theory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 121(6), 1195\u20131222. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1037\/pspi0000344","journal-title":"Journal of Personality and Social Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"3463_CR10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1177\/20563051211043218","volume":"7","author":"V Centelles","year":"2021","unstructured":"Centelles, V., Powers, R. A., & Moule, R. K. (2021). An examination of location-based real-time dating application infrastructure, profile features, and cybervictimization. Social Media + Society, 7(3), 1\u201311. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/20563051211043218","journal-title":"Social Media + Society"},{"issue":"3","key":"3463_CR11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-021-02226-y","volume":"51","author":"AR Champion","year":"2022","unstructured":"Champion, A. R., Oswald, F., Khera, D., & Pedersen, C. L. (2022). Examining the gendered impacts of technology-facilitated sexual violence: A mixed methods approach. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 51(3), 1607\u20131624. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10508-021-02226-y","journal-title":"Archives of Sexual Behavior"},{"key":"3463_CR12","volume-title":"Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences","author":"J Cohen","year":"1988","unstructured":"Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences. Routledge Academic."},{"issue":"1","key":"3463_CR13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1177\/0093650212440444","volume":"40","author":"K Custers","year":"2013","unstructured":"Custers, K., & Van den Bulck, J. (2013). The cultivation of fear of sexual violence in women: Processes and moderators of the relationship between television and fear. Communication Research, 40(1), 96\u2013124. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0093650212440444","journal-title":"Communication Research"},{"key":"3463_CR14","unstructured":"Delegaci\u00f3n del Gobierno contra la Violencia de G\u00e9nero. (2020). Macroencuesta de violencia contra la mujer 2019 [Macro-surveys of violence against women 2019]. Ministerio de Igualdad. Gobierno de Espa\u00f1a. https:\/\/violenciagenero.igualdad.gob.es\/macroencuesta2015\/macroencuesta2019\/"},{"issue":"3","key":"3463_CR15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"834","DOI":"10.1007\/s12119-021-09920-y","volume":"26","author":"C Dietzel","year":"2022","unstructured":"Dietzel, C. (2022). The three dimensions of unsolicited dick pics: Men who have sex with men\u2019s experiences of sending and receiving unsolicited dick pics on dating apps. Sexuality & Culture, 26(3), 834\u2013852. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12119-021-09920-y","journal-title":"Sexuality & Culture"},{"issue":"1","key":"3463_CR16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1177\/1741659015601173","volume":"12","author":"A Dodge","year":"2016","unstructured":"Dodge, A. (2016). Digitizing rape culture: Online sexual violence and the power of the digital photograph. Crime, Media, Culture, 12(1), 65\u201382. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1741659015601173","journal-title":"Crime, Media, Culture"},{"issue":"9","key":"3463_CR17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3892","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-022-01996-0","volume":"55","author":"S Donnelly","year":"2023","unstructured":"Donnelly, S., Jorgensen, T. D., & Rudolph, C. W. (2023). Power analysis for conditional indirect effects: A tutorial for conducting Monte Carlo simulations with categorical exogenous variables. Behavior Research Methods, 55(9), 3892\u20133909. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3758\/s13428-022-01996-0","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"3463_CR18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5236","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605221120906","volume":"38","author":"M Dur\u00e1n","year":"2023","unstructured":"Dur\u00e1n, M., & Rodr\u00edguez-Dom\u00ednguez, C. (2023). Sending of unwanted dick pics as a modality of sexual cyber-violence: An exploratory study of its emotional impact and reactions in women. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 38(5\u20136), 5236\u20135261. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08862605221120906","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"issue":"9-10","key":"3463_CR19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"536","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-020-01184-4","volume":"84","author":"L Estevan-Reina","year":"2021","unstructured":"Estevan-Reina, L., de Lemus, S., Meg\u00edas, J. L., Kutlaca, M., Belmonte-Garc\u00eda, M., & Becker, J. (2021). Allies against sexism: The impact of men\u2019s egalitarian versus paternalistic confrontation on women\u2019s empowerment and well-being. Sex Roles, 84(9\u201310), 536\u2013553. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11199-020-01184-4","journal-title":"Sex Roles"},{"key":"3463_CR20","first-page":"45","volume-title":"Rape: Challenging contemporary thinking","author":"R Giner-Sorolla","year":"2009","unstructured":"Giner-Sorolla, R., & Russell, P. S. (2009). Anger, disgust and sexual crimes. In M. Horvath & J. Brown (Eds.), Rape: Challenging contemporary thinking (pp. 45\u2013473). London: Willan Publishing."},{"issue":"1","key":"3463_CR21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1093\/jcr\/ucx047","volume":"44","author":"JK Goodman","year":"2017","unstructured":"Goodman, J. K., & Paolacci, G. (2017). Crowdsourcing consumer research. Journal of Consumer Research, 44(1), 196\u2013210. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/jcr\/ucx047","journal-title":"Journal of Consumer Research"},{"issue":"8","key":"3463_CR22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2395","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1416587112","volume":"112","author":"J Hainmueller","year":"2015","unstructured":"Hainmueller, J., Hangartner, D., & Yamamoto, T. (2015). Validating vignette and conjoint survey experiments against real-world behavior. PNAS Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 112(8), 2395\u20132400. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1073\/pnas.1416587112","journal-title":"PNAS Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America"},{"key":"3463_CR23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1108\/978-1-62396-246-320251009","volume-title":"Structural equation modeling: A second course","author":"AF Hayes","year":"2013","unstructured":"Hayes, A. F., & Preacher, K. J. (2013). Conditional process modeling: Using structural equation modeling to examine contingent causal processes. In G. R. Hancock & R. O. Mueller (Eds.), Structural equation modeling: A second course (2nd ed., pp. 219\u2013266). Charlotte: IAP Information Age Publishing.","edition":"2"},{"key":"3463_CR24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2016.11.001","volume":"98","author":"AF Hayes","year":"2017","unstructured":"Hayes, A. F., & Rockwood, N. J. (2017). Regression-based statistical mediation and moderation analysis in clinical research: Observations, recommendations, and implementation. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 98, 39\u201357. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.brat.2016.11.001","journal-title":"Behaviour Research and Therapy"},{"key":"3463_CR25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wsif.2018.07.001","volume":"71","author":"RM Hayes","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hayes, R. M., & Dragiewicz, M. (2018). Unsolicited dick pics: Erotica, exhibitionism or entitlement? Women\u2019s Studies International Forum, 71, 114\u2013120. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.wsif.2018.07.001","journal-title":"Women's Studies International Forum"},{"issue":"4","key":"3463_CR26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1177\/0361684311407870","volume":"35","author":"NM Heath","year":"2011","unstructured":"Heath, N. M., Lynch, S. M., Fritch, A. M., McArthur, L. N., & Smith, S. L. (2011). Silent survivors: Rape myth acceptance in incarcerated women\u2019s narratives of disclosure and reporting of rape. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 35(4), 596\u2013610. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0361684311407870","journal-title":"Psychology of Women Quarterly"},{"key":"3463_CR27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/10628-000","volume-title":"The psychology of interpersonal relations","author":"F Heider","year":"1958","unstructured":"Heider, F. (1958). The psychology of interpersonal relations. Wiley."},{"issue":"15\u201316","key":"3463_CR28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1828","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801219875821","volume":"26","author":"N Henry","year":"2020","unstructured":"Henry, N., Flynn, A., & Powell, A. (2020). Technology-facilitated domestic and sexual violence: A review. Violence against Women, 26(15\u201316), 1828\u20131854. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1077801219875821","journal-title":"Violence against Women"},{"issue":"6","key":"3463_CR29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1177\/1077801215576581","volume":"21","author":"N Henry","year":"2015","unstructured":"Henry, N., & Powell, A. (2015). Embodied harms: Gender, shame, and technology-facilitated sexual violence. Violence against Women, 21(6), 758\u2013779. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/1077801215576581","journal-title":"Violence against Women"},{"issue":"15\u201316","key":"3463_CR30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3424","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605241231615","volume":"39","author":"M Iroegbu","year":"2024","unstructured":"Iroegbu, M., O\u2019Brien, F., Mu\u00f1oz, L. C., & Parsons, G. (2024). Investigating the psychological impact of cyber-sexual harassment. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 39(15\u201316), 3424\u20133445. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08862605241231615","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"issue":"1","key":"3463_CR31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1080\/13552600.2024.2323190","volume":"31","author":"B Jeacock","year":"2025","unstructured":"Jeacock, B., Ohlsson, I., & Jafari, S. (2025). Victims\u2019 experiences of cyberflashing: An explorative study. Journal of Sexual Aggression, 31(1), 101\u2013114. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/13552600.2024.2323190","journal-title":"Journal of Sexual Aggression"},{"key":"3463_CR32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-349-18592-4_4","volume-title":"Women, violence and social control","author":"L Kelly","year":"1987","unstructured":"Kelly, L. (1987). The continuum of sexual violence. In J. Hanmer & M. Maynard (Eds.), Women, violence and social control (pp. 46\u201360). Humanities Press International."},{"key":"3463_CR33","unstructured":"Kemp, S. (2025). Digital 2025: Global overview report. DataReportal."},{"issue":"1","key":"3463_CR34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.psych.44.1.1","volume":"44","author":"R Lazarus","year":"1993","unstructured":"Lazarus, R. (1993). From psychological stress to the emotions: A history of changing outlooks. Annual Review of Psychology, 44(1), 1\u201321. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1146\/annurev.psych.44.1.1","journal-title":"Annual Review of Psychology"},{"key":"3463_CR35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copsyc.2019.06.022","volume":"31","author":"A Lieberman","year":"2020","unstructured":"Lieberman, A., & Schroeder, J. (2020). Two social lives: How differences between online and offline interaction influence social outcomes. Current Opinion in Psychology, 31, 16\u201321.","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Psychology"},{"issue":"1","key":"3463_CR36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1177\/0146167210386119","volume":"37","author":"M Liss","year":"2011","unstructured":"Liss, M., Erchull, M., & Ramsey, L. (2011). Empowering or oppressing? Development and exploration of the Enjoyment of Sexualization Scale. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 37(1), 55\u201368. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0146167210386119","journal-title":"Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin"},{"issue":"4","key":"3463_CR37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1080\/00224499.2020.1779171","volume":"58","author":"AS Marcotte","year":"2021","unstructured":"Marcotte, A. S., Gesselman, A. N., Fisher, H. E., & Garcia, J. R. (2021). Women\u2019s and men\u2019s reactions to receiving unsolicited genital images from men. Journal of Sex Research, 58(4), 512\u2013521. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00224499.2020.1779171","journal-title":"Journal of Sex Research"},{"key":"3463_CR38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-025-03136-z","volume":"54","author":"JL McArthur","year":"2025","unstructured":"McArthur, J. L., Blais, J., & Goruk, K. J. (2025). Sexual violence in the digital era: Exploring correlates of non-consensual intimate image dissemination from a sexual offending framework. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 54, 1957\u20131969. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10508-025-03136-z","journal-title":"Archives of Sexual Behavior"},{"issue":"15\u201316","key":"3463_CR39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3955","DOI":"10.1177\/10778012211070316","volume":"28","author":"M McCaughey","year":"2022","unstructured":"McCaughey, M., & Cermele, J. (2022). Violations of sexual and information privacy: Understanding sataraid in a (cyber)rape culture. Violence against Women, 28(15\u201316), 3955\u20133976.","journal-title":"Violence against Women"},{"issue":"4","key":"3463_CR40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1103","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-020-01656-4","volume":"49","author":"C Mori","year":"2020","unstructured":"Mori, C., Cooke, J. E., Temple, J. R., Ly, A., Lu, Y., Anderson, N., Rash, C., & Madigan, S. (2020). The prevalence of sexting behaviors among emerging adults: A meta-analysis. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 49(4), 1103\u20131119. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10508-020-01656-4","journal-title":"Archives of Sexual Behavior"},{"issue":"4","key":"3463_CR41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1177\/03616843221115339","volume":"46","author":"A Moya-Gar\u00f3fano","year":"2022","unstructured":"Moya-Gar\u00f3fano, A., Moya, M., Meg\u00edas, J. L., & Rodr\u00edguez-Bail\u00f3n, R. (2022). Ambivalent sexism and women\u2019s reactions to stranger harassment: The case of piropos in Spain. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 46(4), 454\u2013467. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/03616843221115339","journal-title":"Psychology of Women Quarterly"},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"3463_CR42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-020-01178-2","volume":"84","author":"NP Newstrom","year":"2021","unstructured":"Newstrom, N. P., Harris, S. M., & Miner, M. H. (2021). Sexual consent: How relationships, gender, and sexual self-disclosure affect signaling and interpreting cues for sexual consent in a hypothetical heterosexual sexual situation. Sex Roles, 84(7\u20138), 454\u2013464. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11199-020-01178-2","journal-title":"Sex Roles"},{"key":"3463_CR43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3399","DOI":"10.1177\/10778012231177998","volume":"30","author":"C Oliver","year":"2024","unstructured":"Oliver, C., Cummings, S., Puiras, E., & Mazmanian, D. (2024). Technology-facilitated sexual harassment against women and psychological dysfunction: A test of objectification theory. Violence against Women, 30, 3399\u20133420. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10778012231177998","journal-title":"Violence against Women"},{"issue":"5","key":"3463_CR44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1080\/00224499.2019.1639036","volume":"57","author":"F Oswald","year":"2020","unstructured":"Oswald, F., Lopes, A., Skoda, K., Hesse, C. L., & Pedersen, C. L. (2020). I\u2019ll show you mine so you\u2019ll show me yours: Motivations and personality variables in photographic exhibitionism. Journal of Sex Research, 57(5), 597\u2013609. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00224499.2019.1639036","journal-title":"Journal of Sex Research"},{"key":"3463_CR45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Paasonen, S., Light, B., & Jarrett, K. (2019). The dick pic: Harassment, curation, and desire. Social Media + Society, 5. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/2056305119826126","DOI":"10.1177\/2056305119826126"},{"key":"3463_CR46","unstructured":"Pew Research Center. (2017, Julio 11). Online harassment 2017. Pew Research Center. https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/internet\/2017\/07\/11\/online-harassment-2017\/"},{"key":"3463_CR47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/s41599-024-04286-6","volume":"12","author":"B Rajan","year":"2025","unstructured":"Rajan, B. (2025). Harassment and abuse of Indian women on dating apps: A narrative review of literature on technology-facilitated violence against women and dating app use. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 12, Article 55. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1057\/s41599-024-04286-6","journal-title":"Humanities and Social Sciences Communications"},{"issue":"9\u201310","key":"3463_CR48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-021-01236-3","volume":"85","author":"J Ringrose","year":"2021","unstructured":"Ringrose, J., Regehr, K., & Whitehead, S. (2021). Teen girls\u2019 experiences negotiating the ubiquitous dick pic: Sexual double standards and the normalization of image based sexual harassment. Sex Roles, 85(9\u201310), 558\u2013576. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11199-021-01236-3","journal-title":"Sex Roles"},{"key":"3463_CR49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.1177\/10778012251334763","volume":"32","author":"C Rodr\u00edguez-Dom\u00ednguez","year":"2026","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-Dom\u00ednguez, C., Vizca\u00edno-Cuenca, R., & Dur\u00e1n, M. (2026). \u201cIf I didn\u2019t ask for it, don\u2019t show it\u201d: Women\u2019s reactions to unwanted sexual images sent by men and the influence of sexism, social norms, and sense of power. Violence against Women, 32, 1736\u20131761. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/10778012251334763","journal-title":"Violence against Women"},{"key":"3463_CR50","volume-title":"The politics of rape: The victim's perspective","author":"D Russell","year":"1975","unstructured":"Russell, D. (1975). The politics of rape: The victim\u2019s perspective. Scarborough House."},{"issue":"11-12","key":"3463_CR51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"774c","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-011-0033-2","volume":"65","author":"KM Ryan","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ryan, K. M. (2011). The relationship between rape myths and sexual scripts: The social construction of rape. Sex Roles, 65(11\u201312), 774c\u20137782. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11199-011-0033-2","journal-title":"Sex Roles"},{"issue":"1","key":"3463_CR52","first-page":"27","volume":"20","author":"J Sanz","year":"2014","unstructured":"Sanz, J., Guti\u00e9rrez, S., & Garc\u00eda-Vera, M. P. (2014). Psychometric properties of the Scale for Mood Assessment (EVEA): A revision. Ansiedad y Estr\u00e9s, 20(1), 27\u201349.","journal-title":"Ansiedad y Estr\u00e9s"},{"key":"3463_CR53","unstructured":"Sarner, M. (2019, enero 8). What makes men send dick pics? The Guardian. https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/society\/2019\/jan\/08\/what-makes-men-send-dick-pics"},{"issue":"2","key":"3463_CR54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1007\/s12144-016-9421-7","volume":"36","author":"BA Saunders","year":"2017","unstructured":"Saunders, B. A., Scaturro, C., Guarino, C., & Kelly, E. (2017). Contending with catcalling: The role of system-justifying beliefs and ambivalent sexism in predicting women\u2019s coping experiences with (and men\u2019s attributions for) stranger harassment. Current Psychology, 36(2), 324\u2013338. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s12144-016-9421-7","journal-title":"Current Psychology"},{"issue":"7","key":"3463_CR55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1177\/0093650219896936","volume":"48","author":"LL Sharabi","year":"2021","unstructured":"Sharabi, L. L. (2021). Exploring how beliefs about algorithms shape (offline) success in online dating: A two-wave longitudinal investigation. Communication Research, 48(7), 931\u2013952. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0093650219896936","journal-title":"Communication Research"},{"key":"3463_CR56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Simmons, J. P., Nelson, L. D., & Simonsohn, U. (2013). Life after P-hacking. Meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2139\/ssrn.2205186","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.2205186"},{"key":"3463_CR57","volume-title":"Sexual conduct: The social sources of human sexuality","author":"W Simon","year":"2017","unstructured":"Simon, W. (2017). Sexual conduct: The social sources of human sexuality. Routledge."},{"key":"3463_CR58","unstructured":"Smith, M. (2018). Four in ten female millennials have been sent an unsolicited penis photo. YouGov. https:\/\/yougov.co.uk\/topics\/politics\/articles-reports\/2018\/02\/16\/four-ten-female-millennials-been-sent-dick-pic"},{"issue":"2","key":"3463_CR59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1007\/s10508-023-02728-x","volume":"53","author":"E Thorne","year":"2024","unstructured":"Thorne, E., Babchishin, K. M., Fisico, R., & Healey, L. (2024). Sexting in young adults: A normative sexual behavior. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 53(2), 593\u2013609. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10508-023-02728-x","journal-title":"Archives of Sexual Behavior"},{"key":"3463_CR61","unstructured":"United Nations Mujeres. (2021). Violencia contra mujeres y ni\u00f1as en el espacio digital: Lo que es virtual tambi\u00e9n es real. ONU Mujeres. https:\/\/mexico.unwomen.org\/es\/digiteca\/publicaciones\/2020-nuevo\/diciembre-2020\/violencia-digital"},{"key":"3463_CR60","unstructured":"United Nations Women. (2020). Online and ICT facilitated violence against women and girls during COVID-19. UN Women. https:\/\/www.unwomen.org\/en\/digital-library\/publications\/2020\/04\/brief-online-and-ict-facilitated-violence-against-women-and-girls-during-covid-19"},{"key":"3463_CR62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1080\/00224499.2025.2592624","volume":"63","author":"R Vizca\u00edno-Cuenca","year":"2026","unstructured":"Vizca\u00edno-Cuenca, R., Carretero-Dios, H., & Romero-S\u00e1nchez, M. (2026). It\u2019s not violence, It\u2019s an exaggerated complaint\u201d: The role of cyber-rape culture and objectification theory in understanding the emotional impact in women that have experienced cyber-sexual violence. Journal of Sex Research, 63, 270\u2013283. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/00224499.2025.2592624","journal-title":"Journal of Sex Research"},{"issue":"13\u201314","key":"3463_CR63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2881","DOI":"10.1177\/08862605231222876","volume":"39","author":"R Vizca\u00edno-Cuenca","year":"2024","unstructured":"Vizca\u00edno-Cuenca, R., Romero-S\u00e1nchez, M., & Carretero-Dios, H. (2024). Making visible the myths about cyber-sexual violence against women: An analysis of social reactions toward victims on Twitter. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 39(13\u201314), 2881\u20132903. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/08862605231222876","journal-title":"Journal of Interpersonal Violence"},{"key":"3463_CR64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1177\/03616843251330248","volume":"49","author":"R Vizca\u00edno-Cuenca","year":"2025","unstructured":"Vizca\u00edno-Cuenca, R., Romero-S\u00e1nchez, M., & Carretero-Dios, H. (2025). (Cyber)rape culture: Development and validation of the Acceptance of Myths About Cyber-Sexual Violence Against Women (AMCYS) Scale in Spanish and English. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 49, 277\u2013301. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/03616843251330248","journal-title":"Psychology of Women Quarterly"},{"issue":"6","key":"3463_CR65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.22556","volume":"74","author":"LC Wilson","year":"2018","unstructured":"Wilson, L. C., Newins, A. R., & White, S. W. (2018). The impact of rape acknowledgment on survivor outcomes: The moderating effects of rape myth acceptance. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 74(6), 926\u2013939. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jclp.22556","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Psychology"},{"issue":"5-6","key":"3463_CR66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1007\/s11199-020-01169-3","volume":"84","author":"LC Wilson","year":"2021","unstructured":"Wilson, L. C., Truex, H. R., Murphy-Neilson, M. C., Kunaniec, K. P., Pamlanye, J. T., & Reed, R. A. (2021). How female disclosure recipients react to women survivors: The impact of rape acknowledgment and rejection of rape myths. Sex Roles, 84(5\u20136), 337\u2013346. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s11199-020-01169-3","journal-title":"Sex Roles"}],"container-title":["Archives of Sexual Behavior"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10508-026-03463-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s10508-026-03463-9","content-type":"text\/html","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/content\/pdf\/10.1007\/s10508-026-03463-9.pdf","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T15:06:03Z","timestamp":1785510363000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/10.1007\/s10508-026-03463-9"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"references-count":66,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]}},"alternative-id":["3463"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10508-026-03463-9","relation":{},"ISSN":["0004-0002","1573-2800"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0004-0002","type":"print"},{"value":"1573-2800","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"7 August 2025","order":1,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"19 February 2026","order":2,"name":"revised","label":"Revised","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"28 February 2026","order":3,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"11 June 2026","order":4,"name":"first_online","label":"First Online","group":{"name":"ArticleHistory","label":"Article History"}},{"value":"The authors have no known conflict of interest to disclose.","order":1,"name":"Ethics","label":"Conflict of interest","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}},{"value":"This research was conducted in accordance with the ethical standards of the University's Biomedical Research Ethics Committee and received ethical approval from the University of Granada (Ethics code: 3218\/CEIH\/2023). All online supplementary material, measures, datasets, and preregistration can be found at\n                      \n                      . Additionally, all participants provided informed consent, affirming their voluntary participation in the research.","order":2,"name":"Ethics","label":"Ethics Approval","group":{"name":"EthicsHeading","label":"Declarations"}}]}}